压水堆立式蒸汽发生器中水滴重力分离的理论研究

本文着重介绍了在压水堆立式自然循环蒸汽发生器重力分离空间里,蒸汽带水过程和水滴的运动轨迹;阐述了水滴重力分离的机理。本文还对不能产生重力分离的细小水滴作了简单叙述。     

Experimental and Operational Verification of the HTR-10 Once-Through Steam Generator (SG)

In January 2003, the 10MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) reached its full power for continuous operation of seventy-two hours in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. The reactor was operated smoothly at the designated parameters. The once-through steam generator (SG) is one of key equipments of the HTR-10 reactor. The SG includes 30 modular heating helical tube assemblies. Design of the SG includes hydraulics, heat transfer and stability designs. Based on the design requirement, it is necessary to ensure sufficient heat removal from the reactor in order to maintain stable operation. In order to confirm the thermal hydraulic reliability of the SG, a series of experiments had been carried out. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the design features and experimental verification of HTR-10 SG, and the research results of small bending radius helical coil-pipe used in HTR-10, for example, the heat transfer coefficient of water, superheat steam and the two phase flow in the helical tube, the heat transfer coefficient of the He flow across the helical tube, and the centrifugal force effect on the heat transfer for the helical tube. In the paper, some operational experimental data of the HTR-10 SG have been presented.     

不同运行工况下蒸汽发生器热工水力稳态特性数值研究

基于相似模化理论建立了蒸汽发生器一、二回路流体及传热管流 固耦合传热的单元管三维物理模型,对大亚湾核电厂蒸汽发生器不同工况下的热工水力稳态特性进行了数值模拟研究。采用热相变模型描述二回路汽液两相流动与换热、流-固耦合模型描述一回路冷却剂借助U型管与二回路流体换热。数值计算结果表明：满负荷运行时,传热管内壁温度变化趋势与一次侧流体基本一致,外壁温度与二次侧流体温度变化趋势相同;截面平均含汽率沿传热管高度的升高呈上升趋势,出口质量含汽率与大亚湾核电厂实际运行参数相符;随负荷降低一回路出口温度基本不变,二回路出口温度升高,质量含汽率及传热系数下降,平均传热系数与Rohsenow经验关联式的计算结果基本吻合。     

Friction Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Coefficient of Two-Phase Flow in Helically Coiled Tube Once-Through Steam Generator for Integrated Type Marine Water Reactor

Two-phase friction pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients in a once-through steam generator with helically coiled tubes were investigated with the model test rig of an integrated type marine water reactor. As the dimensions of the heat transfer tubes and the thermal-fluid conditions are almost the same as those of real reactors, the data applicable directly to the real reactor design were obtained. As to the friction pressure drop, modified Kozeki's prediction which is based on the experimental data by Kozeki for coiled tubes, agreed the best with the experimental data. Modified Martinelli-Nelson's prediction which is based on Martinelli-Nelson's multiplier using Ito's equation for single-phase flow in coiled tube, agreed within 30%. The effect of coiled tube on the average heat transfer coefficients at boiling region were small, and the predictions for straight tube could also be applied to coiled tube. Schrock-Grossman's correlation agreed well with the experimental data at the pressures of lower than 3.5 MPa. It was suggested that dryout should be occurred at the quality of greater than 90% within the conditions of this report.     

INSIGHT: An Integrated Scoping Analysis Tool for In-core Fuel Management of PWR

An integrated software tool for scoping analysis of in-core fuel management, INSIGHT, has been developed to automate the scoping analysis and to improve the fuel cycle cost using advanced optimization techniques. INSIGHT is an interactive software tool executed on UNIX based workstations that is equipped with an X-window system. INSIGHT incorporates the GALLOP loading pattern (LP) optimization module that utilizes hybrid genetic algorithms, the PATMAKER interactive LP design module, the MCA multicycle analysis module, an integrated database, and other utilities. Two benchmark problems were analyzed to confirm the key capabilities of INSIGHT: LP optimization and multicycle analysis. The first was the single cycle LP optimization problem that included various constraints. The second one was the multicycle LP optimization problem that includes the assembly burnup limitation at rod cluster control (RCC) positions. The results for these problems showed the feasibility of INSIGHT for the practical scoping analysis, whose work almost consists of LP generation and multicycle analysis.     

Experimental Assessment of Evaluation Model for Safety Analysis on Reflood Phase of PWR-LOCA

A model named Evaluation Model (EM) is used for the safety evaluation analysis on a PWR-LOCA. The model is conservatively constructed to severely evaluate the core cooling during the LOCA.

In order to assess the model for the reflood phase of the LOCA, a test named “EM Test” was conducted with Cylindrical Core Test Facility which modeled a PWR in 1/21 volumetric scale. The test conditions simulated the reflood phase predicted in the safety evaluation analysis. The test results were compared with the blindfold results predicted by EM codes which are programmed based on the EM. The main conclusions are as follows:

(1) The core heat transfer model built in the EM codes gives conservative results.

(2) The system models in the present EM codes predict the flooding rate conservatively in early transient and realistically in later period.

(3) Conservative items and items to be improved are pointed out. The downcomer slow water accumulation observed in a test at lower flow rate of emergency core cooling water did not appear in the EM test.     

AC－600PWR蒸汽发生器模拟体设计

介绍了ＡＣ－６００ＰＷＲ二次侧非能动应急堆芯余热排出系统整体效应实验装置中蒸汽发生器（ＳＧ）模拟体的模拟准则和主要设计特点。其主要模拟准则为功率－容积比准则，但在尽量保证再现原型主要热工水力过程的前提下，进行了适当的修改和简化．该模拟体总体比例为１／３９０，换热管束及内件可更换，以满足不同实验研究要求。     

一体化压水堆蒸汽发生器的热工水力瞬态特性分析

一体化压水堆的设计是将蒸汽发生器及稳压器等一回路所有部件都放入压力容器内，以提高安全性，采用可以精确模拟直汉蒸汽发生器二次侧水的饱和点，蒸干点位置等重要参数随时间变化的可移动边界并分法，选用适合各中换热工况的一整套换热关系式，建立了可以模拟一体化压水堆直流蒸汽发生器的稳态及瞬态热工不特性的物理及数学模型，并编制了计算程序，经对Ｂａｂｃｏｃｋ和Ｗｉｌｃｏｘ公司１９管直流蒸汽发生器实验装置进行了计算有     

模块式高温气冷堆超临界蒸汽发生器设计

介绍了用于模块式高温气冷堆的超临界蒸汽发生器的设计参数，给出了传热管束的螺旋管结构设计方案和结构尺寸，并分析了其在超临界压力下的传热特性。经过热工水力分析计算，证明能够满足传热和水动力要求，且在设计工况下，不会发生传热恶化。     

新型蒸汽发生器综合性能实验研究

由于蒸汽发生器中流动及传热的复杂性,目前华龙一号ZH-65型蒸汽发生器不能完全通过理论计算进行设计,其性能是否满足设计要求必须通过开展相应的实验予以确认。本文利用中国核动力研究设计院的蒸汽发生器综合实验装置对新型蒸汽发生器开展综合性能实验研究,以验证ZH-65型蒸汽发生器二次侧自然循环性能和总体性能。通过稳态实验研究,获得了蒸汽发生器不同功率负荷下二次侧出口蒸汽压力、蒸汽产量、出口蒸汽湿度、循环倍率、给水组件阻力、汽水分离器压降等关键热工参数,全面验证了蒸汽发生器静态工作特性。本文还对蒸汽发生器瞬态工作特性进行了深入研究,获得了蒸汽发生器阶跃条件下的运行特性,获得的实验数据表明,华龙一号ZH-65型蒸汽发生器完全满足设计要求。     

小型模块式反应堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器设计和热工水力分析

近年来,国际上一体化小型模块式反应堆发展飞速,我国也正在加速研制一体化小型模块式反应堆。本文针对15 MW的一体化小型模块式反应堆,设计一种螺旋管式蒸汽发生器,共12个蒸汽发生器组件均匀分布在反应堆堆芯围板外侧和压力容器内侧壁的环形空间中,每个组件含5层、25根螺旋管,整个蒸汽发生器共300根螺旋管。给出了蒸汽发生器的具体参数,分析了蒸汽发生器组件中换热系数、温度、温差和热流密度等沿管长的变化,并给出了螺旋管内流体的动力特性曲线。     

Post DNB Heat Transfer Experiments for PWR Fuel Assemblies

Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC) and Mitsubishi performed heat transfer experiments on post DNB (departure from nucleate boiling) for the pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel assemblies under the sponsorship of the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) as one of a series of fuel assembly verification tests. Based on the obtained experimental data, a new evaluation model for the fuel rod heat transfer behavior after DNB was developed. A large safety margin, which had remained in the present thermal-hydraulic design that did not allow DNB, was confirmed by applying the developed model to the PWR plant safety analysis.     

Effect of Loop Seal on Reflood Phenomena in PWR

The blockage of the primary coolant loop with water filled at the crossover legs, denoted “loop seal”, is expected to give a significant influence on core cooling during the reflood phase of a PWR-LOCA. However, the effect of the loop seal has been little investigated. Therefore, it was studied experimentally by using Cylindrical Core Test Facility (CCTF).

The loop seal was cleared in a short time (40–60 s) after reflood initiation by pushing-off of stagnating water in the crossover legs due to steam accumulation and resultant pressure increase in the upper plenum.

Although the core cooling was degraded during the loop seal period, it recovered after the loop seal clearing. The degradation of core cooling during the loop seal period is considered to be caused by the low core-inlet water flow rate and resultantly by the small volumetric fraction of water in the core.

The quantitative estimation about the loop seal effect on the clad temperature was made and it was indicated that the maximum clad temperature would not exceed the allowable upper limit (1,473K) specified in the licensing about the reactor safety even with the loop seal at the beginning of the reflood phase.     

Applicability of Chemical Cleaning Process to Steam Generator Secondary Side, (IV)

The application of chemical cleaning for dissolving and removing scale and sludge is being planned in the Japanese pressurized water reactor (PWR) plant in order to maintain high heat transfer performance and to prevent steam generator (SG) tube degradation. In this paper, the effectiveness of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and German Kraftwerk Union (KWU) processes on the integrity of structural materials other than SG tubes and the comprehensive applicability of chemical cleaning are discussed. The integrity of structural materials such as carbon steel, low-alloy steel and stainless steel was maintained after the EPRI and KWU processes. KWU chemical cleaning tailored for crevice cleaning has been studied to improve its cleaning effectiveness in crevices and to control the corrosion depth of structural materials less than the criterion for corrosion depth.     

大功率先进压水堆IVR有效性评价中熔池换热研究

熔融物堆内滞留-压力容器外部冷却（IVR-ERVC）是一种重要的核电厂严重事故缓解措施。当前针对IVR有效性评价的方法主要是基于集总参数模型对下封头熔池换热进行分析。在大功率先进压水堆熔池集总参数法计算中,堆芯重量变大、压力容器尺寸增加会导致熔池自然对流换热中的瑞利数Ra ′增大。通过使用集总参数分析程序,对比研究熔池氧化层各换热模型的适用范围,计算大功率先进压水堆高瑞利数条件下稳态熔池的自然对流换热,模拟两层稳态熔池模型中压力容器外壁面的热流密度分布,对其进行选定严重事故序列下的IVR-ERVC有效性评价,并对堆内构件设计提出建议。     

大功率先进压水堆IVR-ERVC旁通流道冷却强化研究

本文提出旁通流道冷却强化方案,采用RELAP5系统安全分析程序定性研究了旁通流道对大功率先进压水堆压力容器外部冷却的自然循环能力产生的效应,并对一些流动参数和边界条件进行敏感性分析。结果表明:旁通流道对ERVC系统流道局部区域起到增强对流换热的效果,并且随旁通流道直径及射流角度的增加,对流换热增强;入口位置对局部区域的换热产生影响。本工作可为ERVC的冷却能力和结构设计提供参考。     

Experiment and Verification Test of the Once-through Steam Generator of the 10 MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Flow Stability of the Once-through Steam Generator

In January 2003, the 10MW High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) reached its full power for continuous operation of seventy-two hours in the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. The reactor operated smoothlyqbthe design parameters were successfully attained.

The once-through steam generator (SG) is one of key equipments of the HTR-10 reactor. The SG includes 30 modular heating helical tube assemblies. There are two thermal hydraulic requirements to be satisfied for the once-through steam generator: (1) enough heat transfer surface; (2) qualified steam can be produced under rated electrical generation power, and water-steam two phase flow un-stability can be avoided. In order to obtain the thermal hydraulic characteristics of the SG reliably, before design, a numerical code was developed for the design, and a full-scale test loop with two heating tubes as model was established, and series experiments had been carried out.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the design of SG and researches on the stability of small bending radius helical coil-pipe used in HTR-10, for exempla, the effects of outlet steam pressure, inlet water sub-cooling degree, thermal power and inlet throttling degree. Up to now, the SG has experienced full power operation smoothly, and approvingly reached its original design requirements.

In the paper, some operational experimental data of the HTR-10 S.G have been presented.     

Experimental Study of Two-Dimensional Thermal-Hydraulic Behavior in Core during Reflood Phase of PWR LOCA

Two-dimensional effects on the core cooling behavior during the reflood phase of a PWR-LOCA were experimentally studied by performing four tests with various radial core power profiles under the same total power and initial core stored energy conditions using the Slab Core Test Facility (SCTF). The heat transfer was enhanced and the cladding temperature was reduced for the higher and average power bundles in the steep radial power profile test especially at the upper elevation. The effect of radial power profile on the cladding temperature was quantitatively evaluated. For all tests with different radial power profiles, the collapsed water level in the upper plenum became higher in the hot leg side and the quench in the upper half of the core was delayed in the bundles corresponding to the outer bundles of a PWR core. The delay of the quench is considered to be caused by a flow stagnation trend in those bundles because the pressure in the outer bundles became higher than the pressure in the inner bundles due to the nonuniform water accumulation in the upper plenum.     

某压水堆核电厂辐射控制区氚化水蒸汽监测

压水堆核电厂一回路冷却剂中的部分氚会通过废液和废气排放系统排放至工作环境中。本文报道某压水堆核电厂辐射控制区气态氚的监测结果:运行期间气态氚浓度范围为<LLD～9.21×10² Bq/m³;大修期间为<LLD～3.14×10³ Bq/m³。监测结果显示,压水堆核电厂运行初期工作环境中氚浓度较低,工作人员在现场工作无需采取额外的防护措施以及进行氚内照射剂量监测。     

蒸汽发生器传热管的降质及对其完整性的评估

蒸汽发生器传热管是反应堆冷却剂压力边界的主要组成部分，这就意味着必须保持传热管的完整性。然而，运行经验表明，蒸汽发生器传热管会出现各种降质。这些降质可能会导致管子的泄漏或破裂，使反应堆冷却剂丧失，并提供了直接通向二回路和释放到环境中去的途径。本文将介绍几种已知的传热管降质，传热管完整性性能准则．并对蒸汽发生器传热管完整性进行评估。