Influence of yeast strain on binding of sulphur dioxide in wines,and on its formation during fermentation

The amounts of sulphur dioxide bound by acetaldehyde, pyruvic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid during fermentation of three grape juices by eight wine yeasts (Saccharomyces sp.) are reported. These constituents accounted for 49–83 % (mean 69) of the measured bound SO₂, depending on the yeast strain and juice. the maximum range of concentrations of the binding components for individual wines were 10–48 ppm for acetaldehyde, 9–77 ppm for pyruvic acid and 5–63 ppm for α-ketoglutaric acid, depending on yeast strain and grape juice. the validity of the calculations was verified by an experiment with SO₂ and the three binding compounds in a multicomponent model system. The acetaldehyde content was related to the total SO₂ present, which itself was determined by the strain of yeast. SOz bound in the wines after a further SO₂ addition was correlated significantly with pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acids, but not with acetaldehyde. Certain yeasts produced SO₂ during fermentation in grape juice and in synthetic media with defined sulphur sources. More SO₂ was produced at pH 3.6 than 3.0 in the absence of added sulphate in grape juice. Sulphate was the best sulphur source for SO₂ production in synthetic media, although some yeasts were able to produce smaller amounts of SO₂ from l-cysteine and reduced glutathione.     

Formation of higher alcohols by wine yeasts,and relationship to taste thresholds

The amounts of n-propanol, iso-butanol and iso-amyl plus active amyl alcohol produced during fermentation of grape juice were found to vary considerably according to the yeast used. The yeasts studied included 11 wine yeasts and one brewery yeast, all belonging to the genus Saccharomyces, and 4 yeasts belonging to genera which sometimes cause wine spoilage. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory and confirmed on pilot-plant scale. The average production of n-propanol in juices from 4 grape varieties varied from 13 to 106 ppm depending on the wine yeast used. The corresponding variations in the production of iso-butanol and isoamyl plus active amyl alcohol were 9 to 37 ppm and 115 to 262 ppm respectively,. Juices from different varieties' of grapes (Vitis vinifera) differed somewhat in the amounts of higher alcohols formed, irrespective of the yeast strain used. An increase in temperature of fermentation from 15° to 25° with four yeasts produced an average of 24% more iso-amyl plus active alcohol and 39% more iso-butanol, and 17% less n-propanol. A yeast/temperature interaction occurred. An increase in pH from 3.0 to 4.2 with four yeasts produced 28% more iso-amyl plus active amyl alcohol, 85% more iso-butanol, and 11% more n-propanol. A yeast /pH interaction occurred. Spoilage yeasts examined also formed higher alcohols and the amounts were not related to sugar consumed during the fermentation. Taste thresholds of the higher alcohols, with the exception of active amyl alcohol, were measured in dry white wine with 7 tasters. Iso-amyl alcohol thresholds ranged from 100 to 900 ppm (mean 300 ppm) and iso-butanol and n-propanol both exceeded 500 ppm. The average threshold of iso-amyl alcohol in distilled water was 4 ppm. For certain tasters strains of yeast can produce sufficient differences in iso-amyl alcohol to be detectable organoleptically, but differences in iso-butanol and n-propanol are not large enough to be detectable.     

Fermentation of three varieties of mango juices with a mixture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii

This study was carried out to ascertain the behavior and fermentation performance of mixed yeasts in mango juices of three varieties. Saccharomyces cerevisiae MERIT.ferm and Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC500 at a ratio of 1:1000 were simultaneously inoculated into juices of three mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties (R2E2, Harum Manis and Nam Doc Mai). Both yeasts grew well in all juices and there was no early growth arrest of either yeast, but there was late death of W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC500 in the Nam Doc Mai juice. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were consumed to trace levels in all juices. Changes in citric, tartaric, malic, acetic and succinic acids varied with mango varieties. While the changes of major volatiles were similar in all varieties, there were significant varietal differences in the volatile composition of the resultant mango wines. The volatiles, especially most of the terpenes, of the juices decreased drastically and new volatiles such as β-citronellol were formed. R2E2 wine had more fruity, sweet and creamy notes, and retained more of its original character due to a higher retention of ketones/lactones. Harum Manis wine had the lowest aroma intensity with more green and terpenic notes associated with higher levels of residual terpenes than the other two varieties. Nam Doc Mai wine possessed the highest aroma intensity with winey, yeasty, fruity and floral notes attributed to higher amounts of alcohols, acetate esters and ethyl esters. These findings may help develop different styles of mango wine.     

Production of Table Wine from Processed Tea Bags Using Different Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Wine samples were produced from locally available tea infusions (Lipton tea, Top tea and Highland tea) using baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae By1) and yeast cultures from pineapple (S. cerevisiae Py6) and cocoa (S. cerevisiae CY43). Physicochemical analyses and microbial evaluation were undertaken during fermentation. Lipton tea wine produced, using baker’s yeast, pineapple yeast and cocoa yeast had highest alcoholic contents of 7.88%, 6.25% and 7.20%, respectively. Top tea wine produced using the same set of yeasts had highest alcoholic contents of 9.78%, 5.43 and 8.15% respectively, while Highland tea wine produced highest alcoholic contents of 9.78%, 7.07% and 7.61% respectively. Physicochemical analyses for all the wines produced showed that the specific gravity, total solids and pH of the must decreased as fermentation progressed while the titratable acidity remained constant throughout the must fermentation. Colony counts showed a high biomass of yeast cells that decreased as it tended towards the end of fermentation. Sensory analysis of the wines showed that Lipton and Top tea are the most acceptable organoleptically when compared with the commercial wine used as control although the three tested teas were not significantly different statistically. Baker’s yeast was rated as the best yeast for wine fermentation irrespective of the type of tea used. All the wines produced were generally accepted as they were scored above average. This study highlights the potential of using different tea infusions as alternatives to grape and other fruit musts in wine making. It also confirms that commercial yeasts such as baker’s yeast can be used in homemade wine production.     

Discovering a chemical basis for differentiating wines made by fermentation with 'wild' indigenous and inoculated yeasts: role of yeast volatile compounds

Background and Aims:  Winemakers are constantly searching for new techniques to modulate wine style. Exploiting indigenous yeasts present in grape must is re-emerging as a commercial option in New World wine regions. Wines made with indigenous or 'wild' yeasts are perceived to be more complex by showing a greater diversity of flavours; however, the chemical basis for the flavour characteristics is not yet defined. In order to evaluate techniques for making wine with the 'wild yeast fermentation' character more reliably, it is necessary to define the salient chemical characteristics of such wines.
Methods and Results:  Pairs of Chardonnay wines were prepared from the same must and subjected to similar fermentation conditions in the wineries of origin, except for the mode of inoculation. Reference wines were made by inoculation with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae starter culture, whereas companion wines were allowed to undergo fermentation with the indigenous microflora. Of all wine chemicals analysed, only yeast-derived volatile fermentation products showed significant differences between the yeast treatments.
Conclusions:  Inoculated wines were associated with the esters ethyl hexanoate and 3-methylbutyl acetate and formed a clear cluster by principal component analysis. By comparison with inoculated wines, 'wild' yeast fermented wines showed high variability in volatile compounds that contribute to wine aroma, with higher concentrations of 2-methylpropanol, 2-methylbutanoic acid, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl decanoate and ethyl dodecanoate potentially being sensorially important.
Significance of the Study:  This study shows that yeast-derived volatile fermentation products are a key difference between inoculated and uninoculated ferments and provides a chemical basis for the 'wild yeast fermentation' character.     

Occurrence of ochratoxin A in wine and ochratoxigenic mycoflora in grapes and dried vine fruits in South America

Grape and wine production in South America represents about 6.6% and 10% respectively of the world grape and wine production. The available information on the ochratoxigenic mycoflora and ochratoxin A (OTA) presence in wine grapes, wines, grape juices and dried vine fruits is limited. Surveys have been carried out in Argentina and Brazil which showed that Aspergillus niger aggregate are predominant in the Argentinean varieties while from the Brazilian varieties the species A. niger, Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus carbonarius were isolated. A mycobiota survey from wine grapes in Argentina showed that while Alternaria alternata was predominant, Aspergillus section Nigri species were isolated from 60% of samples. About 41% of black Aspergilli isolates produced OTA with levels ranging from 2 to 24.5 ng mL(-1). In another study, about 83% of A. carbonarius isolates from dried vine fruits produced OTA, with levels ranging from 2 to 5200 ng mL(-1). A survey of grape juices and wines of Brazilian, Argentinean and Chilean origin were found to contain very low levels of OTA. Studies are in progress in Latin America on the ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic fungi and OTA occurrence to reduce the impact of this toxin in the food chain.     

7种酵母酿造摩尔多瓦葡萄酒的发酵特性比较

在常用的商业酵母中筛选一株酵母,应用于摩尔多瓦葡萄酒酿造,从而实现鲜食摩尔多瓦葡萄的增值。以摩尔多瓦葡萄为材料,选用VL1、F15、NS-D、P、HXD29、LE28、LD1015 7种酵母进行葡萄酒酿造试验,以自然发酵作为对照,对不同酵母发酵酒的总酸、总酚等理化性质进行检测和感官评价,比较不同酵母对摩尔多瓦葡萄酒理化性质及品质的影响。结果表明,酵母LD1015发酵的摩尔多瓦酒干浸物含量最高,为17.96 g/L;总糖含量为3.54 g/L,总酚含量为1.17 g/L,略低于酵母VL1、HXD29、LE28,感官评分最高,为91分。综合判定酵母LD1015具有较强的糖转化和干物质浸提的能力,有利于产出口感醇厚、香气馥郁的葡萄酒,是7种酵母中最适合鲜食葡萄摩尔多瓦酿酒的酵母菌种。     

Contribution by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeasts to Fermentation and Flavour Compounds in Wines from cv. Kalecik karasi Grape

The effect of indigenous and commercial S. cerevisiae yeasts on fermentation and flavour compounds of wines was examined in pasteurised grape juice. The flavour compounds were analysed and identified by GC‐FID and GC‐MS, respectively and in general, the amounts of these volatiles were increased by the use of both indigenous and commercial yeasts. The levels of isoamyl alcohol, isoamyl acetate, ethyl octanoate and ethyl deconoate exceeded flavour thresholds. All grape juices were fermented to dryness. Selected yeasts produced higher ethanol concentrations compared to spontaneous fermentations.     

Inhibition of malolactic fermentation by Saccharomyces during alcoholic fermentation under low- and high-nitrogen conditions: a study in synthetic media

The ability of different wine yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) to inhibit malolactic bacteria ( Oenococcus oeni ) and the influence of nitrogen were studied using a synthetic grape juice. Malolactic fermentation was induced in fermenting synthetic grape juice or synthetic wines inoculated with different commercial strains of S. cerevisiae. O. oeni was generally inhibited in wines that contained higher concentrations of total SO₂ although many yeast strains only inhibited the bacteria during fermentation under high nitrogen conditions. Yeast produced higher amounts of SO₂ during fermentation under high nitrogen conditions suggesting that nitrogen affected the malolactic fermentation by influencing yeast SO₂ production. However, the production of SO₂ by yeast did not always account for the inhibition of O. oeni , suggesting the presence of other inhibitory mechanisms.     

Fermentation of grape must by sequential association of yeasts: Accumulation of pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acid

Fermentations of grape (cv. Malvar) musts from two consecutive vintages were carried out using the autochthonous microflora, a sequential association of yeasts and conventional fermentations with addition of sulfur dioxide to the must. The pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acid content over the course of fermentation was measured and showed that for both vintages tested the maximum accumulation of the ketoacid pyruvic acid took place several days earlier in fermentations using a sequential association of yeasts than in conventional fermentations. The accumulation of pyruvic acid was higher in the must made from grapes with a higher degree of ripening and the lowest level of added SO₂. In the fermentations using either a sequential association of yeasts or the autochthonous microflora with no added SO₂, accumulation of α-ketoglutaric acid was higher in the must with the higher nitrogen content when the species making the greatest percentage contributions at the start of fermentation presented high levels of proteolytic activity.     

Detection of ochratoxin A in tropical wine and grape juice from Brazil

BACKGROUND: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the main mycotoxin found in grapes, wines and grape juices and is considered one of the most harmful contaminants to human health. In this study, samples of tropical wines and grape juices from different grape varieties grown in Brazil were analysed for their OTA content by high‐performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The detection and quantification limits for OTA were 0.01 and 0.03 µg L^?1 respectively. OTA was detected in 13 (38.24%) of the samples analysed, with concentrations ranging from < 0.03 to 0.62 µg L^?1. OTA was not detected in any of the grape juice samples. Most of the red wine samples proved to be contaminated with OTA (75%), while only one white wine sample was contaminated. However, the OTA levels detected in all samples were well below the maximum tolerable limit (2 µg L^?1) in wine and grape juice established by the European Community and Brazilian legislature. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate a low risk of exposure to OTA by consumption of tropical wines and grape juices from Brazil. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of yeast strain and pH on pyruvic acid content of wines

Pyruvic acid content of wines was investigated on laboratory and pilot-plant scale and found to be strongly influenced by the strain of yeast used to conduct the fermentation, and pH of the medium, with high pH correlating with high pyruvic acid content. Results obtained with artificial medium confirmed those obtained with grape juice. Yeast strain and pH appear to be the two most important factors influencing pyruvic acid content of wines, and their biochemical and oenological significance is discussed.     

Selection and modification of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria for wine fermentation

Historically, the fermentation of grape juice to wine has been carried out by indigenous yeasts found on the berry. However, in newer wine regions, e.g. the USA, inoculation with selected wine yeast strains is employed. Grape juice is high in nutritional factors and difficulties in fermentation usually arise from the inhibitory effects of the high concentration of sugar initially present and the ethanol produced. A secondary fermentation, brought about by indigenous or added lactic acid bacteria, converts malic acid to lactic acid and carbon dioxide and often occurs. This ‘malolactic’ fermentation is usually slow. For both yeast and bacterial fermentations strain selection is based more on fermentation performance than on sensory characteristics of the wine, with increased tolerance of the yeast to ethanol and of the bacteria to low pH being emphasized. Attempts to increase the malolactic fermentation rate have been made by cloning and transferring the malolactic gene from Lactobacillus to wine yeast. In early attempts to produce wines with enhanced or novel sensory characteristics a leucine-less mutant of a homothallic wine yeast has been obtained which does not produce isoamyl alcohol.     

Aroma Compounds in Wine as Influenced by Apiculate Yeasts

Aroma compounds of wines resulting from fermentation of sterile grape musts from Monastrell variety inoculated with pure and mixed cultures of apiculate and Saccharomyces yeasts, were isolated and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometry. Samples fermented with mixed cultures produced a higher concentration of selected compounds and higher total amounts of alcohols and acids, in contrast with wines produced with pure cultures of Saccharomyces spp. Apiculate yeasts are important in the chemical composition and quality of wine.     

Fermentative aptitude of non-Saccharomyces wine yeast for reduction in the ethanol content in wine

Over the last few decades, there has been a progressive increase in the ethanol content in wines due to global climate change and to the new wine styles that are associated with increased grape maturity. This increased ethanol content can have negative consequences on the sensory properties of the wines, human health, and economic aspects. Several microbiological approaches for decreasing the ethanol content have been suggested, such as strategies based on genetically modified yeasts, the adaptive evolution of yeasts, and the use of non-Saccharomyces yeast. In the present study, we investigated the interspecies and intraspecies variability of some non-Saccharomyces wine yeast species under anaerobic fermentation conditions. Across different grape juices and fermentation trials, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Zygosaccharomyces sapae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and Zygosaccharomyces bisporus promoted significant reductions in ethanol yield and fermentation efficiency in comparison with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The diversion of alcoholic fermentation and the abundant formation of secondary compounds might explain the marked reduction in ethanol yield, as determined through the segregation of the majority of the strains according to their species attributes observed using principal component analysis. These data suggest that careful evaluation of interspecies and intraspecies biodiversity can be carried out to select yeast that produces low-ethanol yields.     

Deacidification of red and white wines by a mutant ofSchizosaccharomyces malidevoransunder commercial winemaking conditions

A mutant ofSchizosaccharomyces malidevorans, which utilizes malic acid more rapidly than the wild-type strain and does not utilize significant amounts of glucose or fructose, was used in commercial scale deacidification of grape juice during two vintages in a New Zealand winery. Four trials were conducted in Chardonnay, Semillon and Cabernet Sauvignon juices, 1000–4500 l. In the first two trials, the juices were inoculated with the alcoholic fermentation yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 33–48 h after the mutant inoculation. In the remaining two trials, the juices were inoculated simultaneously with the mutant andS. cerevisiae. Malic acid, ranging from 3.5–10 g l⁻¹in the juices, was completely degraded within 21–73 h. TheSchiz. malidevoransmutant utilized malic acid at sulfur dioxide levels and temperatures used in red and white winemaking. The wines produced in the trials lacked obvious organoleptic defects. They were blended with untreated wines for acid balance and retailed as varietal wines.     

The application of malolactic fermentation process to create good-quality grape wine produced in cool-climate countries: a review

The work presents the essence of the secondary fermentation occurring in the course of grape wines production—malolactic fermentation (MLF). The selection of wine yeast and bacteria preparations, scenario of malolactic bacteria inoculation as well as control system of the process conditions are proposed to create the specific character and style of grape wines produced in cool-climate countries, in which the acidity of grape must is often significantly enhanced and the concentration of aroma compounds is considerably low. The role played by appropriately run MLF is presented, along with the advantages and disadvantages of the process, benefits, and technological drawbacks resulting from the introduction of this procedure to the vinification process. Moreover, methods to initiate and run MLF as well as interactions occurring between microorganisms used in wine production, i.e., wine yeasts from the genus Saccharomyces and wine bacteria from the genus Oenococcus, are also presented and discussed.     

SO2对石榴酒发酵的影响研究

研究了添加60mg/L SO2对甜Ⅰ、甜Ⅱ、酸Ⅲ石榴酒发酵的影响.结果表明:SO2对发酵过程中pH、滴定酸几乎没影响.石榴汁的发酵速度受石榴成分的影响,添加SO2促进发酵进程.挥发酸含量低的石榴酒酒精度高、干浸出物也高.研究证实,实验中使用的果酒酵母在高酸环境中具有良好发酵性能.     

Yeasts isolated from three varieties of grapes cultivated in different locations of the Dolenjska vine-growing region, Slovenia

The number and diversity of yeasts on grape berry surfaces are influenced by several factors, such as grape variety, degree of grape maturity at harvest, climatological conditions, geographic location, physical damage of grapes, the intensity of pest management etc. Cvicek is a typical Slovene wine, which has obtained a special protection under the Slovene Wine Law for its geographical origin. This blended red wine is produced from different grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.), mostly from red grapes of Zametovka and Modra frankinja and from white grapes of Kraljevina. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of geographical locations in the Dolenjska vine-growing region and to obtain precise information about the influence of different grape varieties on the composition of yeast community on grape berries. The restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments from the rDNA gene cluster (PCR RFLP of rDNA) has been used for the differentiation of yeast species. The standard identification procedure has been performed on representative strains that shared identical RFLP profiles. The number of yeasts and yeast species isolated varied according to different grape varieties, Zametovka, Modra frankinja and Kraljevina (V. vinifera L.) and according to different sampling location. On the surface of grape berries 13 different yeast species have been identified. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has not been found.