传热规律、热漏和内不可逆性对吸收式热泵循环性能的影响

建立了考虑泵热空间到环境热源的热漏、工质循环的内部不可逆性以及工质与热源之间传热Q∝△(T^a)服从传热规律时的不可逆四热源吸收式热泵循环模型,导出了循环泵热率和泵热系数的一般关系;并导出了线性唯象传热定律时循环泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、性能极值、循环中工质的最佳工作温度和换热器传热面积的最佳分配关系;通过数值耸例分析了传热规律、热漏和内不可逆性对循环性能的影响规律,比较了传热面积最优分配前后循环的最优性能。     

中高温热泵工质应用的现状与选择

为了消除现有热泵技术利用温度比较低,对于高温的工业余热和地热尾水利用率低的问题,指出中高温热泵工质技术替代常温热泵技术的必要性。介绍热泵系统的组成部分、中高温热泵工质的循环特性、热泵工质对环境的影响以及中高温热泵工质的研究现状。中高温热泵提高了热泵的工作温度,扩大了低位热能资源的回收和供热范围。     

不可逆吸收式热泵循环的基本优化关系及性能分析

在恒温热源内可逆四热源吸收式热泵循环的基础上，建立了线性(牛顿)传热定律下考虑泵热空间到环境热源的热漏、工质的内部耗散以及工质与外部热源间的热阻损失的不可逆吸收式热泵循环模型。导出了总换热面积一定的条件下循环的泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、最大泵热率和相应的泵热系数、最大泵热系数和相应的泵热率、以及循环中最佳工质工作温度和最佳换热面积分配关系；并通过数值算例分析了循环参数对循环最优性能的影响规律。     

高温热泵系统稳态仿真

针对水-水高温热泵实验台建立了系统稳态仿真模型.模型输入参数为系统结构参数和载热流体参数,输出参数则为系统性能参数和换热器温度场.采用P-T状态方程计算工质相平衡性质,故模型适用于新型纯质和混合工质.在压缩机建模中,根据实验数据辨识拟合了压缩机容积效率、定熵效率和热效率,在两器模型中考虑了压降和输运性质对换热过程的影响...     

中高温热泵混合工质R13I1/R290/R600a替代R134a的理论研究

针对普通R134a热泵制取中高温热水过程中存在的冷凝压力过高、系统效率低、不环保及无法直接替代等问题,提出一种新型中高温热泵混合工质R13I1/R290/R600a。建立基于该工质的热力循环模型,计算该循环的热力特性。结合气象数据,对其进行多工况计算并与已有的工质R134a、MIX1和MIX2对比分析。研究结果表明该新型混合工质的循环性能与同模型常温热泵工况下R134a的循环性质大致相同,且其环境性能优良:ODP为零,GWP小于20,温度滑移小于4℃。单位容积制热量略低于R134a,分别比MIX1和MIX2平均高16.7%、1.3%;COP分别比R134a、MIX1和MIX2平均高9.2%、4.1%和0.7%。综合循环性能较对比工质更优越,适用于冷凝温度为70～90℃,循环温升低于75℃的热泵工况。     

基于海底黑烟囱的海洋温差发电热力循环系统研究

与传统的海洋温差发电系统不同,海底黑烟囱海洋温差发电系统是以海洋地热为热源,以深海冷水为冷源的发电系统。文章分别分析和计算了以水蒸气为工质的开式系统和以纯氨为工质的闭式系统的循环热效率、换热器负荷、泵耗以及循环净功等相关参数。结果表明,与以纯氨为工质的闭式系统相比,开式系统的热水泵功耗过大,降低高温海水的温度和提高闪蒸压力对开式系统是不利的;以水蒸气为动力循环工质有利于降低换热器的负荷,这对换热器的设计是十分有利的。     

中冷回热燃气轮机循环换热器热导率最优分配——生态学性能优化

用有限时间热力学方法优化恒温热源条件下闭式中冷回热燃气轮机循环的生态学性能,计入工质与高低温侧换热器、回热器以及中冷器之间的热阻损失、压气机内不可逆压缩和涡轮内部不可逆膨胀损失,导出了循环生态学函数解析式,通过数值计算优化各换热器热导率分配以及中间压比和总压比,得到了循环最优生态学性能.     

工业热泵

本书作者系奥地利Graz工业大学工艺研究所F.Moser与H.Schnitzer.Elsevier科学出版公司1985年出版。 全书共五章。第一章为前言。第二章为热泵理论,包括一般背景、热泵比较准则、热泵循环描述、热泵工质与吸收偶、热泵压缩机与驱动等五节。第三章为热泵在单元操作中的应用,包括脱水流程中的热泵、蒸馏中的热泵、干燥与减湿操作中的热泵、具有热泵的一般的与综合的热回收等四节。第四章为实例研究与运转系统,包括化工与石油化工、纸浆与造纸     

基于R125工质热泵循环的理论分析

通过对热泵循环流程的分析,构建了带有回热器热泵的数理模型.理论分析了以R125为工质的热泵系统,并对R125及几种热泵工质在标准工况和变工况下的循环性能进行了系统的理论计算及分析.结果表明,在标准工况下,R125制热系数优于R22,是极有潜力的热泵替代工质.     

一种海洋能及风能联合发电装置

文章提出了一种利用海洋温差能和风能联合发电的方法及装置。利用海洋表层的热海水加热低沸点工质,使之蒸发．送入汽轮机推动汽轮发电机组做功发电,汽轮机排出的工质乏气用海洋深层的冷海水冷凝为液态,再用热海水加热,送入汽轮机,使之蒸发,推动汽轮机发电机组做功发电,如此循环,持续发电;并且利用洋面风力发电,并用该电力驱动热泵装置．由热泵装置的媒质将工质的温度进一步提高．增大工质体积膨胀率;由热泵装置的媒质将冷海水的温度进一步降低．再用该低温海水去冷凝工质乏气,增强对工质乏汽的冷凝效果。该装置既需要用到小型透平,又需要用到风力发电装置．十分适合公司发展。     

Exergy analysis of latent heat storage systems with sensible heating and subcooling of PCM

The effect of sensible heating of the phase-change material (PCM) before melting and subcooling after solidification, on the performance of the latent heat storage system (LHSS), is studied in terms of first- and second-law efficiencies for the overall charge–discharge cycle. The external heat transfer irreversibilities on account of the interaction between the heat transfer fluid and the storage element are characterized and the optimum phase-change temperature for maximum second-law efficiency is studied. The performance of the LHSS operation is assessed with and without sensible heating before melting and subcooling after solidification. It is observed that the optimum phase-change temperature is higher, and, the overall second-law efficiency is greater for LHSS with sensible heating and subcooling beyond a certain phase-change temperature compared to latent heat storage alone. In addition, the first-law overall efficiency is found to exhibit a minimum and a pre-heated discharge stream is shown to result in a substantial improvement of the second-law efficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theoretical thermodynamic analysis of Rankine power cycle with thermal driven pump

A new approach to improve the performance of supercritical carbon dioxide Rankine cycle which uses low temperature heat source is presented. The mechanical pump in conventional supercritical carbon dioxide Rankine cycle is replaced by thermal driven pump. The concept of thermal driven pump is to increase the pressure of a fluid in a closed container by supplying heat. A low grade heat source is used to increase the pressure of the fluid instead of a mechanical pump, this increase the net power output and avoid the need for mechanical pump which requires regular maintenance and operational cost. The thermal driven pump considered is a shell and tube heat exchanger where the working fluid is contained in the tube, a tube diameter of 5 mm is chosen to reduce the heating time. The net power output of the Rankine cycle with thermal driven pump is compared to that of Rankine cycle with mechanical pump and it is observed that the net power output is higher when low grade thermal energy is used to pressurize the working fluid. The thermal driven pump consumes additional heat at low temperature (60 °C) to pressurize the working fluid.     

太阳能辅助供暖的地源热泵经济性分析

在冬季土壤温度较低，而且以热负荷为主的北方地区，若完全采用地源热泵来供暖，则地热换热器和机组的初投资均比较高，连续运行的效率也较低，因此，可利用太阳能集热器作为辅助能源。白天完全依靠地源热泵供暖，夜间利用太阳能集热器蓄存的热量，使地热换热器与太阳能集热器串联运行，通过分析比较，该方案比完全用地源热泵供暖更经济。     

风能辅助供暖的地源热泵系统经济性分析

以热负荷为主的北方地区,冬季土壤温度较低,若完全采用地源热泵来供暖,则地热换热器和机组的初投资均比较高,连续运行的效率也较低.提出利用风力发电机产生的电能构成风能集热器作为地源热泵供暖的辅助能源的构想.白天完全依靠地源热泵供暖,夜间利用风能集热器辅助加热,使地热换热器与风能集热器串联运行.通过分析比较,该方案比完全用地...     

Energy consumption of a residential building: comparison of conventional and RES-based systems

The energy needs of a typical one-family house in the Thessaloniki area for heating, cooling and domestic hot water production are calculated. The calculations are based on the typical average daily consumption of hot water and on the degree-day method for heating and cooling. The results are finally translated into thermal energy consumption, assuming the typical Greek situation (heating with diesel oil boilers and conventional radiators, cooling with local air-to-air split-type heat pumps and hot water production with electric heaters). The same energy needs are assumed to be covered by a vertical closed loop ground heat exchanger combined with a water-to-water heat pump system with fan-coils for heating and cooling and a thermosyphonic solar system for domestic hot water production. The ground heat exchanger/heat pump system efficiency is determined using data from an existing and continuously monitored similar system installed in the broader area of Thessaloniki. The solar system load coverage is calculated using the f-chart method. The energy consumption of the renewable energy systems is calculated and compared to that of the conventional system. The results prove that significant energy savings can be achieved.     

Limiting performance of vapour compression heat pumps for heating fluids

When a vapour compression heat pump is used to heat a fluid over a range of temperatures the refrigerant cycle may be fundamentally different from a standard Rankine cycle which operates only between isothermal reservoirs. This paper considers two strategies for heating fluids: in one approach the fluid is heated in a single pass condenser; in the other the body of fluid is kept fully mixed at all stages of the heating process. An isothermal source reservoir is assumed and the performance of nine common refrigerants is examined. In the ideal limit the mixed fluid process has a higher COP than the single pass method. But in practice there is likely to be no clear advantage in using a fully mixed sink fluid, especially where the temperature lift is greater than 50°C. The single pass heating process has an advantage under these conditions that lower peak condensing temperatures may generally be achieved than for the mixed fluid heating process.     

Improved underground heat exchanger by using no-dig method for space heating and cooling

This paper describes experiments and analyses on an improved underground heat exchanger by using a no-dig method for the purpose of the cost reduction of a space heating and cooling system using underground thermal energy. First, the improved underground heat exchanger was installed on the campus of Hokkaido University, and it was shown that a ground source heat pump system utilizing the heat exchanger was sufficient for space heating and cooling. Second, evaluation program of the heat exchanger was developed, and the program was verified to give good predictions by comparing with experimental results. As a result of system simulations, an energy reduction for a system installation relative to a conventional vertical earth heat exchanger reached 78%. The primary energy reduction rate including the system installation and operation relative to a typical air source heat pump was 29%.     

供暖用CO2空气源热泵变频运行性能研究

采用压缩机变频、设置回热器与气液分离器辅助加热等技术途径,设计与构建一种供暖用CO2空气源热泵系统。在此基础上,建立响应面模型对供暖用CO2空气源热泵的压缩机运行频率进行优化,以提高供暖用CO2空气源热泵的低温性能。响应曲面法分析结果表明,低温环境下压缩机合理升频运行可有效提高供暖用CO2空气源热泵制热量,虽压缩比增大,但仍能保证压缩机稳定运行。为提高供暖用CO2空气源热泵的性能系数(COP),在低温环境下压缩机可分段变频运行。当环境温度依次为-5、-10及-15℃时,COP最大时对应的压缩机运行频率分别为55、58及60 Hz。     

分液热泵空调系统的制热性能研究

随着热泵空调的普及,热泵空调的能耗占比不断增大,其节能问题成为了关注焦点。换热器对系统性能有着重要的影响,如何通过改进换热器来提升系统性能则成为了研究的热点。其中分液冷凝器作为一种新型的换热设备,能对系统制冷性能产生积极影响。但热泵空调系统在制热工况下,分液冷凝器变成气液分离式蒸发器,其系统制热性能尚未可知。通过实验研究,调整毛细管长度和制冷剂充注量,发现在国家标准工况下分液热泵空调系统的最大制热量比原系统高4.50%,C OP比原系统高7.93%,所对应的毛细管长度为700 mm,制冷剂充注量为700 g。且制冷剂过充注的情况下,分液热泵空调系统的制热性能比较稳定。     

Inverse problem and variation method to optimize cascade heat exchange network in central heating system

Urban heating in northern China accounts for 40％ of total building energy usage.In central heating systems,heat is often transfened from heat source to users by the heat network where several heat exchangers arc installed at heat source,substations and terminals respectively.For given overall heating capacity and heat source temperarure,increasing the terminal fluid temperature is an effective way to improve the thermal performance of such cascade heat exchange network for energy saving.In this paper,the mathematical optimization model of the cascade heat exchange network with three-stage heat exchangers in series is established.Aim at maximizing the cold fluid temperature for given hot fluid temperature and overall heating capacity,the optimal heat exchange area distribution and the medium fluids' flow rates are determined through inverse problem and variation method.The preliminary results show that the heat exchange areas should be distributed equally for each heat exchanger.It also indicates that in order to improve the thernmal performance of the whole system,more heat exchange areas should be allocated to the heat exchanger where flow rate difference between two fluids is relatively small.This work is important for guiding the optimization design of practical cascade heating systems.