压水堆立式蒸汽发生器中水滴重力分离的理论研究

本文着重介绍了在压水堆立式自然循环蒸汽发生器重力分离空间里,蒸汽带水过程和水滴的运动轨迹;阐述了水滴重力分离的机理。本文还对不能产生重力分离的细小水滴作了简单叙述。     

Experimental and Operational Verification of the HTR-10 Once-Through Steam Generator (SG)

In January 2003, the 10MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) reached its full power for continuous operation of seventy-two hours in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. The reactor was operated smoothly at the designated parameters. The once-through steam generator (SG) is one of key equipments of the HTR-10 reactor. The SG includes 30 modular heating helical tube assemblies. Design of the SG includes hydraulics, heat transfer and stability designs. Based on the design requirement, it is necessary to ensure sufficient heat removal from the reactor in order to maintain stable operation. In order to confirm the thermal hydraulic reliability of the SG, a series of experiments had been carried out. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the design features and experimental verification of HTR-10 SG, and the research results of small bending radius helical coil-pipe used in HTR-10, for example, the heat transfer coefficient of water, superheat steam and the two phase flow in the helical tube, the heat transfer coefficient of the He flow across the helical tube, and the centrifugal force effect on the heat transfer for the helical tube. In the paper, some operational experimental data of the HTR-10 SG have been presented.     

INSIGHT: An Integrated Scoping Analysis Tool for In-core Fuel Management of PWR

An integrated software tool for scoping analysis of in-core fuel management, INSIGHT, has been developed to automate the scoping analysis and to improve the fuel cycle cost using advanced optimization techniques. INSIGHT is an interactive software tool executed on UNIX based workstations that is equipped with an X-window system. INSIGHT incorporates the GALLOP loading pattern (LP) optimization module that utilizes hybrid genetic algorithms, the PATMAKER interactive LP design module, the MCA multicycle analysis module, an integrated database, and other utilities. Two benchmark problems were analyzed to confirm the key capabilities of INSIGHT: LP optimization and multicycle analysis. The first was the single cycle LP optimization problem that included various constraints. The second one was the multicycle LP optimization problem that includes the assembly burnup limitation at rod cluster control (RCC) positions. The results for these problems showed the feasibility of INSIGHT for the practical scoping analysis, whose work almost consists of LP generation and multicycle analysis.     

Friction Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Coefficient of Two-Phase Flow in Helically Coiled Tube Once-Through Steam Generator for Integrated Type Marine Water Reactor

Two-phase friction pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients in a once-through steam generator with helically coiled tubes were investigated with the model test rig of an integrated type marine water reactor. As the dimensions of the heat transfer tubes and the thermal-fluid conditions are almost the same as those of real reactors, the data applicable directly to the real reactor design were obtained. As to the friction pressure drop, modified Kozeki's prediction which is based on the experimental data by Kozeki for coiled tubes, agreed the best with the experimental data. Modified Martinelli-Nelson's prediction which is based on Martinelli-Nelson's multiplier using Ito's equation for single-phase flow in coiled tube, agreed within 30%. The effect of coiled tube on the average heat transfer coefficients at boiling region were small, and the predictions for straight tube could also be applied to coiled tube. Schrock-Grossman's correlation agreed well with the experimental data at the pressures of lower than 3.5 MPa. It was suggested that dryout should be occurred at the quality of greater than 90% within the conditions of this report.     

Experimental Assessment of Evaluation Model for Safety Analysis on Reflood Phase of PWR-LOCA

A model named Evaluation Model (EM) is used for the safety evaluation analysis on a PWR-LOCA. The model is conservatively constructed to severely evaluate the core cooling during the LOCA.

In order to assess the model for the reflood phase of the LOCA, a test named “EM Test” was conducted with Cylindrical Core Test Facility which modeled a PWR in 1/21 volumetric scale. The test conditions simulated the reflood phase predicted in the safety evaluation analysis. The test results were compared with the blindfold results predicted by EM codes which are programmed based on the EM. The main conclusions are as follows:

(1) The core heat transfer model built in the EM codes gives conservative results.

(2) The system models in the present EM codes predict the flooding rate conservatively in early transient and realistically in later period.

(3) Conservative items and items to be improved are pointed out. The downcomer slow water accumulation observed in a test at lower flow rate of emergency core cooling water did not appear in the EM test.     

AC－600PWR蒸汽发生器模拟体设计

介绍了ＡＣ－６００ＰＷＲ二次侧非能动应急堆芯余热排出系统整体效应实验装置中蒸汽发生器（ＳＧ）模拟体的模拟准则和主要设计特点。其主要模拟准则为功率－容积比准则，但在尽量保证再现原型主要热工水力过程的前提下，进行了适当的修改和简化．该模拟体总体比例为１／３９０，换热管束及内件可更换，以满足不同实验研究要求。     

一体化压水堆蒸汽发生器的热工水力瞬态特性分析

一体化压水堆的设计是将蒸汽发生器及稳压器等一回路所有部件都放入压力容器内，以提高安全性，采用可以精确模拟直汉蒸汽发生器二次侧水的饱和点，蒸干点位置等重要参数随时间变化的可移动边界并分法，选用适合各中换热工况的一整套换热关系式，建立了可以模拟一体化压水堆直流蒸汽发生器的稳态及瞬态热工不特性的物理及数学模型，并编制了计算程序，经对Ｂａｂｃｏｃｋ和Ｗｉｌｃｏｘ公司１９管直流蒸汽发生器实验装置进行了计算有     

Post DNB Heat Transfer Experiments for PWR Fuel Assemblies

Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC) and Mitsubishi performed heat transfer experiments on post DNB (departure from nucleate boiling) for the pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel assemblies under the sponsorship of the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) as one of a series of fuel assembly verification tests. Based on the obtained experimental data, a new evaluation model for the fuel rod heat transfer behavior after DNB was developed. A large safety margin, which had remained in the present thermal-hydraulic design that did not allow DNB, was confirmed by applying the developed model to the PWR plant safety analysis.     

Effect of Loop Seal on Reflood Phenomena in PWR

The blockage of the primary coolant loop with water filled at the crossover legs, denoted “loop seal”, is expected to give a significant influence on core cooling during the reflood phase of a PWR-LOCA. However, the effect of the loop seal has been little investigated. Therefore, it was studied experimentally by using Cylindrical Core Test Facility (CCTF).

The loop seal was cleared in a short time (40–60 s) after reflood initiation by pushing-off of stagnating water in the crossover legs due to steam accumulation and resultant pressure increase in the upper plenum.

Although the core cooling was degraded during the loop seal period, it recovered after the loop seal clearing. The degradation of core cooling during the loop seal period is considered to be caused by the low core-inlet water flow rate and resultantly by the small volumetric fraction of water in the core.

The quantitative estimation about the loop seal effect on the clad temperature was made and it was indicated that the maximum clad temperature would not exceed the allowable upper limit (1,473K) specified in the licensing about the reactor safety even with the loop seal at the beginning of the reflood phase.     

Experiment and Verification Test of the Once-through Steam Generator of the 10 MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Flow Stability of the Once-through Steam Generator

In January 2003, the 10MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) reached its full power for continuous operation of seventy-two hours in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. The reactor operated smoothlyqbthe design parameters were successfully attained.

The once-through steam generator (SG) is one of key equipments of the HTR-10 reactor. The SG includes 30 modular heating helical tube assemblies. There are two thermal hydraulic requirements to be satisfied for the once-through steam generator: (1) enough heat transfer surface; (2) qualified steam can be produced under rated electrical generation power, and water-steam two phase flow un-stability can be avoided. In order to obtain the thermal hydraulic characteristics of the SG reliably, before design, a numerical code was developed for the design, and a full-scale test loop with two heating tubes as model was established, and series experiments had been carried out.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the design of SG and researches on the stability of small bending radius helical coil-pipe used in HTR-10, for exempla, the effects of outlet steam pressure, inlet water sub-cooling degree, thermal power and inlet throttling degree. Up to now, the SG has experienced full power operation smoothly, and approvingly reached its original design requirements.

In the paper, some operational experimental data of the HTR-10 S.G have been presented.     

大功率先进压水堆IVR-ERVC旁通流道冷却强化研究

本文提出旁通流道冷却强化方案,采用RELAP5系统安全分析程序定性研究了旁通流道对大功率先进压水堆压力容器外部冷却的自然循环能力产生的效应,并对一些流动参数和边界条件进行敏感性分析。结果表明:旁通流道对ERVC系统流道局部区域起到增强对流换热的效果,并且随旁通流道直径及射流角度的增加,对流换热增强;入口位置对局部区域的换热产生影响。本工作可为ERVC的冷却能力和结构设计提供参考。     

Experimental Study of Two-Dimensional Thermal-Hydraulic Behavior in Core during Reflood Phase of PWR LOCA

Two-dimensional effects on the core cooling behavior during the reflood phase of a PWR-LOCA were experimentally studied by performing four tests with various radial core power profiles under the same total power and initial core stored energy conditions using the Slab Core Test Facility (SCTF). The heat transfer was enhanced and the cladding temperature was reduced for the higher and average power bundles in the steep radial power profile test especially at the upper elevation. The effect of radial power profile on the cladding temperature was quantitatively evaluated. For all tests with different radial power profiles, the collapsed water level in the upper plenum became higher in the hot leg side and the quench in the upper half of the core was delayed in the bundles corresponding to the outer bundles of a PWR core. The delay of the quench is considered to be caused by a flow stagnation trend in those bundles because the pressure in the outer bundles became higher than the pressure in the inner bundles due to the nonuniform water accumulation in the upper plenum.     

蒸汽发生器传热管的降质及对其完整性的评估

蒸汽发生器传热管是反应堆冷却剂压力边界的主要组成部分,这就意味着必须保持传热管的完整性。然而,运行经验表明,蒸汽发生器传热管会出现各种降质。这些降质可能会导致管子的泄漏或破裂,使反应堆冷却剂丧失,并提供了直接通向二回路和释放到环境中去的途径。本文将介绍几种已知的传热管降质,传热管完整性性能准则．并对蒸汽发生器传热管完整性进行评估。     

压水堆核电机组抽汽改造

压水堆核电汽轮机主要工作在湿蒸汽区,比相同功率火电机组蒸汽流量高,单台机组具有更大的供热能力,适合供暖.借鉴火电机组抽汽供热改造的工程经验,以AP1000压水堆为例,给出汽水分离再热器(MSR)前抽汽改造方案.分析了抽汽供热对机组运行控制、热经济性、安全分析的影响,分析表明改造没有对现有安全分析结论形成挑战,但给运行控...     

反应堆压力容器及蒸汽发生器不符合项分析技术

在反应堆压力容器及蒸汽发生器等设备的加工生产过程中,经常会因各种原因使产品出现与设计不符之处,即产生不符合项.经分析验证后可知,其中大多数不符合项是不影响设备的功能性及安全性的.本工作总结核电站反应堆压力容器及蒸汽发生器易发生的部分不符合项的类型及处理方式,同时针对各类不符合项给出相应的力学分析方法.     

Application of REFLA Core Model to Safety Evaluation Code

In the analysis of the core thermal-hydraulic behavior during the reflood phase of a PWR-LOCA, current safety evaluation codes like WREM code system are usually limited to use in narrow region where the employed empirical correlations are validated. In order to make a safety evaluation code more flexibly applicable, the empirical correlations in TOODEE2 code in the WREM code system was replaced with the core model built in the REFLA code. By changing the multiplication factor for the calculated heat transfer coefficient for the region above the quench front, the predicted clad surface temperatures were compared with those measured in Cylindrical Core Test Facility (CCTF) tests.

It was found that the multiplication factor 0.9 gives always a conservative prediction against CCTF data.     

Underwater Cutting of Reactor Core Internals by CO Laser Using Local-Dry-Zone Creating Nozzle

With a view to practical application of the CO laser to underwater cutting of thick steel plates, a nozzle for creating a local dry zone on the workpiece has been developed and tested. The nozzle directed against the workpiece surface discharges a jet of air, which forms the local dry zone, bounded by a cone of high-speed water jet discharged from a concentric annular outlet. Preliminary tests were performed to optimize the nozzle shape and operating conditions. The resulting nozzle was used with a 5 kW CO laser for actual underwater cutting tests on stainless steel plates: Entirely satisfactory cutting performance was confirmed on various workpiece geometries and working positions.     

Core Liquid Level Depression due to Manometric Effect during PWR Small Break LOCA

In the previous study, it is reported that the core collapsed liquid level was depressed nearly to the core bottom and the dryout of the core was observed in the early stage of the PWR cold leg small break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) experiment, The manometric effect due to the liquid seal formation in the loop seal and the difference of the liquid holdup between the steam generator (SG) upflow-side and downflow-side caused a depression of the core collapsed liquid level. The core liquid level was recovered just after the loop seal was cleared.

The bypass between the core side and the downcomer side affects the core liquid depression. Four 5% cold leg break experiments with the different core bypass location, configuration and size were conducted to clarify the bypass effect. When the bypass was relatively small (less than 3% bypass of the initial core flow before the break), the timing of the loop seal clearing delayed with the bypass. When the bypass was relatively large (9.2% of the core flow), the loop seal clearing took place after the break uncovery and the timing was significantly delayed. In general, the smaller minimum core collapsed liquid level was obtained at the earlier timing of loop seal clearing due to the smaller bypass.     

Analysis of Direct Contact Condensation of Flowing Steam onto Injected Water with Multifluid Model of Two-Phase Flow

When subcooled water in accumulator tanks is injected during a loss-of-coolant accident of a pressurized water reactor, violent condensation takes place in cold legs because of direct contact of steam with water. A flow model based on the multifluid model of the two-phase flow has been developed to formulate the condensation and mixing processes in the injection region. The measured liquid film temperature and pressure profiles in the injection region have been explained quantitatively with the model which includes (a) drop generation arising from atomization of injected water, (b) condensation of steam on the drops, (c) flow contraction resulting from the formation of the dead water region, and (d) deposition of the drops. The calculated results show that the condensation rate depends mostly on the drop diameter generated near the water injection nozzle and the maximum drop mass fraction in the injection region. The present model can predict the effect of inlet thermal-hydraulic conditions on the condensation rate qualitatively, and then it has been confirmed that higher condensation rate with initial steam mass velocity is caused by the formation of finer drops and the higher drop mass fraction in the injection region.     

Analysis of System Thermal Hydraulic Responses for Passive Safety Injection Experiment at ROSA-IV/Large Scale Test Facility

An experiment was conducted at the ROSA-IV/Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF) on the performance of a gravity-driven emergency core coolant (ECC) injection system attached to a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Such a gravity-driven injection system, though not used in the current-generation PWRs, is proposed for future reactor designs. The experiment was performed to identify key phenomena peculiar to the operation of a gravity injection system and to provide data base for code assessment against such phenomena. The simulated injection system consisted of a tank which was initially filled with cold water of the same pressure as the primary system. The tank was connected at its top and bottom, respectively, to the cold leg and the vessel downcomer. The injection into the downcomer was driven primarily by the static head difference between the cold water in the tank and the hot water in the pressure balance line (PBL) connecting the cold leg to the tank top. The injection flow was oscillatory after the flow through the PBL became two-phase flow. The experiment was post-test analyzed using a JAERI modified version of the RELAP5/MOD2 code. The code calculation simulated reasonably well the system responses observed in the experiment, and suggested that the oscillations in the injection flow was caused by oscillatory liquid holdup in the PBL connecting the cold leg to tank top.