原子转移自由基聚合体系中催化剂的脱除

采用甲苯为溶剂,酸性三氧化二铝为吸附剂脱除原子转移自由基聚合体系中的含铜催化剂,ICP AES表征铜的含量可降至10-6级。研究了两种催化剂CuCl/bpy和CuCl/dNbpy对苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸丁酯的原子转移自由基本体和乳液聚合的催化及脱除, 结果表明:虽然CuCl/dNbpy对聚合反应具有较好的催化活性,但由于与聚合物具有较好的相溶性,使得催化剂较难从体系中脱除,脱除效果次于 CuCl/bpy。而乳液聚合,由于体系的复杂性,使其在吸附剂脱除之后聚合物中的铜含量高于本体聚合。     

甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯的原子转移自由基聚合

以α-溴代丙酸乙酯(EPN-B)/CuCl/ 联二吡啶(bpy)作为引发/催化体系、环己酮为溶剂,对甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(TFEMA)进行原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),研究了TFEMA的反应动力学,并考察了引发/催化体系、引发剂EPN-B用量、配位剂bpy用量及单体配比对聚合反应的影响.结果表明,采用EPN-B/CuCl/bpy引发/催化体系对TFEMA进行ATRP,可得到窄分子量分布的聚甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(PTFEMA),在实验范围内,聚合速率对单体浓度呈一级动力学关系,该反应过程具有活性聚合特征;随着引发剂EPN-B和配位剂bpy用量的增加,聚合速率加快,当EPN-B相对摩尔用量为0.5,1.0,2.0时,其相应的表观链增长速率常数分别为3.143×10~(-4),3.478×10~(-4),4.435×10~(-4)s~(-1);增大[TFEMA]/[EPN-B](摩尔比),聚合速率明显降低,但无论[TFEMA]/[EPN-B]高与低,聚合物的分布指数均为1.15～1.23.     

借助ATRP法合成两亲性星状多臂h-PCMS-g-mPEG接枝共聚物

以对氯甲基苯乙烯(CMS)为活性单体,CuCl/2,2'-联吡啶(bpy)为催化体系,通过原子转移自由基聚合反应(ATRP)合成具有不同结构特征的超支化聚对氯甲基苯乙烯(h-PCMS),分别考查了反应温度、反应时间对所合成的h-PCMS的组成结构、相对分子质量分布指数和转化率的影响。在NaH催化下,以不同支化度的h-PCMS与单甲氧基封端聚乙二醇(mPEG)进行醚化反应,制得以超支化大分子h-PCMS为疏水性核,以单甲氧基封端聚乙二醇(mPEG)为亲水性臂的两亲性星状多臂接枝共聚物h-PCMS-g-mPEG。采用红外光谱(IR)、凝胶色谱(GPC)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)及差示扫描量热仪(DSC)等技术对聚合物的结构和性能进行表征。     

温控膦配体及其在液／液两相催化中的研究进展

介绍了基于温控膦配体的新型液／液两相催化体系温控相转移催化（TRPTC）和温控相分离催化（TPSC）的基本原理。首次将温控膦配体的合成方法进行分类，分为环氧乙烷加成法和醇解反应合成法两大类并分别加以介绍，全面总结了温控膦配体在各类液／液两相催化反应中的应用。     

甲基丙烯酸丁酯的ATRP乳液聚合研究

探讨了铜催化体系催化甲基丙烯酸丁酯 (BMA)的 ATRP乳液聚合规律 ,研究了乳化剂、催化剂、引发剂及反应温度对聚合反应可控性、动力学及乳胶粒性质的影响。结果表明 BMA的 ATRP乳液聚合具有较典型的活性聚合特征 ,并且聚合反应的可控性和乳胶粒的稳定性受上述因素的影响较大 ,得到了聚合反应速率方程和动力学参数。     

高碳烯烃氢甲酰化研究进展

水/有机两相催化体系被成功应用于低碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应.对于水溶性差的高碳烯烃,其氢甲酰化反应速度远远低于低碳烯烃.本文论述了近年来铑催化高碳烯烃氢甲酰化反应的研究和开发进展,其新型配体和新催化体系的研究开发一直是该领域的研究热点.主要涉及两相反应体系中的水溶性膦配体以及均相催化剂固相化、氟两相催化、非离子液体催化体系和超临界CO2中的氢甲酰化反应等几种新型反应体系.     

水溶性过渡金属络合物催化两相氢甲酰化反应新进展

本文综述了水溶性膦配体的合成和水溶性过渡金属络合物催化剂在水／有机溶剂两相体系中催化氢甲酰化反应的近期进展。     

铑催化高碳烯烃氢甲酰化合成高碳醇进展

介绍了近年来铑／膦催化高碳烯烃氢甲酰化的研究和开发进展。特别是以ＴＰＰＯ／Ｒｈ为催化剂的Ｍｉｔｓｕｂｉｓｈｉ Ｋａｓｅｉ工艺和水／有机两相为主的各种两相催化技术。近年的进展表明,通过创新膦配体以及采用两相催化体系,有望使更有效,更经济的铑催化工艺在高碳烯烃氢甲酰化的应用中取得突破。     

甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯反应机理研究进展

传统催化剂催化甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯（DMC）因氯离子的存在易导致腐蚀、失活,通过负载、添加助剂或配体的铜催化体系可改善上述问题。本文介绍了各改进催化体系,并综述了其反应机理。其中负载CuCl2或CuCl催化剂的活性中间体是Cu(OCH3)Cl或Cu2(OH)3Cl;亚铜与配体混合时,配体的种类、数量、结构等会影响甲氧基铜物种的形成;固体离子交换得到的Cu-分子筛催化剂实现了无氯化,然而活性较低;将Si、Al、Ti等氧化物作为载体时,对载体表面结构的改性改善了催化性能。大多数铜催化体系的控制步骤为CO对甲氧基铜物种的插入反应,然而对于甲氧基铜物种的产生以及CO对甲氧基铜物种插入后的产物仍存在分歧。指出进一步研究各催化体系的反应机理仍然是今后工作的重点。     

钨酸/无机酸性配体催化氧化环己烯合成己二酸

以钨酸／无机酸性配体为催化体系,在无有机溶剂和相转移剂的情况下,催化过氧化氢(质量分数30％)氧化环己烯合成己二酸。结果表明,以钨酸／磷酸催化氧化环己烯的催化效果最优。当钨酸:无机酸性配体:环己烯:过氧化氢的摩尔比为1:1:40:176,反应8 h时,己二酸产率达88.2％且纯度高;而不使用无机酸性配体时,己二酸产率只有72.1％,产品纯度也较低。当使用磷酸、硼酸为无机酸性配体时,随反应时间的增加,己二酸产率均升高。当磷酸用量为2.5 mmol时,己二酸产率和纯度均较高。     

反向ATRP乳液聚合法合成聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯的性能研究

采用 Cu 催化剂和偶氮引发剂进行了甲基丙烯酸丁酯的反向原子转移自由基乳液聚合 ,研究了乳化剂、催化剂、反应时间对乳液稳定性、乳胶粒大小和形态以及聚合反应可控性的影响。结果表明原子转移自由基乳液聚合和常规乳液聚合存在着很大的差异 ,特别在成核机理和动力学方面。     

The Effect of Initiators and Reaction Conditions on the Polymer Syntheses by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

The controlled/“living” radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and styrene by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is reported. The effect of initiators and reaction conditions on the ATRP results was investigated. Controlled polymerizations with predictable molecular weights were performed on MMA at 40^○C and 80^○C using a CuCl/bipyridine (bipy) catalyst system in conjunction with 1-bromoethyl benzene as the initiator. The addition of a polar solvent was necessary to decrease the polymerization rate and afford low polydispersity materials. The ATRP processes followed a first-order kinetics with respect to the monomer concentration. The molecular weights of the resulting polymers were very close to their calculated values and increased with the conversion. The ATRP results of styrene showed a similar trend and revealed that CuBr/bipy or CuBr/PMDETA was a more suitable catalyst system than CuCl/bipy. In addition, it was found that controlled polymerizations could be readily carried out both in a nonpolar solvent or in bulk. Furthermore, by using the bromine-terminated polymer as the macroinitiator, diblock copolymers of PSt-b-PMMA, PSt-b-PHEMA, PMMA-b-PSt, and PMMA-b-PHEMA could be obtained. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the amorphous structures of the resulting polymers.     

水分散体系中原子转移自由基聚合研究进展

水分散体系中原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)具有自由基聚合、乳液聚合和活性/可控聚合的优点,因此近年来关于水分散体系中ATRP的研究日益增多。本文综述了近年来水分散体系(包括乳液体系、细乳液体系、微乳液体系)中原子转移自由基聚合的研究进展,对应用在水分散体系中的几种ATRP反应机理做了简要介绍,包括正向AT-RP、反向ATRP(RATRP)、正向/反向同时进行的(SR&NI)ATRP、电子转移活化剂(AGET)ATRP,并对RATRP、SR&NI、ATRPAGET ATRP的优缺点进行了总结。     

活性自由基乳液聚合的研究进展

活性自由基乳液聚合是一个非常新的研究领域。介绍了目前活性自由基乳液聚合领域的3种常用的方法及应用这些方法进行乳液聚合的研究进展,包括:原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),氮氧调节自由基聚合(NMP)和可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)。     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(n‐butyl methacrylate)‐b‐polystyrene diblock copolymers by atom transfer radical emulsion polymerization

Poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PBMA)‐b‐polystyrene (PSt) diblock copolymers were synthesized by emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). PBMA macroinitiators that contained alkyl bromide end groups were obtained by the emulsion ATRP of n‐butyl methacrylate with BrCH₃CHCOOC₂H₅ as the initiator; these were used to initiate the ATRP of styrene (St). The latter procedure was carried out at 85°C with CuCl/4,4′‐di(5‐nonyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine as the catalyst and polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether as the surfactant. With this technique, PBMA‐b‐PSt diblock copolymers were synthesized. The polymerization was nearly controlled; the ATRP of St from the macroinitiators showed linear increases in number‐average molecular weight with conversion. The block copolymers were characterized with IR spectroscopy, ¹H‐NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of the molecular weight of the macroinitiators, macroinitiator concentration, catalyst concentration, surfactant concentration, and temperature on the polymerization were also investigated. Thermodynamic data and activation parameters for the ATRP are also reported. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2123–2129, 2005     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate in an aqueous dispersed system

Atom transfer radical polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) was conducted in an aqueous dispersed system with different kinds of copper complexes. The partitioning behavior of the copper complexes, including CuCl/4,4′‐di(5‐nonyl)‐2,2′‐bipydine (dNbpy), CuCl₂/dNbpy, CuCl/2,2′‐bipydine (bpy), CuCl₂/bpy, CuCl/bis(N,N′‐dimethylaminoethyl)ether (bde), and CuCl₂/bde between the monomer (BMA), and water was studied in detail with ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy. The results show that with a less hydrophobic ligand, such as bpy or bde, most of the Cu(I) or the Cu(II) complexes migrated from the BMA phase to the aqueous phase, the atom transfer equilibrium was destroyed, and the polymerization was nearly not controlled; it converted to classical emulsion polymerization. As to the very hydrophobic ligand dNbpy, although the partitioning study of the copper complexes indicated that not all the copper species were restricted to the organic phase, the linear correlation between the molecular weight and the monomer conversion and the narrow polydispersities confirmed that the polymerization was still quite well controlled. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3175–3179, 2003     

A novel ligand for atom transfer radical polymerization

A ligand is a crucial element for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A new nitrogen-containing compound, 1,1’-(2,2’-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(butyl azanediyl)) -bis(ethane-2,1-diyl)) dipyrrolidin-2-one (DBBD), was synthesized and utilized as the ligand of copper halide for ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methyl acrylate (MA). It was found that the CuBr/DBBD and Ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EBIB) system could mediate the polymerization of MMA and the reaction was first-order kinetics, although the control of molecular weights was not perfect. When CuCl was used to replace CuBr, the molecular weights of obtained polymers were well controlled, which indicated the halide exchange could improve the controllability. In the polymerization of MA using Methyl 2-bromopropronate (MBP) or EBIB as initiator and CuCl/DBBD as catalyst, good control of the polymerization could be achieved and the molecular weights were very close to the predicted value.     

Atom transfer radical suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate catalyzed by CuCl/bpy

Atom transfer radical suspension polymerization (suspension ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out using 1-chloro-1-phenylethane (1-PECl) as initiator, copper chloride/bipyridine (CuCl/bpy) as catalyst. The polymerization was accomplished with a mechanical agitator under the protection of nitrogen atmosphere. Apart from the dispersing agent (1% PVA), NaCl was also used in the water phase to decrease the diffusion of CuCl/bpy to water and the influence of the concentration of NaCl was investigated. Subsequently, the kinetic behavior of the suspension ATRP of MMA at different temperatures was studied. At 90 and 95 °C, the polymerization showed first order with respect to monomer concentration until high conversion. The molecular weight (M_n) of the polymer increased with monomer conversion. However, at lower temperatures, different levels of autoacceleration was observed. The polymerization deviated from first order with respect to monomer concentration when the conversion was up to some degree. The lower the temperature was, the more the deviation displayed. On comparison with bulk ATRP of MMA, the rate of suspension ATRP was much faster.