多功能金属清洗剂的配制与应用

虽然金属清洗剂近年来发展较快 ,品种也很多 ,但目前市场上的固体清洗剂碱性大、溶解性差、清洗速度慢 ,一般需要加温清洗 ,洗后钢铁件容易生锈 ,漆面被破坏。而水剂金属清洗剂在常温清洗、洗后防锈、成本等方面也存在一定问题 ,还不能代替油类或有机溶剂清洗剂 ,其应用受到了诸多限制。本文研制了一种多功能代油金属清洗剂 ,它由快速渗透剂、表面活性剂、助溶剂、防锈剂、强化剂和杀菌剂等配制而成。1　实　验将拉开粉 (ＢＸ) ,三乙醇胺 ,太古油 ,溶纤剂 ,渗透剂 (ＪＦＣ) ,亚硝酸钠 ,助洗增稠剂 6 5 0 1,三聚磷酸钠 ,异丙醇 ,甲醛和水按比…     

脱水油试验中的爬高法研究EI

文中对比了英国的冷脱水油、热脱水油和我所研制的ＴＳ型脱水油全面性能试验。试验证明，ＴＳ型的脱水能力和对有色金属的防锈能力优于英国的油样。文中介绍了脱水油试验中的爬高法，用爬高法对ＴＳ型脱水油进行了一系列试验。证明ＴＳ型有很高的爬高能力。     

渗透汽化和汽体渗透膜技术应用及其浮浅思考

简述了渗透汽化和汽体渗透膜技术国内外应用现状和市场规模,详细介绍了其在工业乙醇脱水生产无水(燃料)乙醇,醇类、酮类、醚类脱水,酯化反应脱水强化,有机溶剂中少量及微量水的脱除,从工业废水中回收有机物、有机汽体,有机混合物的分离等方面的应用实例,并提出我国渗透汽化和汽体渗透膜技术目前存在的问题和中长期发展建议.     

水性清洗剂在空调用塑封电动机生产上的应用

目前,水性清洗剂在电机行业的应用尚未普及。为此,设计了3种清洗方案,对比了水性清洗剂与有机溶剂清洗剂应用于转子上的油污、金属屑、氧化物、灰尘等污物的清洗效果。通过残渣试验、光学显微镜评价不同清洗方案的清洗效果,通过电化学试验和中性盐雾试验分析清洗后转子的防锈效果。结果表明:3种方案的不可溶残留物含量分别为0.85,0.70,0.50 mg,电化学阻抗谱拟合的Rct分别为757.6,522.1,808.4Ω,说明方案3(先水性清洗剂清洗,再水基防锈剂清洗)的清洗效果和耐蚀性最好。工业应用试验表明:水性清洗剂结合水基防锈剂可以替代有机溶剂清洗剂在空调用塑封电动机转子清洗上应用,具有安全、可靠、低成本的特点,具有广泛的工业应用价值。     

亚临界进口机组主机润滑油系统腐蚀情况分析

针对某亚临界进口机组主机润滑油系统的腐蚀问题，通过分析引起腐蚀的原因及其腐蚀过程。由于油系统清洗不当导致了保护层的破坏，清洗液冲洗不干净致使油严重乳化带水，含有大量水、残留清洗剂、溶解氧等腐蚀性成分的乳化油是保护膜受到损坏的金属表面直接接触后导致了严重的腐蚀。     

热化学沉降技术处理老化油效果分析

本文针对老化油对原油脱水带来的危害，开展了热化学沉降处理老化油技术研究和现场试验，最终优化出适合于不同油质情况、不同来油含水老化油的最佳运行参数，满足了现场生产运行需要，从根本上降低了原油脱水成本。     

氧气设施中设备的清洗

介绍氧气设备清洗的五项基本内容:选择适当的清洗剂;以合适的清洗方法(浸泡和擦洗、喷射清洗、蒸汽脱油、蒸汽清洗大贮罐、超声波)除去污染杂质;除去所有的剩余清洗剂,并用脱油空气或氮气彻底干燥;检查设备的清洗情况及化验(用紫外光和溶解淬取);防止已清洗过的部件和设备重新污染(包装事项)。并介绍了清洗时人员的安全防护。图2表2。     

某产品零件成品热处理表面质量研究与应用

目的研究某产品在热处理后,表面存在的附着物对后续磷化膜质量的影响。方法将原热处理工艺中采用的三碱清洗剂更换为除油效果更好的MT-29清洗剂,用碱水清洗后,将一次热水洗改为连续两次热水洗,确保零件表面无异物。结果工艺改进前,磷化后的零件80%以上存在起皮现象,需要反复打磨,工艺改进之后,一次磷化通过率达到了100%,电泳涂漆质量满足产品要求。结论对成品热处理零件,三碱清洗剂对淬火油的清洗效果不佳,应采用专用的除油清洗剂;热水洗对成品热处理零件表面质量有一定的影响。     

聚醚酰亚胺中空纤维超滤膜的研究（Ⅱ）油／水乳状液分离

采用聚醚酰亚胺中空纤维超滤膜 ,制备中空纤维膜组件 ,进行油 /水 /表面活性剂的乳状液分离试验研究 .对 2 50 0mg/L正十二烷和 16 0 0mg/L十二烷基苯磺酸钠的油 /水 /表面活性剂乳状液的研究结果表明 :在操作压力为 0 1MPa ,单皮层PEI/PVP中空纤维超滤膜通量为 32 6～ 59 4L/ (m2 ·h) ,表面活性剂脱除率为 76 1%～ 78 3% ,总有机碳脱除率为 91 0 %～92 5% ,油脱除率大于 99 0 % ,而且透过液是完全透明的     

油水乳液污染纳米TiO_2改性Al_2O_3陶瓷膜的化学清洗

研究了采用碱性复合清洗剂通过一次清洗工艺对油水乳化液污染的纳米TiO2改性Al2O3陶瓷微滤膜进行化学清洗的可行性.通过通量恢复率、油截留率、SEM和FT-IR等分析手段表征了制备的复合清洗剂对改性陶瓷膜的清洗效果及化学清洗对纳米TiO2改性效果的影响.结果表明,采用制备的复合清洗剂对油水乳化液污染的改性陶瓷膜进行清洗后,可有效去除膜污染物,表现出良好的清洗效果,且清洗过程不会明显影响纳米TiO2对Al2O3陶瓷膜的改性效果.工业应用试验表明,冷轧乳化液含油废水污染的改性陶瓷膜,经碱性复合清洗剂清洗后,膜纯水通量恢复率和油水渗透通量恢复率分别可达到96.9%和98.1%.     

炼油厂污油超声破乳脱水

以含水量（体积分数）20%~30%的中石化扬子炼油厂提供的污油为研究对象,在实验室条件下,采用超声波破乳技术进行脱水研究。在超声频率为20 kHz的条件下,考察了超声的其他参数对污油脱水的影响。结果表明：超声辐照时间为5min、超声激励电压为100V、超声辐照后热沉降温度为60℃、沉降时间为2h时,污油破乳脱水效果比较好,作用后,污油含水率可以降低到3.2%。按照小试得到的最佳工艺参数进行中试实验,其污油破乳脱水效果跟预计的结果相当,含水率可以降低到7.2%。     

聚环氧丙烷膦酸酯酰胺的制备及其清净性的研究

为了改进、提高发动机油料中广泛采用的烷基膦酸酯及其胺类添加剂的功能，通过酯化反应和酰胺化反应，合成出多种含磷清净分散剂，并对其清净分散机理和效果进行了研究，结果表明，聚环氧丙烷膦酸酯酰胺，具有优良的抗积炭及洁净性能，对比试验证明与当今世界同类产品技术水平相当。     

复合金属型清净剂的制备及性能研究

介绍了一种碱值达380mgKOH／g以上的含钙、镁、钠复合金属型润滑油添加剂的制备过程及其各项性能。实验中采用红外光谱法、热失重法等表征了该产品的基本结构及产品中碱性组分碳酸盐的晶型结构;通过冷冻蚀刻电镜法观察了含碳酸盐的胶体粒子结构及粒度分布情况;应用凸轮挺柱试验法等考察了复合金属型清净剂产品的极压抗磨性能。结果表明,该产品不但具有优良的高温清净性、较好的热稳定性、极压抗磨性,而且具有良好的胶体稳定性。是一种性能优良的润滑油添加剂。     

食品工业清洗剂在含水工况下对点接触润滑和摩擦的影响

本文采用工业常用的两性表面活性剂作为润滑油中的添加剂,研究其对点接触润滑和摩擦性能的影响。试验研究结果表明:钢球-玻璃盘润滑实验表明较低浓度的活性剂水溶液对润滑油膜厚度的影响较小,其油膜厚度与纯油润滑基本一致。钢球-蓝宝石相对滑动过程中发现较高的活性剂水溶液浓度下,能够观察到蓝宝石盘会将清洗液带入接触区。钢球-钢盘摩擦磨损工况下活性剂对接触表面有一定的防护作用。     

一种新型纳米清净剂产品的胶体结构与性能关系研究

介绍一种碱值达到350mgKOH/g以上的纳米级高碱度混合基质型金属清净剂的胶体结构与其性能之间的关系。研究中采用红外光谱、热重分析法等表征了产品的基本结构及产品中碱性组分碳酸盐的晶型结构,通过冷冻蚀刻电镜法观察了含碳酸盐的胶体粒子结构及粒度分布情况,应用四球试验法等考察了产品的极压抗磨性能,结果表明,产品的高温清净性及氧化安定性均有显著改善,抗摩擦磨损性能也有很大提高。添加剂中碳酸盐含量及胶体粒子的组成结构是影响产品性能的重要因素。产品中胶体粒子分布越均匀,其胶体稳定性越好。     

A Study of the system control model of caisson dewatering of the north anchorage of Taizhou Bridge

A caisson foundation is applied to the north anchorage of Taizhou Yangtze River Highway Bridge of which the initial caisson sinking requires dewatering. Since the caisson foundation is quite close to nearby buildings, a system control model is established with source (sink) distribution and intensity being the object function, minimum requirements of settlement and deformation of surroundings caused by dewatering and dynamic water levels during different working procedures being constraints, and the design parameter of pumping wells being the variable, as so to lower the jeopardizing of surrounding buildings, which provides a new method for active control over settlement during dewatering. Such a method of dewatering based on system control model should be of significance for similar projects involving dewatering.     

冷轧厂磁过滤物中回收纳米铁粉用清洗剂的研制

采用清洗法回收冷轧厂磁过滤物中的铁粉,研制一种专用清洗剂清洗含油铁粉,通过除去表面油污得到纯净的铁粉。结果表明,清洗剂为水基金属清洗剂,各组分的质量分数,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚为0.7%,脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚为0.5%,表面活性剂F为0.05%,Na2SiO3为2%,正丁醇为0.1%,乙二胺四乙酸为0.1%,水为96.55%;使用该清洗剂清洗冷轧厂磁过滤物中的含油铁粉后,得到的铁粉产品中Fe的质量分数为97.14%,铁粉的粒径为19.5 nm。     

Experimental Study on the Influence of Selected Process Variables on the Separation of a Fine Particle Suspension with a Pilot Scale Decanter Centrifuge

Decanter centrifuges are used widely in the chemical and process industries for dewatering and classification of solid-liquid suspensions. The most important applications of this class of centrifuges are found in wastewater sludge treatment and in pigment production. The objective of this study was to investigate the operation of a pilot scale decanter centrifuge in a challenging dewatering application. Dewatering tests were performed using fine-particle slurries consisting of water and various concentrations of kaolin. In addition to the solid concentration of the feed, the feed rate of the suspension and the differential speed between the bowl and the conveyer screw were also chosen as variables. The experimental conditions were selected according to a factorial test design and the responses monitored included the production capacity (productivity) of the decanter, the solid contents of the cake and the centrate, as well as the time that was required for the stabilization of the test unit. The results obtained clearly showed that the studied variables have a significant influence on the performance of the dewatering process. The variables were also able to explain the dewatering results at a high level of statistical significance. The repeatability of the experiments was, in most cases, good: On average, the relative standard deviations for the productivity and the solid contents of the cake were 6.0% and 0.5%. It was also apparent that random variations in the feed conditions may have a remarkable and long-lasting impact on the operation of the centrifuge.     

Improvement of dewatering capacity of a petrochemical sludge

Oily sludge produced from a petrochemical industry was used to investigate the improvement of its dewatering properties. The oil content (OC) and the dry solid content (DS) of the raw sludge were respectively, 15% and 3.6% by weight. The capillary suction time (CST) and the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of the raw petrochemical industrial sludge were found to be 2000s and approximately 5.5x10(16)m/kg, respectively. Conventional chemical conditioners such as alum, lime, and polyelectrolyte, and less conventional ones like fly ash, gypsum, and bentonite were used in the sludge conditioning studies. Conventional chemical conditioners gave better results for the enhancement of the dewatering capacity of the sludge. The best result was obtained by using 0.9% cationic polyelectrolyte by weight, and a decrease of 99%-95% were achieved for CST and SRF, respectively, when this dosage of cationic polyelectrolyte was used.     

A review of thermal sludge pre-treatment processes to improve dewaterability

As a result of the wide application and utilization of the waste activated sludge process, excess sludge presents a serious disposal problem. Many efforts have been devoted to reduce the excess sludge by treatments such as digestion and dewatering. It has been known for many years that a thermal pre-treatment gives an improvement in the dewaterability of sludges. This paper provides a literature review concerning the optimum treatment conditions to obtain enhanced dewaterability and digestibility of sludge. The main commercial hydrolysis processes (Cambi, Porteous and Zimpro) are discussed. The literature findings concerning the optimum treatment conditions of thermal or thermochemical pre-treatments are reviewed. The second part of this paper deals with the fundamentals of improving sludge dewatering. The influence of extracellular polymer (ECP) on settling and dewatering characteristics is discussed, together with the importance of cations and ECP-hydrophobicity in the flocculation and dewatering process. Finally, the effect on exocellular polymer, dewaterability, settleability and colloidal stability of activated sludge by treatment with sulfuric acid was studied.