存在损耗的多组分级联的改进模型

本工作建立了损耗同时存在于级联各级供料流、精料流与贫料流中的多组分级联的数学模型,提出了求解该类级联方程的数值方法。各级组分分流比不变的多组分级联称为准理想级联,得到了计算存在损耗的准理想级联中相对产品流、相对贫料流、级联中总物质流量以及产品流和贫料流中组分丰度的解析表达式。     

Multicomponent Isotope Separating Cascade Composed of Elements with Large Separation Factors

Interstage flows are analyzed for multicomponent separating cascades composed of elements with large separation factors. Based on the concept of cut relevant to each component, analysis is performed by extending the theory of binary component separation to multicomponent systems.

Since the cut relevant to each component is expressed by heads and tails separation factors, interstage flows of each component are calculated through giving separation factors of all stages in the cascade. Interstage flows of isotope mixture are obtained by summing those of each component.

A condition on separation factors to construct a “matched abundance ratio cascade” is also discussed in the case where the separation factor does not vary from stage to stage.     

Computer-Aided Simulation Procedure for Water Distillation Columns

A computer-aided simulation procedure is proposed for a water distillation column which has hundreds of stages. The procedure allows us to simulate a column processing all the six molecular species H₂O, HDO, HTO, D₂O, DTO and T₂O. By using the approximation that the isotopie exchange reactions are equilibrated in liquid phase and linearizing the atom balances for two of the three elements (H, D and T) around each stage, the Newton-Raphson iteration is applied to the main calculational loop. As a consequence, the Jacobian matrix has a block tridiagonal form and the order of the arrays is just two even in cases of the six component system. Thus, the serious problem of huge computer storage requirements inherent in previously reported procedures using the Newton-Raphson method is completely eliminated in the present procedure.

The procedure is very useful to the solution of operating problems for water distillation columns used as the upgrader of heavy water from the heavy water reactor and the finisher in the heavy water production process.     

离心萃取级联分离锂同位素的数学模型

萃取法分离锂同位素有望替代汞齐法消除汞害,但需多级萃取才能获得高丰度同位素,采用离心萃取机替代萃取澄清槽形成萃取级联系统可提升分离效率。基于萃取法分离锂同位素、离心萃取分离原理和级联理论,借鉴气体离心级联分离同位素的方法,引入分流比概念,建立了离心萃取级联分离锂同位素单级、多级的数学模型和级联的平衡时间模型,对离心萃取级联分离锂同位素进行计算分析。离心萃取级联是一种类似全回流矩形级联形式,取料量对级联级数有着很大的影响,级联存在最大取料丰度限制,级联平衡时间受到目标丰度和离心萃取机级停留时间(处理能力)影响,采用多步法级联可有效减少平衡时间。该数学模型可指导工艺的设计,为下一步的产业化应用提供理论依据。     

一种多组分分离级联的数值计算方法

本文提出一种计算多组分矩形级联的数值计算方法,该算法以迭代序列差迭代为基础,通过各级物料混合达到收敛。数值计算表明,该方法与其他算法的结果吻合性好,具有很好的收敛性,且其最终收敛精度不依赖初始丰度,不受级联长度的影响,与基本全分离系数大小无关。此方法可以推广到带附加流、阶梯型或多层级联等更复杂的级联计算。     

同位素~(13)C分离二塔级联模拟研究

利用Aspen数值模拟软件建立低温精馏分离稳定同位素~(13)C的二塔级联数值模拟平台;完成同位素组分的物性参数在Aspen数据库中的嵌入;结合前期的实验数据验证该模型的可靠性;对比模拟结果与实验结果,误差小于10%;分析进、出料量,级间传输以及操作压强对产品丰度的影响,为优化设计工作提供依据。     

单机运行工况对多组分同位素分离级联结构参数的影响

大分离系数情况下的多组分同位素级联的设计和优化可以准理想级联为模型。已知目标组分的精料、贫料丰度及基本参量,可确定准理想级联的结构。除级联本身的参数外,组成级联的单机运行工况也是影响级联分离性能的重要因素。通过利用基本全分离系数作为中间量,理论推导了在分离多组分同位素时,单机运行工况对级联结构及分离性能的影响。同时针对Xe中间组分的分离,采用单纯形法对其优化,研究了单机运行工况对最佳级联的结构参数及最小装机量的影响,进而确定了级联分离Xe中间组分的最佳单机运行工况。     

氢-水同位素催化交换速率及过程模拟的研究进展

氢-水同位素催化交换在处理ITER聚变堆废水以及核裂变反应堆重水升级方面具有应用前景。该交换过程及核心设备催化交换塔的模型化研究,对工艺和工程优化设计具有十分重要的意义。本文重点介绍了氢-水同位素催化交换过程模拟的研究进展,讨论了同位素催化交换速率的计算方式以及吸收塔模型和滴流床模型在同位素催化交换过程模拟中的应用,探讨了氢-水同位素催化交换过程模拟今后的研究方向。通过各类模型的比较,滴流床模型被认为在催化交换过程模拟中有良好应用前景。氢-水同位素催化交换机理及速率计算方法和催化交换塔模型化等方面有待进一步研究。     

多供取料的Q模型级联的数学描述

同位素分离中可能需要具有多个供料和取料的级联,以满足复杂的分离需求,取得更好的分离效果.对多供取料级联的分析,比传统三股流级联的分析复杂得多.获得多供取料下的级联数学描述,能够减少分析中的困难.本文针对多分段的连续流量的Q模型级联,在多供取料情况下,给出了描述级联的流量和同位素组分丰度在级联中分布的解析表达式,讨论了方...     

清洗级联分离同位素的过程中沉积物物质分布的计算方法

在级联分离同位素的过程中,某些分离工质会在级联内发生化学反应,持续产生少量的固体物质沉积在分离设备内.随着沉积物的增加,将逐步影响分离设备的分离性能,进而影响级联的生产运行,因此需要定期对沉积物进行清理.本文针对清理过程,提出一种数值计算方法,用于级联内不同气态物质分布规律的计算.该算法在单机清理参数已知的前提下,以级...     

稳定同位素~(13)C分离级联装置的模拟优化研究

本工作设计了一套利用CO低温精馏分离稳定同位素13 C的三级联装置,其填料层高度为38m,塔径分别为0.15、0.08和0.05m,塔内装填自主研发的高比表面PACK-13 C专用填料。采用均匀设计方法进行级联装置的优化设计,综合分析了不同的回流比、原料量和级间进料量对同位素13 C产品丰度和生产能耗的影响。对实验数据进行二次多项式逐步回归分析,获得了产品丰度与塔顶回流比、原料量及级间流量和能耗费用与回流比、原料量及级间流量的模型方程,并利用遗传算法对模型方程进行优化。模拟研究结果显示,优化后的三塔级联生产装置的各级间流量依次为18.056、236.50和32.400 mol/h,塔顶回流比为74.824,在此条件下可获得13 C丰度≥93%。与初始设计值相比较,优化后降低了能耗费用成本。本工作提出的模拟优化研究方法可应用到同位素13 C的产业化生产,以至推广到传统精馏过程的优化设计中。     

浓缩回收铀的M级联的近似算法

浓缩回收铀最有效的级联形式是带附加供料流的级联,它以天然铀为主供料,回收铀为附加供料。基于回收铀浓缩的特殊性,提供一种用于浓缩回收铀的带附加供料流的M级联的近似算法。数值计算表明,近似算法与工程优化算法得到的结果非常接近,最大相对偏差不超过0.1%。近似算法相对于工程优化算法更简单、方便和快速。     

以乙醇为介质气体扩散法分离碳同位素的可行性研究

碳-13作为同位素示踪技术的标记物,应用广泛,市场需求呈上升趋势。为探索碳-13同位素的分离方法,开展以乙醇为介质的气体扩散分离实验,并在单级实验的基础上进行级联计算。单级分离实验的结果表明,在现有的实验条件下,气体扩散法分离乙醇的基本全分离系数可达1.0089,以乙醇为介质扩散分离碳同位素可行。通过级联计算可知,以天然乙醇为原料,结合分离的可行性和经济性,经过一次矩形级联或相对丰度匹配级联分离,能够得到碳-13同位素丰度大于25%的重组分。如能将碳-13同位素丰度大于25%的乙醇转化为合适形态的碳化合物,可再进一步分离得到更高丰度的碳-13同位素。     

以乙醇为介质气体扩散法分离碳同位素的可行性研究

碳-13作为同位素示踪技术的标记物,应用广泛,市场需求呈上升趋势。为探索碳-13同位素的分离方法,开展以乙醇为介质的气体扩散分离实验,并在单级实验的基础上进行级联计算。单级分离实验的结果表明,在现有的实验条件下,气体扩散法分离乙醇的基本全分离系数可达1.0089,以乙醇为介质扩散分离碳同位素可行。通过级联计算可知,以天然乙醇为原料,结合分离的可行性和经济性,经过一次矩形级联或相对丰度匹配级联分离,能够得到碳-13同位素丰度大于25%的重组分。如能将碳-13同位素丰度大于25%的乙醇转化为合适形态的碳化合物,可再进一步分离得到更高丰度的碳-13同位素。     

Theoretical Analysis of Separating Nitrogen Isotopes by Ion-Exchange, (II)

A method was proposed to precisely simulate the separation of nitrogen isotopes by ion-exchange in the case that the isotopes were confined in a band. In the present paper, the simulation code is developed so as to calculate the case with feed supply and product and waste withdrawal.

The code successfully describes the dynamic behaviors under an appropriate control to obtain the target values of the separation factors and cut which are calculated through cascade analysis. The results of these simulation calculations give the traveling time and the amount of the chemicals for the production of 90% enriched nitrogen isotopes.     

Simulation Procedure for Multistage Water/Hydrogen Exchange Column for Heavy Water Enrichment Accounting for Catalytic and Scrubbing Efficiencies

The present paper gives a simulation procedure for multistage water/hydrogen exchange columns for heavy water enrichment using hydrophobic catalysts. The Murphree-type efficiencies for H₂O, HDO and D₂O are used as the scrubbing efficiencies for sieve trays. The reaction rate of H₂+D₂?HD is assumed to be very rapid and equilibrated at the outlet of the catalyst bed. The catalytic efficiencies defined for H₂O(g) and D₂O(g) are considered for the nonequilibrated exchange reactions: H₂+HDO(g)?HD+H₂O(g) and H₂+D₂O(g)?D₂+H₂O(g). Those efficiencies are treated as input variables for the simulation. The main calculational loop is based on the Newton-Raphson iteration, but the order of the Jacobian matrix is just equal to the number of sieve trays for vapor/hydrogen scrubbing. The procedure is applicable to solution of operating problems in a wide range of input and output specifications.     

水-氢交换氢同位素体系HD/H_2O、DT/D_2O和HT/H_2O分离性能模拟研究

计算模拟应用于氢同位素分离领域,能够方便、快捷地进行工艺条件分析。本工作采用数值模拟的方法对比研究了水-氢催化交换过程中HD/H_2O、DT/D2O和HT/H_2O三种氢同位素体系的分离性能。研究表明:在一定工艺条件下,三种体系均在操作温度为343K时达到最大的分离效果;随着气液比从1.0增大到3.0,最优操作温度均从343K降低到323K,但是在此过程中,HT/H_2O体系的分离效果受温度的影响较小一些;在达到最大分离效果的目标下,HT/H_2O体系需要的理论塔板数比HD/H_2O和DT/D2O体系少,同时,在优化的工艺条件下,三体系气相中氢同位素浓度在交换柱内分布曲线存在一定的差异。     

Observation of H/D isotope effects on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell operations

The hydrogen isotope effects upon operation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell have been observed. The deuterium concentration in the exhaust hydrogen gas from the cell was found lower than that of the hydrogen gas fed to the cell, which indicated that the heavier isotope of hydrogen was preferentially oxidized at the anode. The overall hydrogen isotopic separation factor between the oxidized and non-oxidized hydrogen ranged from 3.46 to 3.99 and increased with decreasing flow rate of the feed gas or increasing rate of hydrogen utilization.