矩形通道中两相流变密度模型空泡份额计算

基于Bankoff的圆管内和无限长平板间两相流变密度模型空泡份额计算式的推导，结合流体在管道中的流场分布特征，建立了矩形通道中两相流流场分布规律方程，导出了变密度模型在矩形通道中空泡份额的计算式，并对3种通道计算的结果进行了对比分析。计算结果与原有Bankoff模型符合得很好。     

Void Fraction and Pressure Drop in Liquid Metal Two-Phase Flow

This paper describes a new correlation for predicting a two-phase frictional pressure drop multiplier, and discusses the pressure level effects and the mass velocity effects. This correlation predicts satisfactorily the frictional pressure drop not only for liquid metals but also for ordinary fluid two-phase flow in a wide range of flow variables.

The authors' void fraction correlation previously proposed is also compared with published data of void fraction for liquid metal two-phase flow, and is found to represent well the mass velocity effects. Wettability and magnetohydrodynamic effects are discussed briefly in relation to the hydrodynamic characteristics of liquid metal two-phase flow.     

受热管内空泡率空间分布与流型的关系

介绍了运用RBI双探头光学探针,在加热上升管内对蒸汽-水两相流空泡率径向分布测量的情况,同时对不同实验工况下两相流流型进行了识别。根据实验结果,总结出加热上升管内空泡率径向分布与流型的关系。     

Flow Regime Transition to Wavy Dispersed Flow for High-Pressure Steam/Water Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipe

A wavy-dispersed flow regime was observed between slug and annular-dispersed flow regimes in TPTF high-pressure steam/water horizontal pipe experiments, employing the video probe visual observation. The onset OF entrainment was identified to cause slug to wavy-dispersed flow transition. The wavy-dispersed flow regime extended towards lower gas flow rates as pressure was increased. Furthermore, it was found that the gas-liquid relative velocity for the onset of entrainment decreases significantly, resulting in decrease in the minimum void fraction. Consequently, the slug flow regime was found to disappear for pressures above 8.6MPa, as observed in the previous TPTF experiments. Applicability of available models and correlations on the onset of entrainment was assessed against the TPTF data. Steen-Wallis parameter correlated the data well when the superficial gas velocity term in this parameter 1s replaced by the gas-liquid relative velocity.     

Vertically Downward Two-Phase Flow, (I)

Fully developed vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixture was investigated on void distribution and average void fraction among the three basic flow regimes; bubbly, slug and annular flows. The annular flow further was divided into two regimes of falling film flow and annular drop flow. Test channel is in form of inverted U-tube and tests were carried out at 100 tube diameters downstream from the curved part. Distributions of local void fraction were measured by means of a conductance needle probe method and the average void fraction was obtained from numerical integration of the measured local void fraction According to the results, profiles of local void fraction in bubby and slug flows showed characteristic natures with a peak in the middle region between the center and the wall of tube The average void fraction in downward flow depended greatly on the flow regimes. Accordingly correlation for each flow regime was developed to predict the average void fraction, based on flow mechanisms and experiments. The correlations were compared with experimental results for atmospheric air-water flow and showed satisfactory agreement.     

Influence or Void and Flow Regime on Liquid Metal MHD Induction Generator Using Two-Phase Flow

In the present paper, the performance characteristics of a liquid metal MHD induction converter operated with two-phase mixture flow are treated experimentally and analytically in comparison with those with single-phase liquid flow as working fluid.

The experiments were performed with a flat-linear channel induction converter, through which NaK-N₂ two-phase mixture was made to flow at a velocity ranging 5–30m/sec, with a void fraction 0–50%.

Data were taken over the following range of non-dimensional parameters:

• Reynolds number: 3.3x10⁴–2.0x10⁵ (for liquid flow alone)

• Hartmann number: 12 (with magnetic field in r.m.s. and slip S = 1)

• Baroczy's property index: 0.0031–0.023 (for two-phase flow)

The electrical power output of the experimental generator showed a sudden decrease near 20% void fraction, which was attributed to change in the flow pattern, while the generator efficiency did not show such an abrupt drop, but decreased gradually with increase of the void fraction.

Coupling the electro-magnetic equations with the power law distribution for both fluid velocity and void fraction proposed by Bankoff, we have obtained numerically the performance characteristics of the liquid metal MHD induction converter operated with two-phase flow, which provided a quite satisfactory clarification of the results obtained experimentally.     

Characteristics of Cocurrent Two-Phase Downflow in Tubes

An experimental study was made in a cocurrent downflow for air-water system in tube on flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop. In addition to wetted wall flow which is a distinguished feature in downflow, the same kinds of flow patterns as in up-flow were observed. They were represented on the flow map of downflow with the same variables as those of upflow. The flow maps showed that gas phase is relatively hard to exist in the form of bubble in the cocurrent downflow.

General correlations of the void fraction and the pressure drop in a cocurrent down-flow were obtained by applying the following equations which have been established in upflow, i.e. α/(1-α)(1-Kα)=β/(1-β) for void fraction and φl=(1.α)- ^z for pressure drop. The determined values of K and Z by using the experimental results in the present study and other experimental works in cocurrent downflow wereK=2.0–0.4/β for β≤0.2, K=-0.25+1.250 for β≥0.2 and Z=0.90.

Comparisons between the predicted values by the presented correlations and experimental data showed satisfactory agreement.     

内螺纹管中汽-液两相流体摩擦压降特性研究

在压力为9～22MPa,质量流速为600～1200kg/(m2·s),含汽率为0～1的工况范围内,对Φ38.1mm×7.5mm的6头内螺纹管中汽-液两相流体的摩擦压降特性进行了试验研究。试验段采用水平绝热布置。试验结果表明:压力对两相流摩擦压降的影响很大,随压力增加,两相流摩擦压降倍率减小,在临界压力附近,两相流摩擦压降倍率趋近于1;随含汽率增加,两相流摩擦压降倍率先增加,然后有减小的趋势;随质量流速增加,两相流摩擦压降倍率减小。用于计算单相水摩擦压降系数以及用于计算汽-液两相流体摩擦压降的试验关联式被提供。     

Flow Behavior and Phase Distribution in Two-Phase Flow around Inverted U-Bend

Experimental results are presented on the flow behavior, phase distribution, average void fraction and slip ratio in air-water two-phase mixture flowing through an inverted U-bend. The curved test section of transparent acrylic resin tubing with 24 mm I. D. was used, comprising a riser, an inverted U-bend with radius of 96 mm, and a downcomer. From the visual observation, a flow map was derived, which indicates the relation between the flow patterns and velocities. Distributions of local void fraction along a diameter lying in the central plane of the bend and over the whole cross section of bend tube were measured, and those distribution mechanisms were explained by the effect of centrifugal and gravitational forces. The average void fraction around the bend was obtained by numerical integration of the measured local void fraction, and the slip ratio was calculated using the average void fraction.     

矩形通道内两相脉动流平均摩擦压降实验研究

通过对截面为40 mm×3 mm窄矩形通道内不同正弦脉动周期、振幅、平均流量工况下氮气 水两相流（平均分液相雷诺数Re_l<10 000,平均分气相雷诺数Re_g<800）进行实验研究,发现两相脉动流与单相水脉动流的规律不同,平均压差对脉动周期、振幅不敏感。应用各经验公式计算的脉动工况下平均摩擦压降的偏差与稳态工况的计算偏差在数值和分布上均无明显差异,且计算值分布在测量值两侧、相对偏差基本小于20%。其中,Mishima-Hibiki方法和Lee-Lee方法的计算结果与测量结果吻合良好,相对偏差在10%以内,说明两相流摩擦压降经验公式同样适用于脉动工况下平均摩擦压降的计算。     

基于两步形态学图像法的窄缝通道空泡份额测量方法研究

空泡份额是两相流动研究的基础参数之一。对于窄缝通道内的流动沸腾工况,空泡份额难以使用探针等直接测量。本文在高速摄影法基础上,提出基于两步形态学的窄缝通道出口空泡份额测量方法。该方法可解决流道上的汽泡边界识别问题,获得空泡份额的瞬时值。本文方法流型适应性好,通过与能量守恒法计算得到的时均试验结果对比,相对偏差均在17%以内,验证了本方法的准确性和可靠性。     

摇摆对窄矩形通道内两相流摩擦压降特性影响

本文以窄矩形通道内两相流为研究对象,分析了不同摇摆工况对两相流动摩擦阻力特性的影响。通过对试验数据分析,结果表明,改变摇摆周期对窄矩形通道内两相流的瞬态摩擦压降波动幅值的影响很小,只是改变了其瞬态摩擦压降变化频率,对其平均摩擦压降无影响。同时,采用L-M法对比分析摇摆与静止条件下的φ²_l(φ²_g) -X变化曲线发现,摇摆状态下窄矩形通道内的两相摩擦压降可采用静止条件下φ²_l(φ²_g) -X变化曲线进行计算。     

基于漂移流模型的矩形通道内泡状流-弹状流转变准则

以空气和水为工质,对竖直向上矩形通道(40 mm×1.41 mm,40 mm×10 mm)两相流流型特性进行了可视化研究。气液相表观速度分别为0.01~0.59 m/s和0.02~3.72 m/s。基于3个经典的泡状流向弹状流转变准则,考虑矩形通道的尺寸效应,导出了泡状流向弹状流转变时的临界空泡份额为0.23。以窄边宽度2.5 mm为界,将矩形通道分为小通道和常规通道两类,对泡状流向弹状流转变准则进行修正,修正准则能很好地预测实验值。为进一步验证修正准则的准确性和适用性,将修正准则与Mishima、Wilmarth和Sadatomi等的实验数据进行了对比,结果显示修正准则同样具有较好的预测效果。     

Vertically Downward Two-Phase Flow, (II)

Following Part (I) of the present paper, which presented the experimental results obtained on the void distribution and average void fraction shown by nearly fully-developed, vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixture, this Part (?) covers the flow regime transition criteria among the three basic flow regimes : bubbly, slug and annular flows. The annular flow further was divided into two subregions of falling film flow and annular drop flow. The general situation of the transition criteria is as follows : (1) bubbly-to-slug flow transition occurs when the local void fraction in the central region of the tube is 0.3; (2) slug-to-annular drop flow transition criterion is given as a case which equations giving average void fraction for the slug flow and the annular flow are simultaneously satisfied; (3) slug-to-falling film flow transition occurs when the pressure difference between the crest of large wave and the bottom overcomes the surface tension; (4) the occurrence of liquid droplets from wave crests gives the transition criterion between the falling film flow and the annular drop flow.

These criteria were correlated to predict each flow regime boundary respectively considering flow mechanisms or from experimental results. The correlations obtained were compared with published flow regime maps for atmospheric air-water flow and showed satisfactory agreement.     

低流速过冷沸腾截面平均空泡率实验研究

以高温高压单探头光学探针为主要测量手段,进行了中压低流速过冷沸腾工况空泡率实验研究,截面平均空泡率根据探针测量得出的局部空泡率在流道截面上积分计算得出。实验数据与实验前提出的空泡率计算模型进行了比较,表明该模型在低流速过冷沸腾工况可获得满意的预测结果。实验结果与Saha模型以及Levy模型的比较表明:对于低流速数据,Saha模型预测结果明显偏高,Levy模型优于Saha模型,但预测结果仍略偏高。     

基于激光诱导荧光法的空泡份额测量

激光诱导荧光技术作为可视化实验领域中的新技术,在核反应堆热工水力研究中得到了越来越广泛的运用。将激光诱导荧光技术应用于气液两相流空泡份额的测量中,介绍了激光诱导荧光法测量空泡份额的原理,描述了激光诱导荧光法测量空泡份额的具体实施方法,说明了图像数据的处理方法,并将该测量空泡份额方法用于气液两相流实验测量研究,在不同工况下进行了竖直通道内两相流空泡份额测量实验。实验结果表明,利用激光诱导荧光技术测得的空泡份额与理论预测结果符合较好。运用该方法能对流场内的空泡份额分布进行连续测量,且不会对流场造成干扰。     

周期性力场作用下窄通道内两相流压降特性

通过实验研究了摇摆造成的周期性附加惯性力作用下矩形窄通道内空气 水两相流压降特性。按分液相雷诺数将流动分为层流区（Re_f <800）、过渡区（800≤Re_f≤1 400）及湍流区（Re_f >1 400）3个区域,并对各区域内附加压降、重位压降和摩擦压降平均值及瞬态值进行了比较。结果表明,附加惯性力对窄通道内两相流整数倍周期内平均摩擦阻力无明显影响。周期性附加惯性力作用下(摇摆周期16 s,摇摆振幅30°),层流区及过渡区气相表观速度、液相表观速度、质量含气率及摩擦压降随时间周期性波动,波动周期等于摇摆运动周期;瞬时摩擦压降相对于其平均值的波动幅值随气液两相流速的增加而减小。湍流区两相流动参数周期性波动不明显。     

球床通道内气液两相竖直向上流动流型实验研究

对球形颗粒填充通道内的空气-水竖直向上两相流动流型进行了可视化实验研究。实验段填充球直径分别为3、5和8mm,气相表观流速为0.005~1.172m/s;液相表观流速为0.004~0.093m/s。实验观察得到4种典型流型：泡状流、串状流、液柱脉冲流和乳沫脉冲流,并绘制出流型图,其中脉冲流占据较大区域。通过与常规通道流型图对比发现：由于填充颗粒的影响,球床通道泡状流区域较常规通道显著减小。对比3种球床通道流型图得到：随着颗粒直径的增加,串状流区域增大;在低液相流速下,对于8mm直径颗粒,串状流可直接过渡到乳沫脉冲流。