Biological value of protein from raw fish and canned fish

The authors evaluated the nutritive value of protein from 4 kinds of raw fish (herring, cod, mackerel, sprat) and its preserves. Experiments were made on rats fed the diets containing fish protein (8-10% of the total diet). Experiments included the determination of apparent and genuine digestibility, net protein utilization, and net dietary protein caloric value. Evidence was obtained that protein from fish and its preserves is characterized by high digestibility coefficient as compared with casein and egg powder. The highest net protein utilization was noted in animal groups fed the diet containing protein from raw fish. Protein assimilability from fish preserves was on the average 15% lower than that from raw fish.     

大豆拉丝蛋白不同加工方式对高脂血症小鼠降脂功效的影响

目的:研究大豆拉丝蛋白丸子不同加工方式对高脂血症小鼠的降脂功效。方法:选取50只ICR（Institute of Cancer）小鼠初始分为正常对照组10只、40只高脂血症模型组。正常对照组和高脂血症模型组小鼠分别饲喂普通饲料和高脂饲料。6周后,将造模成功的ICR小鼠随机分为4组,分别为高脂模型组、大豆拉丝蛋白、大豆拉丝蛋白丸子（油炸）组、大豆拉丝蛋白丸子（水煮）组。喂养7周后,检测血清中总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、 甘油三酯（triglycerides,TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein Cholesterol,LDL-C）、 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）、谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）水平,肝脏 HE 染色观察组织病理学变化。结果:与对照组相比,高脂血症小鼠血清中血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、血清谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、肝脏及附睾脂肪质量及相应指数均升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）;与高脂模型组相比,三组大豆蛋白组的血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、血清谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、肝脏质量(仅大豆拉丝蛋白丸子油炸组）、附睾脂肪质量和附睾周脂指数均显著降低（P<0.05或 P<0.01）。肝脏HE染色切片显示,高脂喂养下小鼠肝脏切片出现明显脂质空泡及脂肪滴,而大豆拉丝蛋白和大豆拉丝蛋白丸子（水煮）组干预后肝脏切片无明显的脂质空泡和脂肪滴形成。大豆拉丝蛋白丸子（油炸）组仍可见脂肪滴形成。结论:本课题组研究的大豆拉丝蛋白丸子可以减轻高脂血症对机体脂质代谢的影响,且油炸和水煮两种加工方式对降脂功效无明显影响。     

Diet containing fish oil as protection against ethanol-induced lesions of the gastric mucosa in rats

Effect of dietary fish oil obtained from Sardinops Sagax malanosticta on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions was studied in female Wistar rats with initial weight of 90-100 g. During three weeks, the untreated control group was fed with the basic diet containing 6% butter as a lipid component, while two test groups received olive oil or fish oil 0.2 ml/rat/day) in addition to the basic diet. In the control group, intragastric administration of 1 ml of ethanol (96 degrees) caused acute gross gastric mucosal damage (edema, vascular engorgement, and hemorrhagic erosions) in 14 of 16 rats. Supplement of olive oil decreased the number of rats with ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in the group, but did not reduce the ratio of damaged area to the total area of the stomach. In contrast, rats receiving dietary fish oil showed a decrease in both the incidence and extent of mucosal lesions. It has been suggested that the protective effect of dietary fish oil on the gastric mucosa is due to a high content of eicosapentaenoic acid.     

鳀鱼发酵制品对高血脂大鼠血脂水平的影响

目的:探讨鳀鱼发酵制品对高血脂大鼠血脂水平的影响。方法:将高血脂大鼠随机分为4组:分别为对照组和模型鳀鱼发酵制品3个剂量组。对照组连续饲喂高脂饲料,3个试验组按高、中、低剂量分别喂饲鳀鱼发酵制品,并同时喂饲高脂饲料。在受试后的第14天和第32天分别取血,测定血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(H DL-C)等指标。结果:鳀鱼发酵制品高、中、低剂量组均可显著抑制高血脂大鼠血清TC、TG的升高(p<0.05)和明显抑制H D L-C的降低。结论:鳀鱼发酵制品对高血脂大鼠有较明显的调节血脂作用。     

Hypocholesterolaemic effect of yoghurt containing Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 or Bifidobacterium longum BB536

The effect of a yoghurt supplement containing Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 or Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on plasma lipids, lipid peroxidation and the faecal excretion of bile acids was examined in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. After 8 weeks, the rats in the positive control (PC) group who were fed the cholesterol-enriched diet showed significant increases in plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA). However, groups fed a cholesterol-enriched diet supplemented with yoghurt containing B. pseudocatenulatum G4 or B. longum BB536 had significantly lower plasma TC, LDL-C, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, and MDA than had the PC group after 8 weeks of treatment. In addition, faecal excretion of bile acids was markedly increased in the rats fed the yoghurt containing B. pseudocatenulatum G4 or B. longum BB536 as compared to the PC and NC groups.     

灵芝菌丝体降脂作用的实验研究

本实验以成年雄性Wastar大鼠为研究对象,设普通饲料、高脂对照、阳性对照、灵芝四组。后三组大鼠饲喂高脂饲料,使之成为高血脂模型。然后对普通饲料组和高脂对照组饲以白水,阳性对照组饲普拉固,灵芝组饲灵芝。在饲喂前和饲喂后14、28d分别测定血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和胆固醇酯。结果显示:28d后阳性对照组和灵芝组的大鼠血清总胆固醇分别降低32.4%和22.5%,甘油三酯分别降低47.6%和26.3%,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量分别增高18.6%和22.1%,卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶(LCAT)相对活性分别提高42.6%和33.1%。与高脂对照组及其自身相比,均有显著性差异(灵芝组p<0.05,阳性对照组p<0.001)。     

注射级玉米卵磷脂对高脂饮食大鼠的降血脂作用

探究注射级玉米卵磷脂（CLFI）对高脂膳食诱导的大鼠的降血脂作用。将60 只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6 组,即空白对照组、高脂模型组、阳性对照组（1.2 g/kg大豆卵磷脂）和CLFI高（2.4 g/kg）、中（1.2 g/kg）和低（0.6 g/kg）剂量组。除空白对照组给予基础饲料外,其余各组均给予高脂饲料,喂养2 周后开始对阳性对照组和CLFI各剂量组连续灌胃给药6 周,每天1 次。空白对照组和高脂模型组给予蒸馏水10 mL/kg。试验结束后考察大鼠血清血脂水平变化,检测大鼠体重、腹腔脂肪蓄积系数（AFC）、血清及肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和丙二醛（MDA）水平等指标,并观察肝脏的组织形态变化。结果表明：CLFI能有效抑制高脂膳食诱导大鼠的体重增长,降低血清中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、MDA水平和动脉粥样硬化指数（AI）、血脂综合指数（LCI）,并且降低AFC和肝脏中MDA水平;此外,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和SOD水平都有不同程度的提升,肝脏脂肪变性情况也得到改善。CLFI对高脂血症大鼠具有较好的降血脂和预防肝脏脂肪变性的作用,可为CLFI后续的开发和产业化应用提供一定的理论依据。     

甘薯抗性淀粉对高脂血症大鼠降脂利肝作用研究

目的：考察甘薯抗性淀粉(SPRS)在大鼠形成高脂血症过程中的降血脂及促进肝损伤修复的作用。方法：取健康成年SD大鼠,雌雄各半,40只随机分为4组：正常对照组(NG)、高脂模型组(HL)、甘薯抗性淀粉低剂量组(SPRSL)、甘薯抗性淀粉高剂量组(SPRSH)。正常对照组饲喂基础饲料,高脂模型组饲喂高脂饲料,甘薯抗性淀粉组在高脂饲料的基础上分别给予甘薯抗性淀粉10、20g/(kg·d),45d后测定大鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量及观察肝脏组织细胞形态变化。结果表明：甘薯抗性淀粉能显著降低TC、TG、LDL-C水平,提高HDL-C水平;甘薯抗性淀粉组肝细胞变性和坏死现象明显轻于高脂模型组。结论：甘薯抗性淀粉对高脂饲料致高脂血症大鼠的血脂水平有较好的调节作用,并明显改善大鼠的肝功能。     

Consumption of raw and fried sardine (Clupea pilchardus) as protein source of diets: effects on iron metabolism in rats

The influence of fried fish consumption on dietary iron bioavailability in rats was studied. Sardines (Clupea pilchardus), raw and fried in olive oil, were used whole or defatted to prepare the samples. Five diets containing casein and the different samples as protein source were prepared. After in vitro digestion of the diets a greater proportion of soluble iron was found in the casein diet compared with the sardine diets. Five groups of rats were fed the diets over 28 days. Body weight and food intake were monitored weekly, and during days 21–28 an iron balance study was carried out. No significant differences were observed in food intake, body weight and protein efficiency ratio between groups. Absorbed and retained iron and apparent iron digestibility were higher in rats fed the sardine diets with respect to the control group, except in the whole fried sardine group. Metabolic efficiency and retention efficiency were increased in the four sardine groups. The frying process led to significant changes in the overall digestive and nutritive efficiency of dietary iron, which were different depending on whether the diets contained whole sardine or its protein. It was concluded that the consumption of sardines, whether raw or fried in olive oil, enhances dietary iron availability. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

THE EFFECTS OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN-DERIVED HYDROLYSATE ON LIPID METABOLISM IN RATS FED A HIGH CHOLESTEROL DIET

This study was performed to investigate the effects of the peptic undigested fraction derived from soybean protein hydrolysate (UDSP) on lipid metabolism in rats fed a cholesterol‐enriched diet (1%). Eighteen male Wistar rats‐weighing 205–235 g were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (20% casein), U2 (18% casein + 2% UDSP), and U5 group (15% casein + 5% UDSP). After 4 weeks, rats were sacrificed, and the lipid profiles of the plasma, liver, and feces were determined. Body weight gain, daily food intake, and liver weight showed no differences among the groups, but the feeding efficiency ratio in the U5 group was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). There were no changes in plasma cholesterol, LDL‐C, HDL‐C, and liver cholesterol levels in each group. However, the U5 group showed a significantly lower VLDL‐C compared to the control and U2 groups. In addition, the plasma and liver TG content were lower in the U2 and U5 groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the fecal bile acid and total neutral steroid excretions were higher in the U2 and U5 groups (P < 0.05) compared to the control group.     

沙棘粉对大鼠肝脏脂质代谢及氧化应激的影响

本文研究了沙棘粉对高脂膳食大鼠肝脏脂质代谢及氧化应激的影响。将50只成年雄性Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为对照组、高脂模型组、沙棘低剂量、中剂量和高剂量组5个组。对照组给予基础饲料,其余各组给予高脂饲料饲养,同时每日分别用0.5 mg/g bw、2.5 mg/g bw和5 mg/g bw的沙棘粉匀浆液灌胃大鼠。4 W后处死动物,采集肝脏,分别测定肝脏脂质含量、脂代谢相关酶活性和氧化应激水平。结果表明,与高脂模型组比较,一定剂量的沙棘粉可降低肝脏总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三脂(TG)水平,提高高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)水平;使肝脏组织肝脂酶(HL)和脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)活性增强;还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力提高,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降。说明沙棘粉可降低高脂膳食大鼠肝脏脂质水平,提高肝脏脂代谢酶活性,增强抗氧化能力,减缓肝细胞的脂质过氧化。     

Antihyperlipidemic effect of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) protein isolate in rats fed a normal and high cholesterol diet

The dietary influence of sesame protein isolate (protein content 91.5%), produced from dehulled, defatted sesame meal, on blood and tissue lipid profile and lipid peroxidation has been assessed in normal and hypercholesterolemic rats. To evaluate their hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative activity in vivo, we fed 18% sesame protein isolate with or without 2% cholesterol in comparison with casein to rats for 28 d. We determined plasma total protein, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerol as well as susceptibility of plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipid to oxidation ex vivo. Liver tissue lipid, cholesterol, phospholipids, and lipid peroxidations were also determined. The total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were significantly reduced in the sesame protein isolate and isolate containing cholesterol group than the corresponding control casein groups. HDL-cholesterol level was also increased in sesame protein isolate (41%) and protein isolate containing cholesterol group (38%) than the corresponding control casein and casein containing cholesterol groups. There was 49% and 64% lowering of plasma lipid peroxidation as well as 36% and 56% lowering of lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility (LOS) in the 2 experimental groups (sesame protein isolate and isolate containing cholesterol group) than the corresponding control (casein and casein containing cholesterol) groups. There was significant lowering of erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation (68% and 63% lowering in sesame protein isolate and isolate containing cholesterol groups) and liver lipid peroxidation (61% and 76% lowering in the 2 experimental groups than the corresponding control casein groups). Therefore, our results indicate that sesame protein isolate decreases cholesterol concentration in plasma, increases HDL-cholesterol, and also decreases plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation with or without cholesterol fed diet in rats.     

Effects of diet supplementation with cactus pear seeds and oil on serum and liver lipid parameters in rats

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of diets enriched with cactus pear oil (CPO) or seeds (CPS) on serum and liver lipid parameters compared to those of adult rats submitted to a standard diet. Male rats were divided into three groups, the first group represented control group, fed with standard diet, the second group was fed with control diet supplemented with CPO (2.5%, wt/wt) and the third group fed control diet supplemented with CPS (33%, wt/wt), for nine weeks. Feed intake and body weight of rats were measured every two days. Organ weights were determined at the end of treatment; cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides levels were determined by enzymatic methods. Liver and serum lipid extracts were analysed for their fatty acid composition for the three groups of rats. No differences in pancreas, kidney or liver weights were observed in the CPS diet whereas the CPO diet induced a significant increase in liver and pancreas weights. The tested diets significantly decreased the atherogenic index compared to the control diet, whereas serum cholesterol level was only reduced by the supplementation with CPO diet. No variations in serum lipids were observed among the groups, whereas liver lipids showed slight variations. Accordingly, these results indicated that the supplementation with CPO or CPS could be effective in decreasing the atherogenic risk factors in rats.     

鱼脑磷脂对小鼠脂质代谢的影响

研究鱼脑磷脂对ICR小鼠血脂水平的影响。ICR小鼠随机分成正常对照组、高脂模型组、阳性对照组、鱼脑磷脂低剂量组、鱼脑磷脂高剂量组5组,分别进行灌胃给药。正常对照组喂饲基础饲料,其余各组喂饲高脂饲料,28 d后,测定小鼠的血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)含量。结果显示,鱼脑磷脂可以显著降低高脂血症小鼠的血清TC、TG和LDL-C水平。说明鱼脑磷脂具有降血脂作用。     

Amino Acid and Vitamin Composition of Raw and Cooked Horse Mackerel

Amino acid, vitamin (A, E, B₁, B₂, B₃ and B₆), and proximate composition were determined in raw and cooked horse mackerel. The changes in amino acid, vitamin, and proximate content were found to be significant for all cooking methods (frying, grilling, and steaming). Cooking did in general significantly increase the contents of essential, semi-essential, and other amino acids compared to raw fish species. Amino acid contents of grilled mackerel were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those found in fried and steamed mackerel. The A, E, B₂, and B₆ vitamin content of fried horse mackerel was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the grilled and steamed samples. The B₁ content of steamed and B₃ content of grilled were found higher than the other cooked samples. Moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate contents of cooked fish ranged between 56.52% to 61.34%, 20.79% and 23.93%, 13.44% and 19.61%, 1.70% and 2.47%, and 1.02% and 4.36 %, respectively. Fried fish had intermediate fat values, while grilled and steamed fishes had a comparatively low value.     

Biological study on the effect of supplementing wheat flour with fish protein concentrate

The protein quality of 4 Egyptian pastries made from different combinations of flour and fish protein concentrate (0%, 4% and 6%) was measured by rat growth study. Weight gain, feed consumption and PER were determined. Weight gain of rats fed cottage cheese crescents was higher than that fed date bars followed by that fed brouche, then rats fed salty sticks. Feed consumed by rats fed with the corresponding commercial pastries was low except in date bars group. Commercial pastries led to low weight gain and low PER values. Supplementing wheat flour with 6% fish protein concentrate gave the highest weight gain and the highest PER values.     

EFFECT OF DIETARY MILK CREAM AND EGG YOLK FAT ON SERUM AND LIVER LIPID PROFILE IN RATS

Influence of dietary fat from milk and egg yolk on serum and liver lipid profile was studied in rats. Rats fed milk fat at 5% level for 8 weeks showed a 17% decrease in serum cholesterol and 31% decrease in triacylglycerol compared to the control group of rats fed groundnut oil (GNO). Liver cholesterol was decreased by 20% in the milk fed group. There was no difference in serum cholesterol concentration of rats fed egg yolk compared to the control animals. However, triacylglycerol and phospholipids in serum of rats fed egg yolk were decreased by 20 and 24%, respectively. In another set of experiments animals were rendered hypercholesterolemic by feeding a diet containing 0.5% cholesterol. Addition of milk fat in the diet decreased serum and liver cholesterol by 11 and 17%, respectively, compared to rats fed on a control diet. Similarly, triacylglycerols were decreased by 23 and 8%, respectively, in serum and liver of animals given     

Biological study on the effect of supplementing wheat flour with fish protein concentrate.

The protein quality of 4 Egyptian pastries made from different combinations of flour and fish protein concentrate (0%, 4% and 6%) was measured by rat growth study. Weight gain, feed consumption and PER were determined. Weight gain of rats fed cottage cheese crescents was higher than that fed date bars followed by that fed brouche, then rats fed salty sticks. Feed consumed by rats fed with the corresponding commercial pastries was low except in date bars group. Commercial pastries led to low weight gain and low PER values. Supplementing wheat flour with 6% fish protein concentrate gave the highest weight gain and the highest PER values.     

The effect of chemically‐modified resistant starch,RS type‐4, on body weight and blood lipid profiles of high fat diet‐induced obese mice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding chemically‐modified resistant starch type‐4 (RS4) of normal (NCS) and high‐amylose corn starch (HACS) on weight gain and plasma and liver lipid profiles of mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD). The experimental four groups were, respectively, fed following diets: A 40% HFD with NCS, HACS, NCS‐ and HACS‐RS4. A normal diet (ND) group of mice fed the standard diet was also used as control. In order to produce RS4 by chemical modification, corn starches were treated with STMP/STPP. Total RS (TRS) and total dietary fiber (TDF) levels of chemically‐modified NCS were 26.4 and 44.0%, respectively, while TRS and TDF levels in chemically‐modified HACS were 78.1 and 78.5%, respectively. Onset gelatinization temperatures of both modified corn starches clearly shifted to higher temperatures after STMP/STPP treatment. At the end of the diet trial, the mice on the HACS diet decreased body weight gain compared to the NCS‐fed mice. Adding NCS‐ and HACS‐RS4 to the diet significantly reduced the weight gain relative to NCS and HACS groups. Both RS4 diets were effective in improving the lipid profile compared to their respective controls. They significantly reduced the level of total lipid and total cholesterol.     

川陈皮素对高脂膳食诱导大鼠的降脂减肥及预防脂肪肝形成作用

目的：研究川陈皮素对高脂膳食诱导的大鼠体质量、血脂和肝脏的影响。方法：将56 只雄性SD大鼠随 机分为7 组,即正常组、高脂对照组、阳性对照组（奥利司他和力平之）和川陈皮素低、中、高剂量组（高脂 饲料＋0.02%、0.04%、0.08%川陈皮素）,对正常组饲喂普通饲料,其余各组分别饲喂相应的高脂饲料,连续喂养 6 周后,考察不同时期大鼠血清血脂水平变化,检测大鼠体质量、体内脂肪质量、脏器变化及肝脏组织形态变化。 结果：川陈皮素可以有效抑制高脂膳食大鼠的体质量增长,降低Lee’s指数、食物利用率和脂肪系数;降低血清中 总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）水平,其中降低TG作用显效较快,降低血清TC和LDL-C作用需要较长时间;同时可降低肝脏 指数、血清中谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平,改善肝脏脂肪变性情况。结论：川陈皮素具有预防肥胖、辅助降血脂 及预防肝脏脂肪变性的作用。