TiO_2对连铸保护渣导热性能的影响

运用热线法测试了不同碱度（1.1、1.3）,不同TiO2含量（0～8%,质量分数,下同）的连铸保护渣在不同温度下（400～1 300℃）的热传导系数,并结合DSC和XRD分析结果,探讨了碱度和TiO2含量对保护渣导热性能的影响规律及原因。结果表明：本试验条件下液态渣（1 200～1 300℃）的导热系数为0.27～0....     

Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Ladle Slag Using Transient Hot Wire Method

Thermal conductivities of four different ladle slags were measured at 1773 K, 1823 K, 1873 K, and 1923 K (1500 °C, 1550 °C, 1600 °C, and 1650 °C) using the transient hot wire method. Very good reproducibility was obtained. The thermal conductivity did not vary substantially with the variation of slag composition at 1873 K and 1923 K (1600 °C and 1650 °C), at which the slags were all entirely liquid. The thermal conductivities were low. It was found that the precipitation of solid phase resulted in considerable increase of thermal conductivity.     

The Effects of Composition and Microstructure on the Thermal Conductivity of Liquid-Phase-Sintered W-Cu

Liquid-phase sintering of high-purity, submicron, co-reduced W-15Cu powders at temperatures of 1463 to 1623 K (1190 to 1350 °C) produces W grain sizes ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 μm while maintaining less than 2 pct porosity. Measured thermal conductivities of 185 to 221 W/(m·K) are related to the grain size and contiguity, which ranged from 0.51 to 0.62. The effects of composition and microstructure on thermal conductivity are further investigated with a model based on a computational cell that allows adjustment of the grain shape to produce selected matrix volume fractions and contiguities. The model considers porosity, the effects of transition metal impurities on the thermal conductivities of the W and Cu phases, and the role of an interfacial resistance between W grains. The effects of grain size and contiguity on thermal conductivity are shown for thermal boundary conductances ranging from 0 to 1.7 × 10¹⁰ W/(m²·K). Comparison of the model predictions with those of prior models, the experimental results, and previously reported thermal conductivities shows that impurities are highly detrimental to the thermal conductivity, but the thermal boundary conductance is a significant factor for high-purity W-Cu.     

Measurement of oxygen potentials in Ag-Pb system employing oxygen sensor

Accurate and instantaneous analysis of dissolved nonmetallic or metallic species in molten metals at elevated temperatures using an online electrochemical sensor is important for continuous process control during metal refining and alloying operations in metallurgical industries. In this article, the application of long-life, solid-state electrochemical sensors for oxygen has been demonstrated to measure the oxygen potential as a function of the lead concentration in a molten Ag-Pb system at 1323 K. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in the form of one end-closed tube 20 mm long, 3 mm inner diameter, and 1 mm wall thickness has been used as a solid electrolyte in the oxygen sensor. Electromotive force (EMF) of the solid-state electrochemical cell (−)Pt, Ni-NiO//YSZ//O _Ag-Pb, Mo(+) has been measured at 1323 K. The reference electrode consisted of Ni + NiO biphasic mixture; the working electrode was composed of a molten Ag-Pb alloy of varying concentrations of lead. The concentrations of lead in silver ranged from 0.02 to 10.20 wt pct. Samples of the molten alloy were drawn after each addition of Pb to Ag and analyzed by induction coupled plasma (ICP).     

Measurement and modeling of heat transfer across interfacial mold flux layers

Surface quality problems in continuous cast steel are greatly affected by heat transfer across the interfacial layers in the gap between the solidifying steel shell and the mold. An experimental apparatus has been constructed to measure temperatures in the steel, mold flux layers, and copper under conditions approximating those in continuous casting. The flux solidified in multiple layers similar to those observed from continuous casting molds and contained many gas bubbles. Flux conductivities average about 1.0 W/m·K and appear to evolve with time. Contact resistances at both interfaces are significant and average about 0.0015 m²·K/W. Flux crystallization appears to be the only significant effect of flux composition. The one glassy flux tested had much greater thermal conductivities, presumably due to radiation transport. Temperature and gap thickness had a negligible effect on the properties. These properties depend on the model used to extract them. They are being implemented into a mathematical model to simulate heat transfer in the mold, interface, and solidifying shell of a continuous slab-casting machine.     

Thermal Conductivity of Molten Silicate of Al2O3-CaO-Na2O-SiO2 Measured by Means of a Front Heating-Front Detection Laser Flash Method

Thermal conductivity values have been systematically obtained for molten silicates containing Al₂O₃, CaO, Na₂O, and SiO₂ by means of a front heating-front detection laser flash method. The measurements were made for 13 samples in the temperature range between 1073?K and 1823?K (800?°C and 1550?°C), depending on the composition. Thermal conductivities of the silicate melts are found to be relatively insensitive to the variation of temperature, but they depend on the composition ratio, particularly the ratio of Non-Bridging Oxygen ions per Tetrahedrally coordinated cation??NBO/T. The thermal conductivity values decrease from 2.8?W/mK to 1.5?W/mK with the NBO/T value until it reaches about 1. Thermal conductivity values become constant for silicate melts with a higher value of NBO/T. It is known that the length of the silicate chain decreases with disconnection by the addition of alkaline earth cation or alkaline cation. The strong correlation between thermal conductivity and NBO/T is quite likely to suggest that silicate chain is a preferential path for heat transport in silicate melts.     

生物质多孔碳基复合相变材料制备及性能

目前,通过多孔高导热载体与相变材料复合的方式提升有机复合相变材料综合性能的方法得到广泛应用。多孔碳作为负载能力强,导热性能良好的载体材料成为研究的热点,但如何绿色、廉价、简易地制备出该类载体仍是研究的难点。本文以天然生物质材料松木和竹木为碳源,在梯度温度和氮气气氛下热处理,使生物质材料碳化并进一步发生石墨化转变,制备出生物质天然孔道结构的多孔高导热碳基载体材料。采用真空熔融浸渍法将有机相变材料石蜡和多孔碳基载体材料进行高效复合,制备得到生物质多孔碳/石蜡复合相变材料。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、红外光谱仪（FTIR）、同步热分析仪（TGA）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、拉曼光谱仪（Raman）、压汞分析仪（MIP）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、激光导热仪对载体材料及复合相变材料进行结构表征和性能测试。测试结果表明:生物质多孔碳载体材料孔道结构保存完好,石墨化转变明显,保证了有机相变芯材的高效稳定负载。传热效率上,相比于纯石蜡芯材,以松木和竹木为碳源制得的多孔碳/石蜡复合相变材料热导率分别提高了100%和216%,达到了0.48 W·m?1·K?1和0.76 W·m?1·K?1。在此基础上,通过对比松木和竹木为原料制得的复合相变材料的芯材负载量,相变焓值,热导率的变化,进一步探讨了生物质结构对复合相变材料性能的影响机制。      

Laboratory study of heat transfer through thin layers of casting slag: minimization of the slag/probe contact resistance

The heat flux densities through thin layers of casting slag have been measured with a soft cooling heat flux probe which made smooth probe/slag interfaces. Thus the contact resistance was avoided. The evaluated effective thermal conductivities were applied, together with the data on the contact resistance, to compute the “system conductivities” existing in the continuous casting “system” water cooled copper/slag/strand. The refractive index and absorption spectrum were measured and used to deduce functions for the radiative and conductive (phonon) conductivities. Although precise values could not be obtained, due to the many assumptions involved, the data indicate that the conductive conductivity does not change drastically at high temperatures and on melting.     

Correction on: Laboratory study of heat transfer through thin layers of casting slag: minimization of the slag/probe contact resistance

The heat flux densities through thin layers of casting slag have been measured with a soft cooling heat flux probe which made smooth probe/slag interfaces. Thus the contact resistance was avoided. The evaluated effective thermal conductivities were applied, together with the data on the contact resistance, to compute the “system conductivities” existing in the continuous casting “system” water cooled copper/slag/strand. The refractive index and absorption spectrum were measured and used to deduce functions for the radiative and conductive (phonon) conductivities. Although precise values could not be obtained, due to the many assumptions involved, the data indicate that the conductive conductivity does not change drastically at high temperatures and on melting.     

Comparison of High-Temperature Properties and Thermal Shock Resistance of Austempered Ductile Irons (ADI) with Those of Pearlitic Ductile Cast Irons

High-temperature strength and thermal shock resistance of austempered ductile iron (ADI) in high temperatures because of instability of ausferrite phase has been less interest. The aim of this study is to investigate the tensile properties of ADI and pearlitic ductile cast iron by using the short-time tensile test in high temperatures. Tensile test was conducted in temperatures of 298 K, 673 K, 873 K, and 1073 K (25 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C). Thermal shock test also was conducted by using the molten lead bath at 1273 K (1000 °C). In this experiment, samples of pearlitic ductile cast iron and ADI were divided in two groups; that after immersing in the molten lead bath for 25 seconds, one group was cooled in the air and other one was quenched in the water. Results showed that strength and thermal shock resistance of ADI samples are higher than those of the pearlitic ductile cast iron.     

非水溶剂电还原制取重稀土金属及合金的研究现状及发展

随着重稀土元素对铝、镁、铜、镍及钢铁等金属材料的功能化作用被广泛关注,使得作为战略性资源的重稀土元素在金属合金材料的应用领域拓展空间巨大.在此背景下,作为改性元素的重稀土金属及合金的市场需求必然猛增.由于重稀土单质自身的高熔点,混熔法、真空热还原法一直是生产制备重稀土金属及合金的主要方法,寻求一条低成本、高效、绿色的制备方法则至关重要.由于熔盐电化学还原法在生产低熔点轻稀土及合金工艺方面具有经济、高效等优势,近年来,通过熔盐电解方式直接制取低熔点的重稀土合金成为国内外学者研究的热点,从目前取得进展来看,具有广阔的发展前景.针对国内外重稀土金属及合金的熔盐电解法制取的研究现状进行了评述,从体系物理化学性质、电极过程机理、模拟计算等几个方面做了简要的总结和分析,以期对重稀土合金材料的制备研究提供有益的帮助.      

Thermal Conductivity of Copper-Graphene Composite Films Synthesized by Electrochemical Deposition with Exfoliated Graphene Platelets

Samples of graphene composites with matrix of copper were prepared by electrochemical codeposition from CuSO₄ solution with graphene oxide suspension. The thermal conductivity of the composite samples with different thickness and that of electrodeposited copper was determined by the three-omega method. Copper-graphene composite films with thickness greater than 200 μm showed an improvement in thermal conductivity over that of electrolytic copper from 380 W/m.K to 460 W/m.K at 300 K (27 °C). The thermal conductivity of copper-graphene films decreased from 510 W/m.K at 250 K (–23 °C) to 440 W/m.K at 350 K (77 °C). Effective medium approximation (EMA) was used to model the thermal conductivity of the composite samples and determine the interfacial thermal conductance between copper and graphene. The values of interface thermal conductance greater than 1.2 GW/m².K obtained from the acoustic and the diffuse mismatch models and from the EMA modeling of the experimental results indicate that the interface thermal resistance is not a limiting factor to improve the thermal conductivity of the copper-graphene composites.     

Heat Transfer and Melting Characteristics of Calcium-Cored Wire in Molten Steel

To accurately describe the heat transfer and melting characteristics of a calcium-cored wire in molten steel, the finite difference method is used in theoretical calculations to solve the relationship between the melting temperature, radius, and time. Numerical simulations are performed using the Eulerian–Eulerian method to characterize the temperature distribution at different periods. The results show that the radius of the calcium wire and steel shell both decrease and the melting rate gradually increases. The calcium-cored wire has a fish-scale temperature distribution, with the temperature decreasing from a maximum at the front down to the tail end and increasing outward from the center axis. The temperature of the wire core is 1120 K at 0.272 s, indicating the complete melting of the pure internal calcium. The temperature of the calcium wire–steel shell interface reaches 1793 K at 0.979 s and remains from 1645 to 1757 K at the front of calcium wire. The steel shell melts through, and calcium flows into the molten steel in liquid form. The numerical simulation results generally agree with the theoretical calculations, and the reliability of the model is verified by comparison with published studies.     

Lifetimes and failure mechanisms of w/re hairpin filaments

A life test of tungsten hairpin filaments used in a high-reliability electron beam instrument has been carried out to improve knowledge of filament life and failure mechanisms as a function of temperature. These filaments are made of nonsag tungsten/3 pct rhenium (W/3 pct Re) wire. A steep reduction in filament life is observed at 2760 K, which is not predicted by models which assume thermal evaporation as the principal failure mechanism. Failure analysis of the filaments shows that the sudden loss of life at 2760 K is the result of localized hot-spot formation caused by the accumulation of voids at grain boundaries. Examination of the crystal growth and growth rates indicates that the recrystallization temperature, T_Rec, occurs near 2760 K for the nonsag W/3 pct Re wire used in these filaments. This suggests that void accumulation acts as the principal, life-limiting failure mechanism; spontaneous recrystallization at 2760 K increases the rate of void growth and causes a severe reduction of filament life.     

The evaporation rates and mechanisms of cadmium from a bubble-stirred molten copper bath

Experiments to determine the evaporation rates and aerosol formation mechanism of cadmium in molten copper at atmospheric pressure have been carried out. A small amount of cadmium (∼1 wt pct) was added to molten copper at 1473 K and allowed to evaporate while bubbling 750 and 1500 cm³/min of argon through the melt. Melt samples were periodically taken and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy (ICP/MS) to determine their impurity content. A theoretical model to predict the evaporation rates of solutes from molten metals was developed and compared to the experimental results. Excellent correlation between experiment and theory was found for the cadmiumcopper system. The model has been extended to other solutes and also to molten Fe-3 (wt pct) C at 1873 K as a solvent.     

锆合金热挤压用防护润滑剂的试制与性能

为满足锆合金热挤压时的润滑与防护需求,试制了一种锆合金热挤压用防护润滑剂,主要成分包括有机硅树脂、低软化点玻璃粉、氧化铝粉、二硫化钼、石墨粉、滑石粉、云母粉等。实验温度为700～800 ℃时,采用圆环压缩法测得涂覆有润滑剂的Zr-4合金摩擦因子为0.19～0.25,润滑效果良好。将有润滑剂防护的锆合金分别加热至700、800和900 ℃并保温1 h,未发生明显氧化,热防护性能良好。测定了有、无润滑剂条件下Zr-4合金和H13模具钢的界面接触温度随接触时间的变化曲线。当Zr-4合金和H13钢的初始界面温度分别约为700 ℃和350 ℃时,无润滑剂时Zr-4合金表面温度达到稳定的时间为7.7 s,界面换热系数由250 W·m?2·℃?1增大至2700 W·m?2·℃?1;有润滑剂时Zr-4合金表面温度达到稳定的时间延长至12 s,界面换热系数由131 W·m?2·℃?1增大至1900 W·m?2·℃?1。这表明该润滑剂具有较好的高温热障性能。      

Preliminary evaluation of tensile and stress-rupture behavior of W + 24 At. Pct Re + 0.4 At. Pct HfC wire

The tensile properties of hafnium carbide-dispersed tungsten-rhenium alloy wire, W + 24 at. pct Re + 0.4 at. pct HfC (W24ReHfC), were studied from liquid nitrogen temperature (LN₂) to 1750 K and its stress-rupture behavior determined from 1144 to 1500 K. These results are compared to previous data on W + 4 at. pct Re + 0.4 at. pct HfC (W4ReHfC) and W + 0.4 at. pct HfC (WHfC) wire.[5] The room-temperature (RT) tensile strength of the W24ReHfC wire was about 3250 MPa and higher than that of the W4ReHfC (3160 MPa) and WHfC (2250 MPa) wires. The RT ductility of the W24ReHfC wire was quite high with a 50 pct reduction of area, whereas the W4ReHfC wire and the WHfC wire had RT ductilities of 28 and 2 pct, respectively. At temperatures of 1144 to 1366 K, the W24ReHfC wire had tensile strengths favorably comparable to the W4ReHfC and WHfC wires. However, above 1366 K, the W4ReHfC wire had both a greater tensile strength and stress-rupture strength than the W24ReHfC wire. The main contributions to the strengthening of the W24ReHfC wire were the fine and elongated fibrous grain microstructures and the dispersion of the HfC particles in the W-Re matrix. These properties suggested that the W24ReHfC wires hold promise as potential fiber reinforcements in composites from RT to about 1350 K.     

Continuous Extraction of Nickel from Superalloy Scraps Using Zinc Circulation

A novel technique for the continuous extraction of nickel (Ni) from Ni-based superalloy scraps using molten zinc (Zn) has been proposed, and its feasibility was experimentally demonstrated. The newly developed approach allows for extraction of Ni metal directly from superalloy scraps with simultaneous separation of the Zn from the resulting Zn-Ni alloy. The optimal conditions for the extraction of Ni and separation of valuable elements such as rhenium (Re), tantalum (Ta), and tungsten (W) were determined by varying major process parameters including the reaction time and configuration of the reaction chamber. The proposed method has been successfully utilized for the production of the superalloy containing 62.8 mass pct of Ni and 15.5 mass pct of refractory metals (Re, W, and Ta). Under certain conditions, 41 pct of the Ni contained in the superalloy could be extracted at 1173 K (900 °C) over 48 hours, producing an alloy containing 84.0 mass pct of Ni and 0.2 mass pct of the refractory metals.     

含铌铁水预处理脱硅保铌的研究

 为防止铁水预处理脱硅过程中脱铌,通过中频感应电炉底吹氧气冶炼含铌铁水,研究了铁水预处理吹氧过程中不加渣和加入造渣剂吹炼过程中脱硅保铌的行为及铁水中各元素含量的变化规律。试验结果表明：在铁水温度1623K加入碱度为4的CaO-SiO2-CaF2的造渣剂、供氧强度为0. 5m3/(t·min)时吹氧冶炼,铁水中的硅含量降低到0. 012%(质量分数,下同)时,铌才开始氧化,脱硫率为83%,磷含量不变;在相同的温度和供氧强度,不加造渣剂吹炼时,铁水中的硅降低至0. 16%时,铌开始氧化,硫和磷含量不变;有渣吹炼脱硅保铌终点硅含量是无渣吹炼脱硅保铌终点硅含量的10%,显著脱硫。     

Electrical conductivity measurement of 80%CaF2- 10%CaO- 10%SiO2 melt by CVCC method

A pyrolytic boron nitride (PBN) tube was employed to build capillary- type conductance cell. The electrical conductivities of 80%CaF2- 10%CaO- 10%SiO2 molten slag at 1663, 1693, 1723 and 1753K were measured by continuously varying cell constant (CVCC) method in a graphite crucible, and their values are 453, 459, 473 and 485S/m, respectively. According to Arrhenius equation, the activation energy of conductivity is around 18. 9 kJ/mol by fitting measured values with the least square method. The measured electrical conductivity and the conductivity activation energy reasonably match with the values reported in relevant literatures. It can be inferred that the electrical conductivity of 80%CaF2- 10%CaO- 10%SiO2 molten slag could be feasibly measured by CVCC method in PBN capillary- type conductance cell.