TiC-VC免预热耐磨堆焊焊条

采用H0 8A焊芯 ,钛铁、钒铁、人造金红石和石墨等药皮组分 ,研制了新型耐磨、免预热堆焊焊条。通过扫描电镜 (SEM)、能谱分析 (EDAX)、磨粒磨损试验、焊条工艺性能试验以及硬度测试 ,系统地研究了焊条药皮组分对堆焊层耐磨性、抗裂性、工艺性能及堆焊层组织结构的影响。试验结果表明 ,通过电弧高温冶金反应 ,,药皮中Fe -Ti、Fe-V与石墨反应生成TiC、VC硬质相 ,并弥散分布于低碳马氏体 残余奥氏体的基体上 ,堆焊层具有良好的耐磨性和抗裂性 ,焊前不预热 ,连续堆焊堆焊层不产生裂纹。Fe-Ti、Fe -V与石墨的加入量对堆焊层耐磨性、硬度以及工艺性能影响很大 ,随着钛铁、钒铁、石墨量增加 ,堆焊层硬度、耐磨性增加。但药皮中钛铁超过 18%后焊条工艺性能变差 ,石墨超过 12 %后 ,堆焊层耐磨性降低     

大型冷冲模铸铁镶块堆焊焊条的研制及应用

确定了适合于大型冷冲模镶块刃口堆焊的焊条的合金成分．并给出了其比较合理的焊芯和药皮化学成分；测试了新焊条堆焊层金属的化学成分、硬度、硬度梯度、金相组织，其结果均满足在铸铁基体上堆焊制造冷冲模镶块的要求．具有良好的焊接工艺性能。与常用冷冲模堆焊焊条D322相比．在相同条件下，新型焊条的耐磨性能优于D322。     

高铬铸铁芯焊条堆焊层组织分析

基于焊芯过渡合金元素的技术思路,研制了高铬合金铸铁同质堆焊焊条．分析了不同药皮堆焊焊条的堆焊层组织及性能,定量表征了合金元素的过渡系数．结果表明,通过焊芯过渡合金元素的高铬合金铸铁堆焊焊条可获得组织和性能均匀的堆焊层．合金过渡系数高于85％．碱性药皮堆焊焊条堆焊层为亚共晶成分高铬合金铸铁,组织由奥氏体γ＋马氏体M＋碳化物Cr7C3组成．堆焊层硬度为44．5～56．5HRC．碱性石墨化型药皮堆焊焊条堆焊层组织由初生碳化物Cr7C3＋马氏体M＋碳化物Fe7C3＋少量石墨G组成,堆焊层硬度可达59～67HRC．     

合金溜槽堆焊焊条的正交设计

运用正变法确定了合金溜槽堆焊焊条的药皮组成，并研究了其工艺性能、冶金性能和堆焊层的机械性能；经反复试验获得了较为理想的焊条药皮配方，所设计的新焊条不但具有较佳的工艺性能，而且堆焊层中合金元素的含量达到了设计要求。     

耐磨耐热堆焊焊条的研制

介绍了结合工厂实际开发的耐磨耐热堆焊焊条焊芯和药皮的基本组成；采用该焊条进行了耐磨堆焊工艺试验；对堆焊金属进行了硬度测试和耐磨性试验；观察了堆焊金属的抗裂情况。试验结果表明：研制的耐磨堆焊焊条满足了工厂的实际需要。     

不锈钢焊条药皮发红、开裂问题的初步研究

不锈钢焊条,由于焊芯的电阻和膨胀系数大,在施焊过程中药皮易发红、开裂,恶化了工艺性能。有的焊条只熔化2/3或3/4,药皮即自行脱落,影响焊接继续进行,造成很大浪费。因此,研究解决这类焊条的药皮发红、开裂问题,对改善其工艺性能是极有意义的。     

Cr-Mn抗气蚀堆焊焊条

设计了一种Cr-Mn合金系统抗气蚀堆焊焊务,合金元素通过药皮向堆焊层中过渡.运用正交试验法对药皮配方进行了优化.对所设计焊条的工艺性能、熔敷金属的化学成分、堆焊层硬度和金相组织进行了分析.试验结果表明,焊条工艺性能良好,堆焊层加工硬化作用显著,能够满足抗气蚀性能的要求.     

利用废刀头制造高速钢焊条堆焊刀具

高速钢堆焊正在我国各工厂迅速推广,由于没有大量的高速钢焊条,致使不能迅速推广使用。我厂利用已报废之高速钢刀头,試制成功高速钢焊条。这种焊条不但充分利用废高速钢,而且制造焊条手續簡單,不需特殊工具。曾堆焊割刀、車刀、滾絲机工件定位塊等,經过生产实践証明,質量符合要求,其切削性能与普通高速钢刀具相同。制造高速钢焊条普通有二种方法:一种用高速钢作焊芯,塗保护性药皮;另一种用低碳钢絲作焊芯,外塗     

热作模具钢堆焊焊条的研制

对3Cr3Mo3W2V焊条的药皮组成、堆焊工艺、堆焊层组织进行了探讨。焊条焊芯采用3Cr4Mo2V1的φ4mm焊丝，并在药皮中加入了钨粉、钼铁，向堆焊层中过渡钨和钼合金元素，以获得与3Cr3Mo3W2V相近的化学成分。结果表明：采用所研制的焊条堆焊，经热处理基本达到3Cr3Mo3W2V热作模具的工作要求。     

超大电流焊接时药皮不易脱落的不锈钢焊条

采用平板堆焊、工艺参数实测对比、宏观观测分析等试验方法,研究超大电流焊接时不锈钢焊条药皮与焊芯间形成的熔化组织特性、药皮温升脱落机理,以及控制药皮脱落原理,实测了专用焊条的药皮抗脱落性和综合工艺性等指标.结果表明,新型专用不锈钢焊条在超大电流下焊接时,后段焊条药皮部分区域被熔化,生成的蜂窝状组织与焊芯氧化层形成牢固结合层.随焊接电流超大化增加,新型专用A焊条药皮抗脱落性优于对比用C焊条,关键原因是前者药皮在高温时形成的蜂窝状组织在起作用.超大电流焊接时,不锈钢焊条药皮脱落受三个条件的控制,一是焊芯的电阻大、温升高、线膨胀系数大;二是药皮的高温塑性变形性能差;三是焊芯与药皮间的结合层过早被分离.上述条件中.一是药皮脱落的必要条件,二和三则是充分条件,二者缺一不可.基于文中提出的控制药皮温升脱落对策,研制的"在特大电流下焊接时药皮不脱落的专用不锈钢焊条",在"苛刻要求"产品中应用获得了满意的使用效果.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。