The trouble with friendly faces: Skilled performance with a supportive audience.

In 3 experiments, supportive audiences were associated with unexpected performance decrements (i.e., "choking" under pressure). On a difficult, skill-based task, participants were more likely to fail when observed by supportive audiences than when observed by nonsupportive audiences. When the criterion for success was easy, supportive audiences had no effect. With a difficult criterion, supportive audiences elicited cautious, protective strategies that were associated with poor performance: Speed decreased without improving accuracy. Despite impairments caused by supportive audiences, performers found supportive audiences more helpful and less stressful than neutral or adversarial audiences, and participants believed (wrongly) that they performed better with a supportive audience. Results suggest that people are not aware of debilitating effects of supportive audiences and may opt for emotional comfort rather than objective success. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The trouble with assumptions: A reply to Jago and Ragan.

Comments on the work of A. G. Jago and J. W. Ragan (see record 1987-12114-001) that conducted a computer simulation to compare the 2nd author's (1964) contingency model of leadership with the Leader Match training program. It is argued that Jago and Ragan's computer simulation was guided by several theoretically and operationally incorrect assumptions that greatly reduce its meaningfulness. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rotational digital subtraction carotid angiography: technique and comparison with static digital subtraction angiography

To compare the efficiency of sperm preparation between the two-layer Percoll gradient and mini-Percoll methods, 50 normal and 33 abnormal semen samples from male partners of infertile couples were studied. The number of recovered spermatozoa, percentage of motility, percentage of normal morphology, and their survival at 24 and 48 hours were assessed. Both Percoll gradient techniques resulted in a significantly higher percentage of motility and percentage of normal morphology compared with the original semen samples (p < 0.0001). The two-layer Percoll gradient showed a higher sperm recovery than the mini-Percoll method (p < 0.001), but the latter resulted in a higher percentage of motility (p > 0.001) and a higher sperm survival rate at 24 hours (p < 0.05) than the former, regarding normal semen samples. These differences did not appear with abnormal semen samples when analyzed as a group. Considering each of the abnormal parameters separately, sperm recovery was significantly higher after the two-layer Percoll gradient in the case of astheno- and teratozoospermia (p < 0.05), but sperm survival at 48 hours was higher after the mini-Percoll gradient in the case of teratozoospermia (p < 0.05). It is concluded that both the two-layer Percoll gradient and mini-Percoll method can be used effectively for sperm preparation. The former yields a higher sperm recovery, but the latter should be considered regarding teratozoospermic samples and semen samples of very low volume.     

Poor children learning to read do not have trouble with auditory discrimination but do have trouble with phoneme recognition.

The present study confirms the hypothesis, derived from the research of M. A. Wallach and L. Wallach (1976) and L. Wallach and M. A. Wallach (1976), on teaching disadvantaged children to read, that the troubles poor children frequently have with sounds stem not from deficiencies in auditory discrimination but from inadequate skill in phonemic analysis. Almost all of 76 disadvantaged and 70 middle-class kindergarten-age Ss could readily hear phoneme differences in words, as indicated by their ability to respond differentially to words that differed only in single phonemes, which were similar. On the other hand, almost all of the disadvantaged Ss, but almost none of the middle-class Ss, did very poorly on tasks involving phonemic analysis of words (e.g., indicating whether given sounded phonemes occurred in various spoken words). (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The big bang and how to avoid trouble

As PM moves forward into the ‘hows and whys’ of developing nanopowder technology a reminder comes from Switzerland on some of the hazards of handling powders on an industrial scale…     

浅谈医患有效沟通与和谐医患关系

探讨有效医患沟通的方式,建立医患之间相互信任、相互了解的关系,从而减少医疗纠纷的发生.探讨医患关系紧张原因,探索语言沟通的技巧.希望通过有效沟通,帮助病人了解、认识、配合医生的治疗.良好的医患沟通,有助于建立良好的医患关系,有利于开展高质量的医疗护理工作,全方位地为患者服务.     

The trouble with pitfalls: A reply to Weiner's critique of attribution research.

Contends that while some of B. Weiner's (see record 1983-32685-001) criticisms of conceptual and methodological concerns regarding the proper testing of hypotheses in attributional research are well founded, his use of presumed methodological shortcomings as an explanation for the nonconfirmation of predictions flowing from his cognitive theory of achievement motivation is considered to be debatable. It is concluded that the study of achievement behavior is enhanced by the addition of motivational, noncognitive assumptions, which has been done by the present authors. (3 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MR angiography with three-dimensional MR digital subtraction angiography

We have developed a time-resolved, contrast-enhanced, volume-imaging technique for magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, known as three-dimensional (3D) MR digital subtraction angiography (DSA). This technique greatly improves MR angiogram quality because it combines the injection of a contrast agent with the ability to image the temporal passage of this agent and, thereby, obviates the need for timing scans or other complicated synchronization schemes. Three-dimensional MR DSA also represents a potential improvement in the sense that, relative to DSA and computed tomography (CT) angiography, the contrast agent is less toxic. Additionally, unlike CT angiography, images may be acquired during the passage of the contrast agent. Therefore, 3D MR DSA shows the sequential passage of contrast through the arterial and venous system, followed by uptake in various organs. Unlike conventional DSA, 3D MR DSA imaging acquires full volume datasets, which allows subsequent reprojection and reformatting. Because images are obtained at approximately 2-6 s time intervals using a temporal aperture on the order of several seconds, motion (such as respiration) causes only a temporary disruption of image quality, similar to that observed in MR fluoroscopy. These temporal characteristics also make the proposed sequence insensitive to variations in the shape and timing of the contrast-pass curve. Although the individual time-resolved images will have somewhat decreased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to nontime-resolved scans collected in the same acquisition time, the SNR improvement due to the gadolinium appears to accommodate this trade-off. Additionally, if motion between successive images is small, then the full suite of temporal processing schemes, previously investigated in connection with DSA and time-resolved two-dimensional (2D) MR, such as mask mode subtraction, simple matched filtering and Eigen filtering, can be used to obtain composite images. These derived images generally have an increased SNR or negligible venous signal if an arterial-phase image is not obtained in the early time-resolved images. In summary, 3D MR DSA will significantly advance MR angiography because of the following intrinsic advantages: (1) improved signal-to-noise, (2) scan orientation may be chosen independently of the direction of blood flow, (3) uniform vascular signal, even from regions of complex flow, (4) minimization of motion artifacts, (5) greatly reduced sensitivity to variation in the shape and timing of the contrast bolus, (6) ability to be reformatted or reprojected, and (7) ability to apply a variety of temporal postprocessing techniques.     

The trouble with caring: a review of eight arguments against an ethic of care

Trisomy 22 is the most frequent trisomy, after trisomy 16, of the trisomies present in miscarriages. The children born with trisomy 22 have usually unbalanced translocations 11; 22 or mosaicisms. In a recent review Bacino et al. [1] were able to find 17 cases of children born with trisomy 22 including only 3 cases confirmed by molecular cytogenetics. We report a patient with an extra chromosome 22q- without mosaicism. This chromosomal anomaly was defined with FISH studies. The phenotype include microcephaly, microtia with pre auricular tags, hypertelorism, epicanthus, palatal cleft, short neck, winging scapulae, hypoplasia of the distal phalanges, pulmonary stenosis and mental retardation.     

The trouble with {leader match} is that it doesn't match Fiedler's contingency model.

Assessed disagreements in classifying leadership situations when F. E. Fiedler's (1964) contingency model of leadership was compared with Leader Match (LM), a training program purported to be based on that model, using computer simulations. Each simulation generated 100,000 hypothetical leadership situations, using varying assumptions about the properties of LM scales. Results reveal that the instruments used in LM can be expected to classify almost one fourth of those using it in a manner inconsistent with the contingency model. The causes of this nonequivalency between theory and application, as well as its consequences, are discussed. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The validity of verbal reports in children's subtraction.

To assess the validity of verbal reports in children's subtraction, students in Grades 1, 3, and 5 were asked to solve a set of simple subtraction problems and were placed in the no-report, retrospective-report, or concurrent-report conditions. Two aspects of verbal report validity were assessed: reactivity, or whether providing a verbal report alters subsequent task performance, and veridicality, or whether the verbal reports are accurate reflections of solution strategies. Students in all grades and in both the retrospective-report and concurrent-report conditions were able to provide veridical strategy reports, and the instruction to verbally report had few effects on task performance. Informal findings indicate that students had less difficulty reporting retrospectively than concurrently. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The outcome of cognitive bibliotherapy with depressed adults.

Examined the effectiveness of minimal-contact cognitive bibliotherapy with a group of 80 depressed adults who were recruited from the community. Minimal-contact cognitive bibliotherapy was found to be superior to a waiting-list control group. The results were both statistically and clinically significant, and the treatment group maintained their levels of improvement at 3-month follow-up. The results also indicated significant decreases in dysfunctional attitudes and automatic negative thoughts after treatment. It appeared that the treatment also served a psychoeducational function. The interventive and preventive implications of these results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

分路故障录波装置在变电站的应用

随着10kV和6kV配出分路逐渐增多,负荷增大,对各配出分路的数据监测和录波也显得越来越重要。为确保对10kV和6kV配出分路的故障进行准确查找和处理,本文对故障录波系统进行应用分析。     

妇产科护理促进护患交流

妇产科护士把握好护士角色,可以和患者进行心理交流和沟通,从而改善护患关系,促进病人早日康复.     

社区护理中护患沟通的障碍与策略

目的:探讨社区护理中护患沟通的障碍,并制定相应的对策.方法:通过在社区的观察及体验,找出护患沟通的障碍.结果:通过对社区护患沟通障碍的成因、解除沟通障碍的重要意义及对策等几方面分析,肯定良好社区护患沟通的重要性.结论:社区护士应通过换位思考,提供优质服务,排除沟通障碍、搞好护患关系,使护患沟通得到保证.     

The interaction between mood and cognitive function studied with PET

BACKGROUND: Experimentally induced depressed mood is a suggested model for retarded depression. We describe the neural response associated with induced mood and the locus of the interaction between systems mediating mood and cognitive function. METHODS: Normal subjects performed a verbal fluency task during induced elated and depressed mood states. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured as an index of neural activity using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). RESULTS: In both elated and depressed mood state rCBF was increased in lateral orbitofrontal cortex, rCBF was also increased in the midbrain in elated mood. In the depressed condition rCBF was decreased in rostral medial prefrontal cortex. Verbal fluency produced an expected increase of rCBF in left dorsolateral prefrontal, inferior frontal and premotor cortex, anterior cingulate and insula cortex bilaterally, the left supramarginal gyrus posteriorly and the thalamus. Activation in the verbal fluency task was attenuated throughout the left prefrontal, premotor and cingulate cortex and thalamus in both elated and depressed mood conditions. An attenuation of anterior cingulate activation was specific to depressed mood. CONCLUSIONS: Alteration of mood is associated with activation of orbitofrontal cortex which may be critical to the experience of emotion. The mood induced modulation of verbal fluency induced activations is consistent with resting state findings of decreased function in these regions in depressed patients. The present data suggest that resting state rCBF profile may represent the modulation of spontaneous activity in this network by a core system that is dysfunctional in depression.