The shielding of a plane wave by a cylindrical array of infinitely long thin wires

A plane wave is considered to be incident upon a cylindrical array of infinitely long perfectly conducting thin wires. The wave is assumed to have no magnetic field component in the direction of the wire axes. Exact expressions are found for the currents excited on the wires-and for the total electric and magnetic fields. Numerical computations are made to determine the currents on the wires and the fields inside the array. It is discovered that an important parameter is the number of wires in the array divided by the number of wavelengths that can be wrapped around the cylinder. If this parameter is large enough, the current distribution on the wires resembles that of a solid conducting cylinder, and the array of wires tends to behave like an electromagnetic shield. For smaller values of the parameter, the current distribution can be quite different, and the field inside the array may even be enhanced.     

Scattering by an Arbitrary Array of Parallel Wires

Equations are developed for the scattering pattern of an arbitrary array of parallel wires. The wires are assumed to be infinitely long, perfectly conducting, and very small in diameter in comparison with the wavelength. The incident wave is assumed to be TM with respect to the wire axis, but it may have normal or oblique incidence on the wires. The solution includes the interaction effects among all the wires. The far-field scattering patterns are presented graphically for plane arrays, circular arrays, semicircular arrays, square arrays, and other configurations. If a sufficiently great number of wires is present, it is shown that the scattering pattern approaches that of a solid conducting cylinder of the same cross-section shape as the wire-grid array.     

Scattering behavior of a finite wire array for different incidentangles

The scattering behavior of a finite two-dimensional structure of thin wires excited by an incident plane electromagnetic wave is discussed. Utilizing the radiation patterns of such an array for different frequencies and different angles of incidence, it is possible to assess incident and receiving angles for improved frequency-selective behavior. This is illustrated for an array consisting of 4×4 thin wires     

DORT method as applied to ultrawideband signals for detection of buried objects

The decomposition of the time reversal operator (DORT) method, originally developed in acoustics, allows detection of scatterers embedded in the probed domain and provides some very robust means for focusing an incident wave onto a given scatterer. Hence, this method is very helpful for clutter reduction. Here, it is applied to the detection of buried cylindrical objects with the help of electromagnetic ultrawideband signals. It is shown that when the set of antennas is located on a piece of line above an interface, the use of the DORT method remains simple, whatever the polarization, provided the contribution from the target can be separated from that of the interface. Using wideband signals also permits one to excite natural resonances of the buried scatterer, which can easily be extracted from the eigenvalues of the time reversal operator. Numerical examples based on a finite-difference time-domain algorithm are given.     

Tunneling electron transport through heterobarriers with nanometer heterogeneities

The effect of spherical quantum objects (scatterers) embedded into semiconductor barriers on the tunnel-current flow through them is studied. For this purpose, the problem of scattering on steplike spherically symmetric potential of the scatterer is solved for the incident and reflected electron wave functions damped (at the energy lower than the barrier potential). It is shown that the vortex current structures can arise inside the barrier in this case.     

一种基于波程差补偿的InISAR图像配准方法

逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)图像配准是干涉逆合成孔径雷达(InISAR)成像领域一个关键的课题,可以实现同一散射点在不同ISAR图像中的对齐,以便于后续的ISAR图像干涉处理。该文分析了ISAR图像失配准的原因,即散射点到不同天线之间的波程差,并据此提出一种基于波程差补偿的方法来实现不同天线ISAR图像之间的精确配准。首先通过调频傅里叶变换估计目标相对于雷达的转速;进一步根据波程差与目标转动角速度的关系构建补偿相位消除散射点到不同天线间的波程差,并通过2维傅里叶变换获得配准之后的ISAR图像。最后利用干涉处理获得目标真实的3维结构。该文方法可以在回波域通过波程差补偿实现ISAR图像配准,配准之后的各散射点在图像中的位置相同;而经过相关法配准之后的ISAR图像中的各散射点之间有一个像素单元的错位,即该方法的配准效果更精确。此外,基于相关法的图像配准方法耗时达到万秒级,而基于该方法的ISAR图像配准时间仅为秒级,即该方法计算效率更高。最终的InISAR 3维成像结果中,该方法的散射点坐标重构误差为0.3034,而基于相关法的成像结果的误差(45.8529)远大于此。因此,基于所提出方法的InISAR 3维成像结果精度更高。      

Method of moments analysis of the backscattering properties of a corrugated trihedral corner reflector

A method of moments (MoM) formulation is developed to analyze the backscattering properties of an anisotropic trihedral corner reflector, which is obtained by corrugating one or several of its interior faces. The proposed formulation treats the corrugated surface as ideally tuned to the incident wave frequency. The numerical analysis of the studied structures has been done using closed-form formulas and accurate numerical integration. The focus of the study reported in this paper has been the polarization responses of ideally tuned corrugated reflectors, which have interesting properties, particularly regarding elliptically or circularly polarized waves. We numerically verify that an appropriately corrugated reflector returns elliptically and circularly polarized waves with the same handedness as the incident wave. For a linearly polarized incident wave, the corner reflector is able to rotate them by 90/spl deg/. Also the effect of the direction of the corrugation to the backscattering properties is studied.     

改变散射体RCS方向特性的有源加载方法研究

散射体的雷达横截面积(RCS)随着观测角度的不同而发生变化。对高频区的散射体电磁散射特性进行了建模,根据各个散射中心的位置关系和信号入射角度,计算散射体在特定方向上的RCS。提出了集中式和分布式的有源加载方法改变散射体RCS方向特性,通过施放有源干扰信号使散射体在特定方向上的RCS方向图出现凹点。仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效改变散射体的RCS方向特性,在特定方向上实现散射体射频隐身。     

Analysis of wire scatterers with nonlinear or time-harmonic loadsin the frequency domain

The time-harmonic scattering properties of wire scatterers with nonlinear or time-harmonic loads are analyzed in the frequency domain. First, the scattering problem is treated as a network problem that is analyzed by the method of moments. Then, the harmonic balance technique is applied in the nonlinear load case, and the conversion matrix technique is applied in the time-harmonic load case. The analysis is shown to be efficient for the calculation of steady-state response compared with the conventional time-domain approach. Numerical simulation shows the effect of nonlinear loads on changing the scatterer radar cross section (RCS), the intermodulation phenomenon as the incident wave containing two different frequencies, and the effect of time-harmonic loads on modulating the scattered field of wire scatterer     

Shielding properties of an ensemble of thin, infinitely long,parallel wires over a lossy half space

A determination of the total electric field produced by an ensemble of thin, infinitely long, parallel wire scatterers over a flat lossy half space illuminated by a plane wave whose polarization is parallel to both the wires and the interface is presented. By invoking the thin wire idealization, a matrix equation is obtained for determining the currents on each wire, from which the total electric field is obtained. Several plots are given to show how the wires' radii, the earth's conductivity, the incident angle, and the total number of wires affect the shielding for a semicircular shell. In many cases, it is demonstrated that the shielding effectiveness can be as much as 70 dB; for other cases, when the structure is of resonant dimensions, the shielding can be degraded to 20 dB. It is also shown that a wire grid model can give shielding results similar to those of a continuous perfectly conducting structure of similar dimensions     

Electromagnetic scattering for oblique incidence on impedancebodies of revolution

Combined field integral equations for the surface currents induced by an obliquely incident wave on a rotationally symmetric body are considered. The relative surface impedance is independent of the azimuthal angle but may vary along the profile of the scatterer in any plane containing the axis of symmetry; the currents are conveniently expressed in terms of Fourier series of uncoupled terms in the azimuthal angle. Simple integral expressions for the far field are given and a computer code is described and tested on a variety of scatterers. Geometry of scatterer, surface impedance and Fourier harmonics of induced currents are described by splines. The results are in agreement with physical interpretation     

A new numerical approach to the calculation of electromagnetic scattering properties of two-dimensional bodies of arbitrary cross section

A new method is introduced for formulating the scattering problem in which the scattered fields (and the interior fields in the case of a dielectric scatterer) are represented in an expansion in terms of free-space modal wave functions in cylindrical coordinates, the coefficients of which are the unknowns. The boundary conditions are satisfied using either an analytic continuation procedure, in which the far-field pattern (in Fourier series form) is continued into the near field and the boundary conditions are applied at the surface of the scatterer; or the completeness of the modal wave functions, to approximately represent the fields in the interior and exterior regions of the scatterer directly. The methods were applied to the scattering of two-dimensional cylindrical scatterers of arbitrary cross section and only the TM polarization of the excitation is considered. The solution for the coefficients of the modal wave functions are obtained by inversion of a matrix which depends only on the shape and material of the scatterer. The methods are illustrated using perfectly conducting square and elliptic cylinders and elliptic dielectric cylinders. A solution to the problem of multiple scattering by two conducting scatterers is also obtained using only the matrices characterizing each of the single scatterers. As an example, the method is illustrated by application to a two-body configuration.     

Conservative Polarimetric Scatterers and Their Role in Incorrect Extensions of the Cameron Decomposition

The properties of conservative symmetric polarimetric scatterer scattering matrices are examined. It is shown that the unambiguous rotation angle for "conservative" symmetric polarimetric scatterers is the interval (-pi/4,+pi/4] as compared with (-pi/2,+pi/2] for nonconservative symmetric scatterers. Errors relating to the Cameron decomposition, which are recently introduced into the literature, are discussed. It is demonstrated that these errors arise from a faulty symmetric scatterer scattering matrix distance measure. This, in turn, leads to an improper mapping of the symmetric scatterer unit disk to a hemisphere. The correct mapping of the symmetric scatterer unit disk to the symmetric scatterer unit sphere is described     

EM propagation and backscattering discrete model for medium of sparsely distributed lossy random particles

Electromagnetic wave propagation and backscattering from a random medium are studied. The random medium is modeled by discrete lossy dielectric scatterers, for which the dyadic scattering amplitudes and orientation statistics are known. A method is developed to compute the propagation and backscattering coefficients. The technique is valid for scatterers having characteristic dimensions comparable to a wavelength. The procedure is valid when the albedo of individual scatterers is small, that is, when the scatterers are highly absorbing. Numerical calculations for the propagation and backscattering coefficients are presented, and compared with the literature.     

A Novel Spatially Correlated Multiuser MIMO Channel Modeling: Impact of Surface Roughness

A novel approach for modeling multiuser multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) channels is proposed. Here, the scatterers are modeled as random rough surfaces: Any point on rough surfaces scatters the incident wave into any given direction with certain probability. This leads to correlation across different spatially distributed users. The paper derives closed form expressions for the intra-user (point-to-point) and inter-user (multiuser) correlation of pair-wise channel coefficients. It is observed that the distance of users relative to the scatterer surfaces as well as the degree of roughness impact the correlation region. The technique is applied to both non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios. It is observed that LOS signals drastically boost the correlation of the channel coefficients.      

A theory of wave scattering from an inhomogeneous layer with an irregular interface

Bistatic wave scattering from a layer of Rayleigh scatterers with an irregular interface is investigated by combining the doubling method in volume scattering with the Kirchhoff method in rough surface scattering. Theoretical results are shown illustrating the effect of the rough interface. It is found that for scattered and incident angles near the vertical, the rough interface causes a substantial increase relative to the plane interface in both the like and cross-scattering coefficients over all azimuth angles. However, for large scattered and incident angles, the reverse is true except for azimuth angles around the specular direction. It is interesting to note that while one dominant peak of the like polarized scattering coefficient occurs along the specular direction, two dominant peaks of the cross-polarized scattering coefficient may appear symmetrically with respect to the specular direction. In backscattering, the surface roughness causes a peak to appear in both the like and cross-scattering coefficients at near vertical incidence and also a decrease of these coefficients at large incidence angles.     

Fading model for antenna array receiver for a ring-type cluster of scatterers

This correspondence presents an alternate method for simulating the time-varying flat fading wireless channels for the antenna array receivers, in which the discrete ring of scatterers is incorporated around the mobile transmitter to model the spreading of azimuth. The ring-type cluster of scatterers continuously changes due to the movement of the mobile unit. Under this time-varying environment, each scatterer, at successive stages of the ring, is correlated with the scatterers at preceding stages of the ring using the second-order Markov modelling. The correlation of fading waveforms generated with the proposed paradigm is compared with the expected analytical correlation, which clearly depicts that the simulation results are consistent with the findings based on Jakes’ model.     

Feasibility of compact ranges for near-zone measurements

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of using compact range reflector systems to make near-zone radiation or scattering measurements. This can be achieved by designing the compact range to provide a uniform spherical wave incident upon the antenna or scatterer under test. The basic design technique is demonstrated using the Scientific Atlanta reflector system which has been modified by adding an elliptic rolled edge to improve the uniformity of the incident wave. The near-zone range design is validated (from around 50 ft range to the far zone) by probing the field in the measurement volume and by comparing measured backscattering patterns from a circular cylinder with those calculated by the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). All the advantages of a conventional far-zone compact range are now made available by our demonstrated variable-zone (adjustable continuously from 50 ft to infinity) compact range.     

A phase matrix for a dense discrete random medium: evaluation ofvolume scattering coefficient

In the derivation of the conventional scattering phase matrix of a discrete random medium, the far-field approximation is usually assumed. In this paper, the phase matrix of a dense discrete random medium is developed by relaxing the far-field approximation and accounting for the effect of volume fraction and randomness properties characterized by the variance and correlation function of scatterer positions within the medium. The final expression for the phase matrix differs from the conventional one in two major aspects: there is an amplitude and a phase correction. The concept used in the derivation is analogous to the antenna array theory. The phase matrix for a collection of scatterers is found to be the Stokes matrix of the single scatterer multiplied by a dense medium phase correction factor. The close spacing amplitude correction appears inside the Stokes matrix. When the scatterers are uncorrelated, the phase correction factor approaches unity. The phase matrix is used to calculate the volume scattering coefficients for a unit volume of spherical scatterers, and the results are compared with calculations from other theories, numerical simulations, and laboratory measurements. Results indicate that there should be a distinction between physically dense medium and electrically dense medium