一种中心反射折射直线像的拟合方法

直线在中心反射折射摄像机下的像是一条二次曲线.由于存在遮挡,准确地拟合直线像是非常困难的,从而影响了摄像机的标定精度.目前,这一问题仍然没有得到有效的解决.此外,根据中心反射折射摄像机成像模型发现,如果可见弧上图像点的对极点已知,可以大大提高直线像的拟合精度.为此,提出了一种新的拟合直线像的方法,该方法适用于包括抛物反射折射摄像机在内的所有中心反射折射摄像机.首先,推导出一种新的关于对极图像点与摄像机主点之间的关系;然后,通过这种关系建立目标函数,用来优化得到直线像的方程;最后,利用拟合的直线像估计摄像机的内参数,以此评价拟合算法的性能.大量模拟实验和真实实验均验证了拟合算法的有效性,即提出的拟合算法不仅鲁棒,且提高了直线像的拟合精度,进而提高了摄像机的标定精度.     

基于对极点的抛物反射折射直线像的拟合方法

在中心反射折射摄像机下,直线的像是一条二次曲线.由于存在遮挡,仅仅有一小段弧在像平面上是可见的,因此通过可见部分正确地拟合直线的像是非常困难的,且文献中现有的方法还没有很好地解决这一问题.除了抛物反射折射直线像需要满足的充要条件外,如果可见弧上图像点的对极点已知,可以大大提高直线像的拟合精度.基于这种想法,提出了一种新的拟合抛物反射折射直线像的方法.首先,推导出了一种新的关于对极点与摄像机主点之间的关系;其次,利用这种关系来拟合抛物反射折射直线的像;最后通过拟合的直线像来估计摄像机的内参数,模拟实验和真实实验均验证了该方法的有效性.     

一种抛物反射折射圆像的拟合方法

基于圆的摄像机标定有着无可比拟的优势.目前,虽有文献证明了圆在反射折射摄像机下的像是一条四次曲线,但由于存在遮挡,仅仅部分封闭曲线在像平面上是可见的,且通过其可见部分无法拟合圆像的方程,进而无法标定摄像机参数.因此,当摄像机位率为1且斜率为0时,作者提出了一种抛物反射折射圆像的拟合方法,为研究基于圆的摄像机标定算法奠定了基础.首先,推导出了抛物反射折射圆像需要满足的条件;其次,在这些条件基础上提出了一种抛物反射折射圆像的拟合方法;最后,利用拟合得到的抛物反射折射圆像和通过抛物镜面的投影轮廓线估计得到的摄像机主点直接计算出摄像机焦距,以此评价文中拟合方法的性能.大量的模拟实验和真实实验均验证了文中拟合方法的有效性.     

反射折射几何元统一成像及标定性讨论

基于圆的摄像机标定有着无可比拟的优势,然而由于反射折射摄像机存在大畸变,在该摄像机下对这一问题的研究还很不透彻且存在很多困难.文中研究了圆在反射折射摄像机下的像,并在此基础上统一了几何元的成像理论,为基于圆的反射折射摄像机标定方法奠定了理论基础.首先证明了圆在反射折射摄像机下的像为四次曲线;之后根据圆的大小或所在位置的不同,发现此四次曲线可约化为点、直线及球在反射折射摄像机下的像,这与已有的结论是等价的,从而统一了几何元在反射折射摄像机下的成像理论;并在该统一成像理论下讨论了不同几何元在反射折射摄像机标定方面的应用.最后通过模拟实验验证了一种基于圆的抛物反射折射摄像机的标定结果.     

基于空间平行直线束的CCD摄像机内外参数标定

为提高计算机视觉检测中的摄像机标定算法的效率与稳定性,降低对标定设备的要求,提出了一种新的基于主动视觉的摄像机标定算法.在分析了空间平行直线束的中心投影规律的基础上标定摄像机内外参数.与以往方法不同,在标定过程中保持摄像机位置不动,通过控制标定模板沿具有直线边缘的物体作任意量值的平移运动来实现对摄像机内外参数的求解.利用焦线的直线约束对镜头畸变进行修正,有效地提高标定结果的精度.将内外参数标定分为3个独立的阶段分别进行,克服了整体求解过程中未知参数间的相关性影响.该方法原理简单,且不需要知道模板上的任何物理度量.模拟实验和真实图像实验结果表明了该方法的高精度和高稳定性.     

基于交叉垂直线的摄像机标定新算法

提出了一种基于交叉垂直直线的摄像机标定算法。利用两条垂直相交的直线作为标定物,令其绕交叉点作任意角度的转动，将摄像机固定拍摄6幅以上的图片,即可运用直线的特点以及交叉垂直的约束条件建立线性方程组，求解摄像机的内参数。实验证明该算法具有较高的精度和较好的鲁棒性。     

基于投影仪和摄像机的结构光视觉标定方法

为实现基于投影仪和摄像机的结构光视觉系统连续扫描,需要计算投影仪投影的任意光平面与摄像机图像平面的空间位置关系,进而需要求取摄像机光心与投影仪光心之间的相对位置关系。求取摄像机的内参数,在标定板上选取四个角点作为特征点并利用摄像机内参数求取该四个特征点的外参数,从而知道四个特征点在摄像机坐标系中的坐标。利用投影仪自身参数求解特征点在投影仪坐标系中的坐标,从而计算出摄像机光心与投影仪光心之间的相对位置关系,实现结构光视觉标定。利用标定后的视觉系统,对标定板上的角点距离进行测量,最大相对误差为0.277%,表明该标定算法可以应用于基于投影仪和摄像机的结构光视觉系统。     

基于一维标定物的反射折射摄像机标定方法

一维标定物是指一组任意两点距离已知的共线点.基于一维标定物的标定方法相对基于二维、三维标定物的方法更加灵活,在实际中有很高的应用价值.文中提出一种基于一维标定物的反射折射摄像机标定算法.如果一维标定物包含5个或5个以上的共线点,则通过一维标定物的3次或3次以上的一般刚体运动,就能够标定反射折射摄像机的参数.算法分为两步:首先,使用一维标定物的图像和主点满足的不变量计算主点;然后,通过一维标定物图像所隐含的正交消影点信息,线性地求解绝对二次曲线的像(IAC),并对IAC矩阵进行Cholesky分解确定尺度因子和畸变因子.此外,文中方法还能够给出镜面参数的解析表示以及一维标定物相对于视球中心的位置.模拟实验中,作者在两种镜面配置下比较了文中的方法和基于圆环点的方法,结果表明文中的方法在不同的镜面配置下都能得到较好的标定结果.真实实验也验证了文中方法的正确性和可行性.     

矩形模板下摄像机标定和目标定位方法研究

提出一种利用矩形进行摄像机标定和目标定位的新方法.该方法根据透视投影几何关系中旋转矩阵的单位正交性,由矩形的四个顶点的像构造无穷远平面上绝对二次曲线的像ω的约束方程标定摄像机内参数;目标定位转化为求解摄像机外参数,无需计算图像和空间平面间的单应矩阵,直接由矩形顶点确定.本文方法完全摆脱了复杂的图像匹配问题,所有计算方法完全线性化,标定过程简便.模拟和真实图像实验结果证明了方法的可行性,表明该方法求解精度高、鲁棒性强.     

基于射影不变量的摄像机自标定方法

为了方便而精确地进行摄像机标定,提出了一种基于射影不变量的求解摄像机内参数的方法,该方法利用交比在射影变换中不变的性质,通过同一平面中相交直线的无穷远点与虚圆点的交比,先求出同一模板的不同方位的3幅图像中的虚圆点的像;然后利用绝对二次曲线的像在摄像机做刚体运动时保持不变的性质,进而求出绝对二次曲线的像;最后对结果进行Cholesky分解,就可以得到摄像机的内参数。实验表明,该方法行之有效,可以达到较高的精度。     

Calibrating effective focal length for central catadioptric cameras using one space line

In camera calibration, focal length is the most important parameter to be estimated, while other parameters can be obtained by prior information about scene or system configuration. In this paper, we present a polynomial constraint on the effective focal length with the condition that all the other parameters are known. The polynomial degree is 4 for paracatadioptric cameras and 16 for other catadioptric cameras. However, if the skew is 0 or the ratio between the skew and effective focal length is known, the constraint becomes a linear one or a polynomial one with degree 4 on the effective focal length square for paracatadioptric cameras and other catadioptric cameras, respectively. Based on this constraint, we propose a simple method for estimation of the effective focal length of central catadioptric cameras. Unlike many approaches using lines in literature, the proposed method needs no conic fitting of line images, which is error-prone and highly affects the calibration accuracy. It is easy to implement, and only a single view of one space line is enough with no other space information needed. Experiments on simulated and real data show this method is robust and effective.     

一种反射折射摄像机的简易标定方法

Central catadioptric cameras are widely used in virtual reality and robot navigation, and the camera calibration is a prerequisite for these applications. In this paper, we propose an easy calibration method for central catadioptric cameras with a 2D calibration pattern. Firstly, the bounding ellipse of the catadioptric image and field of view (FOV) are used to obtain the initial estimation of the intrinsic parameters. Then, the explicit relationship between the central catadioptric and the pinhole model is used to initialize the extrinsic parameters. Finally, the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are refined by nonlinear optimization. The proposed method does not need any fitting of partial visible conic, and the projected images of 2D calibration pattern can easily cover the whole image, so our method is easy and robust. Experiments with simulated data as well as real images show the satisfactory performance of our proposed calibration method.     

Identical Projective Geometric Properties of Central Catadioptric Line Images and Sphere Images with Applications to Calibration

Central catadioptric cameras are imaging devices that use mirrors to enhance the field of view while preserving a single effective viewpoint. Lines and spheres in space are all projected into conics in the central catadioptric image planes, and such conics are called line images and sphere images, respectively. We discovered that there exists an imaginary conic in the central catadioptric image planes, defined as the modified image of the absolute conic (MIAC), and by utilizing the MIAC, the novel identical projective geometric properties of line images and sphere images may be exploited: Each line image or each sphere image is double-contact with the MIAC, which is an analogy of the discovery in pinhole camera that the image of the absolute conic (IAC) is double-contact with sphere images. Note that the IAC also exists in the central catadioptric image plane, but it does not have the double-contact properties with line images or sphere images. This is the main reason to propose the MIAC. From these geometric properties with the MIAC, two linear calibration methods for central catadioptric cameras using sphere images as well as using line images are proposed in the same framework. Note that there are many linear approaches to central catadioptric camera calibration using line images. It seems that to use the properties that line images are tangent to the MIAC only leads to an alternative geometric construction for calibration. However, for sphere images, there are only some nonlinear calibration methods in literature. Therefore, to propose linear methods for sphere images may be the main contribution of this paper. Our new algorithms have been tested in extensive experiments with respect to noise sensitivity.     

一种反射折射摄像机的简易标定方法

Central catadioptric cameras are widely used in virtual reality and robot navigation,and the camera calibration is a prerequisite for these applications.In this paper,we propose an easy calibration method for central catadioptric cameras with a 2D calibration pattern.Firstly,the bounding ellipse of the catadioptric image and field of view (FOV) are used to obtain the initial estimation of the intrinsic parameters.Then,the explicit relationship between the central catadioptric and the pinhole model is used to initialize the extrinsic parameters.Finally,the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are refined by nonlinear optimization.The proposed method does not need any fitting of partial visible conic,and the projected images of 2D calibration pattern can easily cover the whole image,so our method is easy and robust.Experiments with simulated data as well as real images show the satisfactory performance of our proposed calibration method.     

Autocalibration with the Minimum Number of Cameras with Known Pixel Shape

In 3D reconstruction, the recovery of the calibration parameters of the cameras is paramount since it provides metric information about the observed scene, e.g., measures of angles and ratios of distances. Autocalibration enables the estimation of the camera parameters without using a calibration device, but by enforcing simple constraints on the camera parameters. In the absence of information about the internal camera parameters such as the focal length and the principal point, the knowledge of the camera pixel shape is usually the only available constraint. Given a projective reconstruction of a rigid scene, we address the problem of the autocalibration of a minimal set of cameras with known pixel shape and otherwise arbitrarily varying intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. We propose an algorithm that only requires 5 cameras (the theoretical minimum), thus halving the number of cameras required by previous algorithms based on the same constraint. To this purpose, we introduce as our basic geometric tool the six-line conic variety (SLCV), consisting in the set of planes intersecting six given lines of 3D space in points of a conic. We show that the set of solutions of the Euclidean upgrading problem for three cameras with known pixel shape can be parameterized in a computationally efficient way. This parameterization is then used to solve autocalibration from five or more cameras, reducing the three-dimensional search space to a two-dimensional one. We provide experiments with real images showing the good performance of the technique.     

Self-Calibration of a Moving Camera from Point Correspondences and Fundamental Matrices

We address the problem of estimating three-dimensional motion, and structure from motion with an uncalibrated moving camera. We show that point correspondences between three images, and the fundamental matrices computed from these point correspondences, are sufficient to recover the internal orientation of the camera (its calibration), the motion parameters, and to compute coherent perspective projection matrices which enable us to reconstruct 3-D structure up to a similarity. In contrast with other methods, no calibration object with a known 3-D shape is needed, and no limitations are put upon the unknown motions to be performed or the parameters to be recovered, as long as they define a projective camera.The theory of the method, which is based on the constraint that the observed points are part of a static scene, thus allowing us to link the intrinsic parameters and the fundamental matrix via the absolute conic, is first detailed. Several algorithms are then presented, and their performances compared by means of extensive simulations and illustrated by several experiments with real images.     

Camera array calibration for light field acquisition

Light field cameras are becoming popular in computer vision and graphics, with many research and commercial applications already having been proposed.Various types of cameras have been developed with the camera array being one of the ways of acquiring a 4D light field image usingmultiple cameras. Camera calibration is essential, since each application requires the correct projection and ray geometry of the light field. The calibrated parameters are used in the light field image rectified from the images captured by multiple cameras. Various camera calibration approaches have been proposed for a single camera, multiple cameras, and amoving camera. However, although these approaches can be applied to calibrating camera arrays, they are not effective in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Moreover, less attention has been paid to camera calibration of a light field camera. In this paper, we propose a calibration method for a camera array and a rectification method for generating a light field image from the captured images. We propose a two-step algorithm consisting of closed form initialization and nonlinear refinement, which extends Zhang’swell-known method to the camera array. More importantly, we introduce a rigid camera constraint whereby the array of cameras is rigidly aligned in the camera array and utilize this constraint in our calibration. Using this constraint, we obtained much faster and more accurate calibration results in the experiments.     

基于一组对应消失线的度量重建

提出了一种由3幅图像间一组对应消失线进行度量重建的方法.首先利用对应的消失线和模值约束计算出无穷远平面的单应矩阵,然后根据无穷远平面的单应矩阵保持绝对二次曲线的像不动的性质,线性求解摄像机内参数,最后得到度量重建.模拟实验和真实图像实验均验证了这种度量重建方法的可行性和正确性.     

Catadioptric camera calibration using geometric invariants

Central catadioptric cameras are imaging devices that use mirrors to enhance the field of view while preserving a single effective viewpoint. In this paper, we propose a novel method for the calibration of central catadioptric cameras using geometric invariants. Lines and spheres in space are all projected into conics in the catadioptric image plane. We prove that the projection of a line can provide three invariants whereas the projection of a sphere can only provide two. From these invariants, constraint equations for the intrinsic parameters of catadioptric camera are derived. Therefore, there are two kinds of variants of this novel method. The first one uses projections of lines and the second one uses projections of spheres. In general, the projections of two lines or three spheres are sufficient to achieve catadioptric camera calibration. One important conclusion in this paper is that the method based on projections of spheres is more robust and has higher accuracy than that based on projections of lines. The performances of our method are demonstrated by both the results of simulations and experiments with real images.     

一种基于TOF相机与CCD相机的联合标定算法研究

针对基于Time-of-Flight(TOF)相机的彩色目标三维重建需标定CCD相机与TOF相机联合系统的几何参数,在研究现有的基于彩色图像和TOF深度图像标定算法的基础上,提出了一种基于平面棋盘模板的标定方法。拍摄了固定在平面标定模板上的彩色棋盘图案在不同角度下的彩色图像和振幅图像,改进了Harris角点提取,根据棋盘格上角点与虚拟像点的共轭关系,建立了相机标定系统模型,利用Levenberg-Marquardt算法求解,进行了标定实验。获取了TOF与CCD相机内参数,并利用像平面之间的位姿关系估计两相机坐标系的相对姿态,最后进行联合优化,获取了相机之间的旋转矩阵与平移向量。实验结果表明,提出的算法优化了求解过程,提高了标定效率,能够获得较高的精度。