K波段高增益超材料微带天线的拓扑优化设计

超材料微带天线的设计通常依赖经验,其中超材料基元的设计多以尺寸优化和形状优化为主。研究了常规超材料对微带天线增益性能的影响,发现其对增益性能的提升效果有限。提出了一种基于遗传算法的高增益超材料微带天线拓扑优化设计方法,对超材料基元采用整体设计的方法,以天线增益最大化为设计目标,以覆铜贴片方格子的有无为设计变量,建立了K波段(24 GHz)超材料微带天线的拓扑优化模型。进而基于遗传算法的求解策略,获得了一种新颖的超材料微带天线构型。仿真结果表明优化后的超材料微带天线侧向辐射得以抑制,其最大增益提升到10.5 dB,与普通微带天线相比性能提升了35%。同时通过改变覆铜贴片格子的布置规模对优化设计结果的收敛性进行分析,分析结果显示创新构型超材料微带天线设计结果是收敛的,且10*10方格子规模下的创新构型制备性价比最高。最后研究了超材料基元单独设计与整体设计的天线工作频率匹配对比,对比结果证实了超材料基元采用整体设计对于超材料微带天线拓扑优化是非常必要的。     

基于卦型基元的高增益超材料微带天线拓扑优化

针对超材料微带天线在拓扑优化中存在基元结构复杂导致加工高精度要求等问题,本文提出了一种极简设计理念——卦型基元;并基于卦型基元完成了超材料微带天线的拓扑优化设计,在保证天线高增益性能的同时,超材料结构构型简洁从而具有良好的可制备性。超材料结构由固定的圆弧基元和变化的卦型基元组成,其中卦型基元中每条卦线对应一个设计变量,每个设计变量的取值规则为1 对应连续卦线、0 对应断口卦线。继而以天线增益最大化为目标函数、工作频率24 GHz 为约束建立超材料微带天线设计的拓扑优化模型;并基于遗传算法的求解策略分别研究了对称型和非对称型超材料微带天线算例。分析结果表明基于卦型基元的超材料微带天线增益均得以显著提高,且四重卦线基元结构具有更大的增益;超材料结构的对称性可以保证辐射方向为Z 轴主方向;样品制备效果验证了卦型基元超材料微带天线的良好制备性;对拓扑优化设计的深入分析发现,相比方格子基元,卦型基元设计更具有高效性。最后从天线的表面波角度阐释了其高增益性能的机理。     

周期结构对小型天线阵宽角扫描性能的影响

利用周期结构来改善原阵列天线的辐射特性,新设计的高阻抗周期结构提高了天线阵波束扫描到较宽角度时天线的增益.该周期结构使得天线单元前向辐射有所增强,特别是在阵中情况下单元方向图比没有周期结构时的单元方向图宽很多,因此,在波束扫描到较大的角度时阵列天线的增益下降较少,如在波束扫描到士60°时天线阵列的增益比无周期结构阵列的增益高至少4 dB,新设计的周期结构保证了扫描波束在扫描到较宽角度时天线阵列具有较高的增益.     

低副瓣任意波束直接合成算法研究

在传统阵列天线波束赋形设计中，通过对阵元天线辐射方向图进行幅度相位加权，获得阵列合成方向图.通常阵元激励幅度相位权值的获取，取决于优化算法对目标方向图和阵列合成方向图的对比，通过对阵元激励幅度相位进行大量随机选参后，获得优化结果.由于算法通常是基于相关的阵元方向图，且算法中缺乏副瓣抑制机制，使得方向图合成效率不高且副瓣效果通常不理想.该文设计了一种任意波束直接合成算法.该方法首先在阵元方向图的基础上获得一组互相独立的高增益窄波束（自由基波束），然后基于此波束进行方向图的直接合成，使波束赋形问题统一到基于自由基波束权值运算的范畴内，对波束赋形问题进行了统一，避免了未知参量的随机优选过程，极大提升了阵列天线波束赋形设计的效率.同时在自由基设计的过程中结合了副瓣抑制机制，且这种副瓣抑制机制与波束赋形过程互相独立，使合成波束的副瓣天然地具备了低副瓣的特征.     

一种宽角扫描圆极化微带阵列天线的设计

设计出了一种双层宽波束圆极化微带天线,通过Ansoft HFSS软件仿真优化出天线的几何结构参数,并进行了加工和测试。采用该天线做为天线单元,组成一副4×4阵列,进行了天线阵的仿真、加工和测试。结果表明:该天线单元在天线阵中互耦较小,天线方向图基本上无畸变;在工作频带内,天线阵增益大于16.5 dBi,同时能够实现450°×450°范围的波束扫描。     

一种具有增强增益的新型紧凑型微带天线设计

基于对一种具有增强增益的新型紧凑型微带天线的设计参数、谐振特性、辐射方向图和方向性进行评估。给出了传统微带天线与新型微带天线的性能比较。结果表明,这种新型微带天线的增益达到了10.908dB,后瓣为-13.442dB,谐振频率降低了820MHz。增强的增益使所提出的天线适用于一些特殊的无线通信环境,特别是基站中的阵列应用。     

基于CSRR结构的低RCS 微带天线设计*

基于互补开口谐振环奇异的折射率特性,研制了一种可用于雷达低可见平台的新型微带天线.采用等效分析方法对CSRR结构的等效媒质参数加以研究,并将其应用于普通微带天线非辐射边一侧的接地板上,在保证天线辐射特性基本不变的同时使散射波远离镜像方向,从而实现在空域中的带外雷达散射截面积减缩.仿真和测试结果表明,加载CSRR结构的微带天线仍为线极化,前向增益仅损失0.32dB,对于不同角度入射波镜像方向RCS均有减缩,其中法线方向RCS最大减缩量达到7.8dB.该设计具有低成本、设计简单、便于加工、利于共形等优点,为天线RCS减缩提供了新思路.     

一种基于超材料的小型化宽带微带天线

分别将创新设计的“四方形”超材料单元和周期条形缝隙蚀刻在普通微带天线的辐射贴片和接地板上,设计了工作在3.67~14.17 GHz 的一种小型化宽带高增益微带天线。与原始的天线相比,新型天线的谐振中心频率降低了44.8%,相对带宽从2.7%扩展到243.1%,同时保持了良好的增益。实物测试结果与仿真结果吻合较好。因为超材料的左手传输特性影响了微带天线介质基板的等效媒质参数,导致天线的辐射场主要集中在水平方向,而不是传统的微带天线的垂直方向。     

增加副瓣抑制机制的阵列天线波束赋形遗传算法研究

基于遗传算法的激励优化算法是求解阵列天线波束赋形问题时常用的激励求解算法。传统遗传算法在优化阵列天线激励时,对阵元天线方向图矢量叠加获得阵列天线合成方向图后,与目标方向图做相似度判断,经过多次运算获得满足设计要求的激励值。然而算法中通常不关注赋形结果的副瓣抑制,导致阵列天线波束赋形结果副瓣抑制效果不理想。该文提出一种基于一组低副瓣波束线性叠加的波束合成机制,将合成方向图与目标方向图做相似对比,结合遗传算法的优化求解方法,最终获得与目标方向图匹配的合成方向图,且合成方向图具有高副瓣抑制的特性。以一款16阵元 波段微带偶极子线性阵列天线为例,该文提出的具有副瓣抑制机制的遗传算法求得的赋形波束获得了-27.5 的副瓣抑制效果,远远好于传统遗传算法求得的赋形波束-19 的副瓣抑制。     

基于皱褶软地表面的微带天线的研究

研究了基于皱褶软地表面的微带天线。通过对普通微带天线和采用软地表面的微带天线的输入回波损耗、辐射方向图、带宽和增益等的比较，发现该结构的软表面可以增加天线的带宽，抑制天线的背瓣，并使H面的辐射方向图和E面趋于一致。     

基于双负材料的宽频带微带天线设计

采用空腔模型法设计了以双负材料(ε、μ为负值)为介质衬底的新型微带天线。实物测试表明:新型天线比普通材料微带天线明显展宽带宽。在未对天线贴片作优化处理的情况下,新型天线–10 dB反射系数带宽达1.50 GHz,比普通材料的天线展宽约70%,相对带宽达16.3%,E面辐射方向图较前者偏转了约40°,而H面方向图则与普通材料天线相似。     

带限周期函数的Fourier插值法在天线测量中的应用

天线远场测量是获得其辐射特性的一种常用方法,为得到方向图的细节,测量方向图的角度间隔一般应小于待测天线半功率波束宽度的1/10,否则会导致方向图相关参数如半功率波束宽度、副瓣电平等的不准确. 针对高增益、窄波束天线的远场测量,为了得到精确测量结果,测量间隔要求非常小,导致测试时间长,测试效率低下. 文中提出了一种基于带限周期函数的Fourier插值法的高效率方向图测试方法,此方法将采样间隔增加到待测天线半功率波束宽度量级,仍然可以准确重构出角度间隔任意小的方向图,从而能够显著提高测试效率. 仿真和实测结果证明了本方法的可行性.     

矩形微带贴片天线的设计与仿真

根据微带天线的辐射原理,对天线参数确定进行了理论分析,设计了一种中心频率为447MHz的矩形微带贴片天线。利用HFSS软件对其进行了建模和仿真验证。仿真结果表明,天线的S参数、方向图和输入阻抗均达到了微带贴片天线的设计要求,基于HFSS软件的设计方法能够快速、高效地完成微带天线的设计,且设计的微带天线具有良好的性能指标。     

Design and development of a unit element microstrip antenna for aircraft collision avoidance system

Aircraft/traffic alert and collision avoidance system (ACAS/TCAS) is an airborne system which is designed to provide the service as a last defense equipment for avoiding mid-air collisions between the aircraft. In the existing system, four monopole stub-elements are used as ACAS directional antenna and one blade type element is used as ACAS omnidirectional antenna. The existing ACAS antenna has some drawbacks such as low gain, large beamwidth, frequency and beam tuning/scanning issues etc. Antenna issues like unwanted signals reception may create difficulties to identify the possible threats. In this paper, the focus is on the design and development of a unit element microstrip antenna which can be used for ACAS application and to overcome the possible limitations associated with the existing techniques. Two proposed antenna models are presented here, which are single feed and dual feed microstrip dual patch slotted antenna. These are designed and simulated in CST Microwave Studio tool. The performance and other antenna characteristics have been explored from the simulation results followed by the antenna fabrication and measurement. A good reflection coefficient, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), narrow beamwidth, perfect directional radiation pattern, high gain and directivity make this proposed antenna a good candidate for this application.     

High-gain low-cost microstrip antennas and arrays based on FR4 epoxy

In this work, two previously reported low-cost design techniques for high-gain microstrip antennas are compared based on detailed parameter study. Both of these methods exploit a combination of a spacer and a layer of FR4 epoxy. The distinguishing feature of the said methods is the position of the metallization. A parameter study is performed on the thickness of the FR4 layer and its effect on the antenna gain, efficiency and pattern symmetry is reported. Capability of these methods is designing high-gain arrays is studied and specific design examples are provided. It is shown that the first method has superior performance in the sense of gain and efficiency. Especially, the first method supersedes the second one for high-gain arrays. As well, it is shown that the first method is a pure microstrip alternative to another previously reported technique wherein a CNC milled waveguide structure is exploited as the feed network.     

A complete procedure for the design and optimization of arbitrarily shaped integrated lens antennas

This paper proposes a new design methodology of arbitrarily shaped integrated lens antennas (ILAs). First, we describe the design principles and numerical techniques of the optimization iterative loop. The starting lens shape, deduced from a general synthesis method based on geometrical optics principles, is optimized so that the radiation pattern of the ILA complies with an arbitrary amplitude-shaped template. The optimization procedure is local and is based on a multidimensional conjugate gradient method. Then, the capabilities and potentialities of this approach are demonstrated numerically using two examples. In the first one, an ILA radiating a secant-squared beam in one principal plane and a flat-top beam in the orthogonal plane is designed for indoor communications in V-band. In the second example (Gaussian/flat-top beam), we show for the first time that the joint optimization of the feed together with the lens shape is a very promising design methodology. Finally, our design tools are validated experimentally in Q-band through the synthesis and optimization of a peculiar small shaped ILA (28 mm/spl times/28 mm/spl times/15 mm) fed by an aperture-coupled microstrip patch antenna.     

Circularly polarized antenna array with a new sequential phase feed network utilizing directional coupler

This is a presentation of a new design of circularly polarized (CP) antenna array having a wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and high-gain. It uses an innovative feed network which consists of compact directional couplers and a delay line describing a new kind of sequential phase (SP) feed network. Furthermore, in this work, we report and discuss the features of the feed network and single element. In the following, the single element antenna and the 2 × 2 CP antenna array are designed, prototyped and tested. The antenna array is designed by a multilayer microstrip structure with a compact size of 75 × 52 mm². Moreover, a metal reflector is utilized to enhance the antenna gain and achieve a unidirectional radiation pattern over the operating frequency band. According to the experimental results, the CP antenna array has a return loss (RL) bandwidth of 2.42 GHz (5.83–8.25 GHz), AR bandwidth of 1.11 GHz (6.76–7.87 GHz), and peak gain of 12.15 dBic. It seems that the performance of the proposed design is admirable for C-band frequency.     

一种新型圆极化贴片天线的研究

研究了圆极化微带贴片天线,通过在普通圆形贴片上开槽,提出了一种结构新颖的圆极化微带贴片天线.仿真以及实测结果表明,该天线具有较宽的3dB波瓣宽度(±50°)和良好的圆极化轴比性能,并且新型微带贴片天线的尺寸要远小于普通的圆形或圆环形贴片天线的尺寸.     

基于非均匀特异媒质的赋形天线设计

在PCB板表面蚀刻不同尺寸的微带单元结构,构建非均匀特异媒质层,并将其放置在天线辐射单元前方,利用非均匀特异媒质层对电磁波不同的反射系数,实现对天线辐射波束的赋形。设计了由不同尺寸正方形贴片组成的非均匀特异媒质层,并放置于工作频率为5.8 GHz的矩形贴片天线前方。仿真和测试表明:该非均匀特异媒质层能够在基本保持贴片天线工作频点和回波损耗曲线不变条件下,通过调整与贴片天线距离,实现辐射波束由笔形波束向宽角波束和马鞍形波束的赋形转换。为赋形天线设计提供了一种有效的新方法。