基于高阶滑模的PMSM无传感器控制

针对传统永磁同步电机(PMSM)无传感器控制存在的超调量大、抖振明显,易受负载扰动影响的现象。提出一种基于高阶滑模的控制策略,结合超螺旋算法(STA)和任意阶算法设计出新型高阶滑模控制器,将新型的控制器分别应用于速度控制器、状态观测器和扭矩观测器,用饱和函数代替符号函数,同时采用积分滑模面和模糊控制对控制系统进行优化。系统使用状态观测器和锁相环(PLL)获取转子位置信息,并通过扭矩观测器将观测值前馈补偿至速度控制器。经过模拟仿真表明该高阶滑模控制系统可以有效地抑制超调和抖振,提升转子位置的估算精度,同时大大提升了系统的抗干扰性和鲁棒性。     

基于动态变边界层的PMLSM新型终端滑模控制

为了提高永磁直线同步电机控制系统的动态响应速度和鲁棒性，提出了一种动态变边界层新型终端滑模(DITSM)控制方法。首先，在全局快速Terminal滑模面中引入积分项，构建积分型全局快速Terminal滑模面，在降低抖振的同时避免了奇异问题；其次，设计动态变边界层饱和函数来替代传统饱和函数，保证状态轨迹可以收敛到切换平面而不是边界层内，提高了系统鲁棒性；最后，设计超螺旋干扰观测器估计未知扰动，并采用前馈补偿的方式将观测值引入控制率，增强了系统抗干扰能力。经过仿真验证，DITSM控制方法不仅保证了系统全局鲁棒性，而且有效提高了系统跟踪精度和响应速度。     

基于幂次趋近律滑模观测器的永磁同步电机控制

针对传统滑模观测器存在严重的高频抖振以及转子位置和电机转速估算精度不足等问题,使用一种基于幂次趋近律的新型滑模观测器,提高了转子位置和电机转速观测精度,抑制了系统的高频抖振.通过设计新型的分段函数替代传统滑模观测器的切换函数,并引入幂次趋近律结合到新型滑模观测器的切换函数中,提高了滑模趋近速度,消除了反电动势中的高频谐...     

基于滑模观测器的PMSM改进无差拍电流预测控制

针对永磁同步电机因参数扰动、采样延迟、模型失配导致电流控制误差问题,提出基于滑模干扰观测器的改进无差拍电流预测控制。通过将模型参数不匹配引起的扰动引入到电机的电压方程中,构建滑模扰动观测器观测系统扰动;针对滑模控制的抖振问题设计了以sgn为基础的二阶趋近律消除固有抖振问题,并证明了控制器的稳定性;将滑模观测器中的预测电流代替采样电流解决控制延时的问题;将观测估计的系统扰动通过前馈补偿的方式与无差拍电流预测控制相结合,进而提高无差拍电流控制的参数鲁棒性。结果表明：在参数扰动和模型失配时,提出的控制方法可以有效补偿系统扰动,系统稳态误差减小,有效提高了系统鲁棒性。     

基于非奇异负载转矩观测器的永磁同步电机抗扰动控制

针对永磁同步电机负载转矩波动及惯性负载的变化对控制性能的影响,采用一种非奇异负载滑模观测器实时辨识负载转矩,并将观测的负载转矩按比例转化为补偿电流值对控制系统进行前馈补偿,以降低负载扰动的影响;采用模型参考自适应算法辨识系统的转动惯量,并将观测出的惯量输入到负载转矩观测器中,减少惯性负载扰动的影响。实验结果表明,在不同工况下负载转矩和系统惯量变化时,设计的非奇异负载转矩滑模观测器补偿效果比一阶滑模负载转矩观测器补偿效果好,能够快速恢复到给定速度,系统的抗扰性能有很好改善。     

一种新型滑模观测器的永磁同步电机无位置传感器控制

针对永磁电机无位置传感器控制中存在的电机转速和位置估算误差较大的问题,在分析传统滑模观测器的基础上,设计了一种新型的二阶滑模观测器。将混合非奇异终端滑模面应用到传统的线性滑模面上,避免了因使用低通滤波引起相位滞后的问题。同时设计了控制律,利用Lyapunov方法证明了所设计滑模观测器的稳定性,结合锁相功能的转子位置与速度跟踪算法,有效地解决了传统滑模观测器中存在的"抖振"问题。仿真分析和试验结果表明:设计的新型滑模观测器使得永磁同步电机的转速和转子位置估计值更加准确。     

基于新型滑模观测器的永磁同步电机控制

针对传统的滑模观测器(SMO)在永磁同步电机无位置传感器控制系统存在较强抖振问题,设计一种新型混合趋近律滑模观测器.采用正弦型输入函数代替传统的符号函数,设计混合趋近律代替等速趋近率,并通过模糊控制系统实现对正弦型输入函数边界层的自适应调节,有效地抑制了滑模变结构产生的抖振问题,提高了系统对电机转子位置的观测精度;通过...     

基于新型趋近律的永磁同步电机非奇异终端滑模控制北大核心

针对永磁同步电机调速系统存在抖振和响应速度慢的问题,采用滑模变结构控制方法设计速度环控制器。将传统线性滑模面改进为非奇异终端滑模面,以提高系统在滑模面上的趋近速度。提出一种新型趋近律,在双幂次趋近律的基础上引入切换函数,使用终端吸引子,并且增加指数项来提高趋近速度,更好地减少系统抖振并改善了系统收敛特性。将此控制算法与双幂次趋近律对比,仿真结果表明:该方法可以更有效地抑制系统抖振和提高系统的收敛速度,也能更快速、准确地跟踪给定的速度信号。     

基于干扰补偿的不确定机器人鲁棒滑模跟踪控制

以含有参数不确定和外部扰动的机器人系统为对象,研究不确定机器人系统的轨迹跟踪问题。结合系统辨识理论和滑模理论,提出了一种基于干扰补偿的机器人鲁棒滑模控制方法。该方法采用非线性观测器实现系统不确定项的在线估计与补偿,利用滑模控制来增强系统的鲁棒性,并利用基于sigmoid函数的新型滑模趋近率来抑制传统滑模控制的固有抖振现象。最后,以2关节机器人为例,通过仿真验证了文中方法的有效性,不仅有效解决了传统滑模控制的固有抖振现象,而且对系统存在的不确定性扰动具有很强的鲁棒性。     

基于新型UDE的无速度传感器PMSM滑模控制

为了改进应用滑模观测器(SMO)的无速度传感器永磁同步电机(PMSM)的控制性能,以减少滑模观测器抖振为目标,采用新型切换函数代替传统符号函数;应用李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)稳定性理论,对改进滑模观测器增益进行选取;针对负载突变或受到一定程度干扰时造成电机鲁棒性下降问题,提出一种基于不确定干扰估计器(UDE)的转速控制策略,以增强对内部参数变化和外部扭矩干扰的抗干扰能力。最后通过仿真和实验分析文中所提方案可以准确估算电机转速,抖振现象得到抑制,面对扰动,电机转速控制系统抗干扰能力较强。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。