Two-phase slug flow in vertical and inclined tubes

Gas-liquid slug flow is investigated experimentally in vertical and inclined tubes.The non-invasive measuremnts of the gas-liquid slug flow are taken by using the EKTAPRO 1000 High Speed Motion Analyzer.The information on the velocity of the Talyor bubble,the size distribution of the dispersed bubbles in the liquid slugs and some characteristics of the liquid film around the Taylor bubble are obtained.The experimental results are in good agreement with the available data.     

Ejection Velocity and Residual Film during Initial Expulsion of Sodium in Direct Heated Channel

An experimental study of transient boiling of sodium by direct heating is presented. Liquid sodium circulating by forced convection in a vertical tube of 14.9 mm inner diameter is heated by direct current (～4 V, ～5,000 A) applied through the sodium.

The velocity of ejection of the vapor bubble and the variations in the thickness of the film remaining on the channel wall were measured during a single bubble ejection. Furthermore, a simplified model formulated around the inertia of the liquid column was used to derive estimates for comparison with measured data. The experiments were performed within the following ranges:

Input power: 6～12 kW

Pressure at the condenser.: 0.6～1.1 kg/cm²

Flow rate: 1.0～3.5 l/min

Inlet temperature.: 750°～850°C

The ejection velocity measured was between 2.0 and 16m/sec. The velocity increased with the degree of superheat, i.e., the velocity was governed by the degree of superheat in the region where the vapor phase expanded.

The film thickness ranged from near zero to 1.0 mm. The film thickness increased with ejection velocity.     

文丘里式气泡发生器渐扩段内单气泡输运过程研究

文丘里式气泡发生器渐扩段的流场结构、流动参数等对气泡制备性能起关键作用,因此,对具有矩形截面的文丘里通道渐扩段区域单气泡输运过程进行了可视化研究。分析发现,渐扩段气泡剧烈减速及变形过程对气泡最终的断裂和破碎起关键作用。气泡的减速过程虽只持续数ms时间,依然呈现加速减速和降速减缓两个明显阶段;气泡旋转过程呈现相似的变化规律。在液体流量2.4～6.9 m³/h范围内,对应最大旋转速度可达900～3 000 rad/s。气泡旋转过程持续时间较减速过程稍长,气泡最大旋转速度的位置出现在最大减速加速度位置的下游约2 mm处;液体流量和气泡尺寸对气泡旋转和变形过程有明显影响,液体流量越大或气泡尺寸越小,气泡旋转过程越剧烈,且旋转速度在更短距离内达到最大值;增大液体流量在一定范围内加剧了气泡的拉伸变形。这些可视化研究结果,为进一步揭示文丘里气泡发生装置内气泡的碎化机制、完善数值分析模型、优化设计等提供参考和帮助。     

文丘里式气泡发生器内气泡输运过程研究

利用可视化方法研究文丘里式气泡发生器内气泡的输运和破碎过程。实验以水和空气为工质,水流量范围为15～20 m³/h,气流量范围为0.6～0.7 L/min,空泡份额在0.2%～0.3%之间。结果表明：不同于常规通道,气泡在从文丘里管喉部流出后具有一个明显的减速过程,使得气液相对速度随之增加,该减速过程对气泡变形和破碎存在极大影响;水流量对气泡的破碎位置无明显影响,气泡破碎位置通常发生在渐扩段距喉部8～10 mm左右的范围,处于壁面涡流区与主流的交界附近。     

竖直窄矩形通道内空气-水两相流中气弹运动速度研究

以空气和水为工质,应用高速摄像仪,对竖直窄矩形通道(3.25 mm×40 mm)内气液两相弹状流进行了可视化实验研究。气、液相表观速度分别为0.1~2.51 m/s和0.16~2.62 m/s,工作压力为常压。实验中发现窄矩形通道内弹状流与圆管中存在较大差别,气弹多发生变形,高液相流速时变形更为严重。窄边液膜含气量较高,在高液相流速时窄边液膜不下落,宽边液膜中含有由气弹头部进入和气弹尾部进入的气泡。气弹速度受气弹头部形状和宽度影响较大,受气弹长度影响较小。气弹速度可由Ishii & Jones-Zuber模型计算,但在低液相折算速度时偏差较大,其主要原因为漂移速度计算值较实验值偏小。     

基于MPS方法模拟液态铅铋合金中弹状气泡上升

基于移动粒子半隐式(MPS)方法对液态铅铋合金中单个弹状气泡的垂直上升行为进行数值模拟,得到弹状气泡上升过程的形态变化、气泡最终上升速度拟合直线及下降液膜厚度与下降液膜中的轴向速度分布。将部分数值模拟结果与文献中的实验结果进行比较,揭示了弹状气泡最终上升速度、下降液膜厚度及其中轴向速度分布所满足的规律。比较结果证明了所选取计算模拟模型的正确性与合理性,以及MPS-MAFL方法用于模拟弹状气泡上升行为的准确性与可靠性。     

基于扩散界面法的较大气泡上升过程数值模拟

基于扩散界面法和有限元法,对较大气泡在上升阶段的形态和速度进行了模拟,结果与实验吻合较好,说明该方法能准确地模拟气泡的运动特性。利用该模型,对初始直径不同的较大气泡上升过程中的形态、速度和振荡随时间变化的规律进行了分析。并分析了14mm直径的气泡在不同尺寸通道中上升过程的形态、速度的变化规律。结果表明:气泡的稳定形态随着气泡初始直径的增大由椭球形变为球帽形,且达到稳定形状的时间更长。气泡初始直径越大,气泡的顶端速度越快,并稍有波动。而气泡的底端速度开始快速增大使气泡向内凹陷,随后回落并在气泡顶端速度上下振荡。气泡上升通道越窄,气泡达到稳定形态的时间越长,顶端速度越小,气泡的高宽比越大。     

Frictional Pressure Drop for NaK-N2 Two-Phase Flow in Rectangular Cross Section Channel of Large Aspect Ratio

In this paper, the frictional pressure drop in an isothermal liquid metal-gas two-phase flow through a rectangular channel with large width-to-height ratio is treated semiempirically for a NaK-N₂ two-phase flow system.

The frictional pressure drop in the two-phase flow is compared with the following two reference values :

1. The frictional pressure drop in the liquid flowing alone in single phase with the same velocity as that of the liquid in the two-phase mixture.

2. The frictional pressure drop in the liquid flowing alone in single phase with the same mass flow rate as that of the liquid in the two-phase mixture.

The comparison with the former reference value is necessary for the prediction of friction loss in a liquid metal MHD generator channel whose medium would be two-phase mixture.

The semiempirical analysis was performed assuming the two-phase mixture to be a continuous medium with its properties, e.g. viscosity and density, defined by void fraction and the velocity determined by the total mass flow rate.

In the region of low slip and density ratio ρ_g/ρ_l the frictional pressure drop in the two-phase flow appeared to be smaller than that due to the liquid flowing alone with the same velocity as that of the liquid in the two-phase flow.

The experiments have been undertaken with the NaK-N₂ two-phase mixture flowing through a rectangular channel (4 × 60 mm²).

Data were taken over the following parameter range:

NaK velocity: 5～30 m/sec, Void fraction: 0～70%

Density ratio: 0.006～0.013, Quality: 0.07～1.10%.     

水平管泡状流液相速度分布与相分布

用热膜探针测量了内径为 3 5mm的水平管泡状流中的液流速度 ,同时用双头电导探针测量了有关的相界面参数 ,结果表明 ,局部液流平均速度在靠管道下部的分布与单相液流的分布类似 ,在靠管道上部突然减小 ;局部液流平均速度在靠管道下部随气流折算速度的增加而增加 ,在靠管道上部则随气流折算速度的增加而减小 ;局部含气率和气泡频率随气流折算速度的增加而增大 ,在靠近管道上壁处有一峰值 ,其分布规律随液流速度的增加而趋向均匀     

基于图像法的气液两相稀疏泡状流气泡参数分析

采用图像法对垂直上升管气液两相流中稀疏上升气泡进行实验测量研究。该方法使用高速摄像机拍摄气泡运动图像,经图像处理后,提取气泡的特征参数,分别绘制稀疏气泡上升过程中速度变化曲线和单个气泡上升过程中面积变化及形心位置变化曲线,分析气泡参数,总结运动规律。实验结果表明,采用图像法可以很好地完成对气泡参数的分析。     

过冷度对窄缝通道内单蒸汽泡运动特性影响的实验研究

对窄缝通道内过冷条件下单蒸汽泡运动特性进行了实验研究,分析了过冷度对单蒸汽泡运动特性的影响。实验结果表明,过冷条件下,单蒸汽泡在上升过程中,其尺寸不断减小,形状也不断改变;单蒸汽泡界面存在冷凝现象,过冷度越大,直径减小越快,同一直径蒸汽泡的纵横比在一个范围内波动;过冷条件下,单蒸汽泡的z向速度和x向速度都随着直径的增大先增加后减小,均在直径约10 mm时具有最大值;单蒸汽泡z向速度则随着过冷度的增大而增大,而x向速度在零上下波动,随过冷度增大略有增大。过冷度会影响窄缝通道内单蒸汽泡的行为特性,并进一步影响流型形成与演变。      

Void distribution and bubble motion in bubbly flows in a 4×4 rod bundle. Part I: Experiments

Lack of local void fraction data in a rod bundle makes it difficult to validate a numerical method for predicting gas–liquid two-phase flow in the bundle. Distributions of local void fraction and bubble velocity in each subchannel in a 4×4 rod bundle were, therefore, measured using a double-sensor conductivity probe. Liquid velocity in the subchannel was also measured using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) to obtain relative velocity between bubbles and the liquid phase. The size and pitch of rods were 10 and 12.5 mm, respectively. Air and water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature were used for the gas and liquid phases, respectively. The volume fluxes of gas and liquid phases ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 m/s and from 0.9 to 1.5 m/s, respectively. Experimental results showed that the distributions of void fraction in inner and side subchannels depend not only on lift force acting on bubbles but also on geometrical constraints on bubble dynamics, i.e. the effects of rod walls on bubble shape and rise velocity. The relative velocity between bubbles and the liquid phase in the subchannel forms a non-uniform distribution over the cross-section, and the relative velocity becomes smaller as bubbles approach the wall due to the wall effects.     

Wake acceleration effect on spherical bubbles aligned in-line

The hydrodynamic behaviors of multi-bubble in a gas–liquid system which differs from that of a single bubble are found to be dependent on the complex hydrodynamic interactions between neighboring bubbles. It is observed that wake effect which leads to an increased rising velocity is responsible for bubble–bubble interactions. In this paper, a new drag force model was proposed to consider the wake acceleration effect on spherical bubbles. Key relation of the new model is the modeling of the relationship between the reduced drag force and the wake velocity, for which the concept of define a proper reference fluid velocity is applied. No artificial coefficient is employed in the current analysis. The proposed model was validated against experimental and numerical studies in which spherical bubble pairs are aligned in line vertically. It is illustrated that the performance of the proposed model in predicting the wake acceleration effect are promising for 3 ≤ Re_b ≤ 200 and 2 ≤ s/d ≤ 15. The small discrepancies may be related to the wake velocity profile predicted by laminar boundary layer theory.     

竖直窄矩形通道内弹状流液弹中分区特性研究

弹状流的液弹部分受气弹尾部影响,其水力特性参数沿流动方向存在分区的不一致性。本文对竖直窄矩形通道中弹状流液弹内参数的分布特性进行了研究。结果表明：液弹内气泡在近壁面附近所受径向力较为平衡,气泡频率较大;随着远离气弹尾部,管道中间气泡频率逐渐增大。根据气泡频率波动变化将液弹分为3个区域,尾流区占液弹长度的40%～45%,过渡区占10%～15%,主流区占40%～50%。尾流区和主流区内,空泡份额呈“三峰型”分布;随着气相流速的增加,尾流区内近壁面处峰值逐渐增大,管道中间峰值逐渐下降,但主流区内情况相反。气泡直径随气相流速的增大而变大,且液弹内气泡聚合和破碎现象较少。     

文丘里式气泡发生器气泡碎化特性研究

熔盐堆在运行过程中须不断地去除氙等气体裂变产物。熔盐堆除气系统中气泡发生器的作用是通过向回路中注入一定量的直径为0.5 mm的小气泡,在扩散作用下吸收熔盐中的氙,最终气泡被分离出来,达到除氙的目的。在橡树岭国家实验室设计的基础上,本文为钍基熔盐研究堆设计气泡发生器,并在专门建造的水回路中对其工作特性进行了可视化研究。利用高速摄像系统跟踪气泡的运动和碎化过程,分析气液相流速对碎化后气泡尺寸的影响。结果表明：在实验条件下,当气体流量一定时,气泡尺寸随液体流量的增大而减小;当液体流量一定时,气泡尺寸随气体流量的增加而增大。     

Vibration Characteristic of Heated Rod Induced by Subcooled Flow Boiling

A subcooled boiling loop with annular flow channel on an electrically heated rod at the channel axial center was used to make an experimental approach to investigate the vibration characteristic induced by subcooled flow boiling. The experiments were carried out to measure vibration induced in the rod under different conditions of incoming coolant subcooling temperature of 10–80 K, coolant flow rates of 0.1–0.35 × 10^?3 m³/s and imposed linear power densities of 17–600 W/cm. Distilled water was used as coolant in the loop. The vibration behavior of the rod was measured by using an accelerometer. Also, a high-speed motion analyzer system was used to analyze the bubble behaviors in the different subcooled boiling conditions.

The results show the intensive SBIV (subcooled boiling-induced vibration) which highly depends on dynamic force generated by rapid growth and collapse of vapor bubbles under high heat flux loading whilst they still attach to the heating surface. These behaviors were influenced strongly by the conditions of subcooling temperature, linear power density and flow rate.     

Continuous Boiling Phenomena of Sodium under Forced Convection by Direct Heating

The results of an experimental study on the continuous boiling behavior of sodium with upward forced convection loop are reported. The sodium was passed through a vertical tube of 14.9 mm I.D., where it was heated by d.c. power (~4V,~5,000 A) directly applied through the flowing sodium. The experiments were carried out in the following range of conditions:

Input power:6–12kW Pressure at the condenser: 0.9–1.1 kg/cm² Flow rate: 1.0–3.0 l/min Inlet temperature: 750°–830°C.

Under certain conditions, steady boiling occurred, but boiling generally had a tendency to become unstable, and flow patterns representing violently pulsating boiling were observed. These latter flow patterns were either of single bubble ejection type with expulsion and subsequent re-filling of sections of the tube mainly by liquid sodium falling back from above, or else of slug type with periodical expulsions, without fall-back of liquid. For these patterns of pulsating boiling, the frequencies of oscillation ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 Hz. The film thickness remaining on the channel wall was also measured.     

上升气泡内气溶胶沉降机理研究

气溶胶池洗过滤是反应堆严重事故中去除放射性源项的重要手段。本文以严重事故条件下上升气泡中气溶胶的滞留过程为背景，设计搭建了可视化单气泡鼓泡实验装置。通过该装置研究了气溶胶在上升气泡中的沉降效率，并与MELCOR中的气溶胶沉降模型计算结果进行了对比。结果表明，气溶胶沉降效率对气泡尺寸的变化较为敏感，当气体流量大于0.1 L/min时，气泡等效直径迅速增加，相应的气溶胶沉降效率快速降低；与MELCOR模型计算结果的对比表明，两者在总体趋势上呈现出较好的一致性，但计算结果低估了液相对气溶胶的实际去除能力，导致这种偏差的主要原因是气泡在上升过程中存在无规则的晃动以及气液界面的波动。     

Local Sodium Boiling behind Local Flow Blockage in Simulated LMFBR Fuel Subassembly

This paper deals with local sodium boiling in the downstream of a six-subchannel blockage in an electrically heated LMFBR fuel subassembly mock-up.

The first series of experiments were conducted to measure temperature distributions in the downstream of the blockage under non-boiling conditions. The measured temperature rise due to the blockage agreed fairly well with the calculation by the LOCK code.

The second series of experiments were performed to investigate local boiling phenomena. In the local boiling region, no flow instability was observed since the sub-channels near the wrapper wall were still filled with sub-cooled liquid. In the nearly bulk boiling region, however, considerable upstream voiding occurred and then the inlet flow decreased, leading to final dryout.

The boiling caused a considerable increase in acoustic noise intensity. The root-mean-square (RMS) noise level of approximately 20 mbar obtained in the present local boiling experiments with sodium was much higher than that (approximately 0.5 mbar) in the ordinary nucleate boiling experiments with water. The peak observed in the hertz ranges was due to the repetition of bubble formation and collapse. In the kilohertz ranges, however, resonance peaks were superposed on a smooth curve with a broad peak at approximately 7 kHz.

The frequency (2.9 and 20.2 sec^?1) of bubble formation decreased with the increase of the bubble size at its point of maximum development. The product of the bubble frequency and the equivalent diameter was found to be constant.     

窄通道内的汽泡核化以及滑移汽泡的影响

针对不同压力下窄通道内的过冷流动沸腾汽泡核化进行了实验研究,通过高速摄影技术观察了汽泡的核化和滑移过程。实验结果表明,与常规通道有所不同,窄通道内的汽泡一般不会离开加热壁面而产生浮升现象,汽泡主要沿加热壁面进行滑移运动。不同压力条件下的汽泡核化有较大的差别,较低压力条件下汽泡核化点沿加热壁面分布比较均匀,而压力升高后的汽泡核化点主要集中在沸腾起始点附近,下游核化点数目则相对较少。核化点分布形式的不同主要是由不同压力下汽泡滑移特性的不同所导致的。