热聚法合成双环戊二烯石油树脂

采用精馏分离工艺提取乙烯裂解副产物C5馏分中的双环戊二烯（DCPD），利用DCPD馏分与溶剂油按一定比例混合，在一定温度和压力的条件下通过自由基聚合反应得到双环戊二烯石油树脂，研究了反应温度、恒温搅拌时间及不同溶剂等对双环戊二烯石油树脂质量的影响，确定了双环戊二烯石油树脂热聚合温度、压力、老化时间等工艺条件。     

双环戊二烯的生产、应用及市场预测

随着我国石化工业的迅速发展，C5馏分中的重要组成双环戊二烯（DCPD）的开发利用已成为石化深加工的一个重要领域。 1生产 习双环戊二烯一般由炼焦副产的煤焦油中苯头馏分或乙烯裂解副产的c5馏分分离得到，目前主要来源于C5馏分分离，一般以石脑油或轻柴油为裂解原料的C5馏分产率较高。     

C5及其产品色谱分析条件的优化

采用自制的不同膜厚SE30毛细管色谱柱,对C5馏分及其产品的气相色谱分析条件进行优化．利用正戊烷、正十二烷在不同载气线速度下,对不同膜厚、不同柱温的SE-30毛细管色谱柱的柱效进行考察,并在最佳线速度和最佳膜厚条件下建立C5馏分及其产品的色谱分析方法．SE-30毛细管色谱柱的最佳线速度为12～16cm／s,C5馏分分析的最佳膜厚为0．6μm,双环戊二烯分析的最佳膜厚为0．3μm．所建立分析方法有效地分离了C5原料,产品为异戊二烯、间戊二烯及双环戊二烯．     

双环戊二烯的应用及市场前景

由乙烯裂解副产C5馏分中的双环戊二烯可以开发出许多有价值的产品。2001年世界双环戊二烯的生产能力约为450kt／a,国内总生产能力为7．6kt／a,产量为3．38kt。目前,国内85％的粗双环戊二烯价格为2800～3200元／t,96％以上的高纯度双环戊二烯价格为8000-8500元／t。对双环戊二烯产业发展提出了建议。     

双环戊二烯在有机高分子合成材料中的应用研究

由乙烯裂解副产C5馏分中的双环戊二烯可以开发出许多有价值的产品.2001年世界双环戊二烯的生产能力约为450 kt/a,国内总生产能力为7.6 kt/a,产量为3.38 kt/a.本文介绍了双环戊二烯的生产方法及其在高分子材料合成领域的应用.     

热聚型石油树脂研究

以乙烯裂解副产物C5馏分经过分离装置处理得到的活性组分双环戊二烯 (DCPD)为原料、与脱环C5馏分和C9馏分混合 ,通过热聚合的方法生产出兼有C5石油树脂性质和C9石油树脂性质的优良树脂。简介了产品生产工艺及热聚方案 ,讨论了反应温度、C9原料以及DCPD含量对热聚型石油树脂的收率、软化点及色相的影响。     

乙烯装置副产C5的综合利用

介绍乙烯剐产C5馏分中异戊二烯、环戊二烯和间戊二烯的利用及其主要下游产品的市场前景.     

乙烯装置副产C_5的综合利用

介绍乙烯副产C5馏分中异戊二烯、环戊二烯和间戊二烯的利用及其主要下游产品的市场前景。     

裂解C9分离聚合的研究

裂解C9馏分是乙烯装置的副产物,本文是利用裂解C9馏分分离出的双环戊二烯及140℃前馏分在实验室合成热聚石油树脂。     

活性组分含量对阳离子聚合C9石油树脂的影响

以纯组分模拟C9物系为原料,研究了C9馏分中的主要活性组分含量对阳离子聚合C9石油树脂性能的影响,并利用FT-IR对不同双环戊二烯含量下合成的C9石油树脂进行表征。结果显示,C9馏分中茚和双环戊二烯含量的增加均可提高树脂的软化点,但组分中的双环戊二烯参与聚合,会导致树脂中存在大量不稳定的不饱和双键,容易被热氧降解,进而严重影响色度。     

民用工业中复合材料桁架的应用和发展

本文叙述了复合材料桁架的构造、分类和计算方法,突出了复合材料桁架的优越性能和在民用工业中的应用前景;在分析大量文献资料的基础上阐述复合材料桁架杆件的多种加工工艺,并比较不同截面形式对杆件性能的影响;探讨复合材料杆件的破坏机理和分析方法,介绍节点的类型和各自的特点,提出节点及连接部位存在的关键问题;根据国内外复合材料桁架的研究和应用现状,阐述了复合材料桁架的性能和不同的设计方法,总结归纳影响复合材料桁架性能的关键因素和设计中存在的一些问题,并提出改进杆件设计、节点设计和优化复合材料桁架的建议。     

生物质热解制生物油及其提质研究现状

生物质能源作为可再生能源的重要组成部分,其综合高效利用在能源替代与补充、保护生态环境等方面具有重要的战略意义。生物油是生物质通过热裂解技术获得的液体产物,具有能量密度较高、环境友好、可再生及可直接输送等优点,可替代传统化石燃料推广使用,解决日益严重的能源紧缺与环境污染等问题。生物质热解制油技术的开发与利用,已成为新世纪可持续能源研究领域的重要课题之一。总结了近年来生物质热解制油技术的主要研究进展,重点关注热解反应器、催化热解技术与生物油的提质利用方面的研究,介绍了碱金属、氧化物和分子筛3种生物质热解催化剂,以及乳化、催化加氢、催化裂解、催化酯化和重整制氢5种生物质提质方法,最后对生物质热解技术的现状及发展趋势进行了总结和概括。     

Environment and colour: The technological interface

Technology and colour are viewed as interfaces between the environment, humans and human activity. Examples are provided of ways of facilitating and improving access to and use of colours by commercial users of colour coatings through improvements in the accuracy of measuring and displaying colour. By analogy, the task of providing effective interfaces within the coatings industry, between the coatings industry and the environment and between the coatings industry and the public and political domain are discussed. Examples of information shortfalls are cited to illustrate how distortions arise. Examples of more effective, integrated technological, organisational and political interfacing are culled from the author's experiences.     

Mechanical Means of Enhancing Drying Rates: Effect on Drying Kinetics and Quality

The effect of various pretreatments on drying kinetics as well as quality parameters of selected vegetables and fruits was studied experimentally in a convective dryer. The pretreatments tested include application of pinholes and drilled holes of different diameters and densities, blanching and freezing. Potato, cassava, dragon fruit and red chilli were used as the sample drying materials. As expected, increase of the diameter and density of the holes under fixed drying conditions increased the drying rate. Samples with drilled holes showed better drying performance than those with pinholes. The improvement of the drying rate was found to be dependent on the physical properties and the initial moisture content of the material. Results show that the drying performance of the products that possess a skin of low moisture diffusivity, such as chilli, can be improved significantly by blanching and making perforations in the skin. Overall changes of color and volume shrinkage during drying of the samples with and without holes were similar. The effect of different modes of heat input, such as convection, conduction and radiation, on the drying performance of the treated samples was also experimentally investigated. On-off type controllers were used to regulate the power of the heaters and maintain the product temperature within a range of pre-set values. Convection combined with radiation displayed the highest drying rate.     

颗粒介质用机械密封热力耦合变形及摩擦磨损研究

在含有颗粒介质的工作环境中下,硬质材料配对机械密封环的热力耦合变形和摩擦磨损对机械密封的泄漏和使用寿命起着至关重要的作用。考虑动静环和颗粒介质的摩擦,试验测定了摩擦系数,建立了动静环热力耦合的有限元计算模型,研究了WC-Co硬质合金和无压烧结碳化硅（SSiC）陶瓷两种硬质材料密封的温度场和端面变形规律,分析了不同工况下的密封间隙变化规律。试验测试分析了密封环温度、磨损前后的泄漏及表面粗糙度,讨论了端面的磨损机理,验证了计算模型的准确性。结果表明：考虑动环磨粒摩擦热的有限元模型能准确地预测密封的温度和端面变形;耦合作用下动静环端面呈现外径脱离、内径贴合的变形,且变形差异程度随压差和转速的增大而加剧;变形导致端面磨痕分布不均匀,内径磨痕较严重。WC-Co硬质合金配对密封环的端面变形小、泄漏量小,高硬度WC颗粒对Co基体能产生很好的“阴影效应”,具有良好的耐磨粒磨损性能。SSiC陶瓷材料韧性差,易产生片状磨屑,形成过渡型磨粒磨损,材料耐磨性较差,泄漏量增加明显。在磨粒工况下,WC-Co硬质合金机械密封具有泄漏小、耐磨性强的特点。研究结果为颗粒介质中机械密封的材料应用及设计优化提供了参考。     

Solubility of light alkanes and alkenes in ionic liquids

The solubility of light hydrocarbons in a variety of ionic liquids was studied, and it was found that ionic liquids containing Cu(Ⅰ) had higher solubility for hydrocarbons and alkene/alkane solubility selectivity, and Et₃NHCl-2.1CuCl ionic liquid was preferred. The effects of temperature and pressure on the solubility of light hydrocarbons were investigated for the selected ionic liquid. It was found that low temperature and high pressure were favorable for the dissolution of light hydrocarbons, and the alkene/alkane solubility selectivity decreased with the increase of temperature and pressure. The alkene/alkane solubility selectivity was above 8.3 at the temperature of 30℃ and the pressure of 0.2 MPa. The initial dissolution rate of hydrocarbons in ionic liquid was large, but it decreased rapidly with prolonging time, and the dissolution rate of alkenes was higher than that of alkanes at the same conditions. The alkene/alkane separation selectivity increased with decreasing content of alkenes in the mixture of alkenes and alkanes. Light hydrocarbons dissolved in ionic liquids could be desorbed by means of increasing temperature, restoring the dissolution capability of ionic liquids to hydrocarbons. Alkanes were easier to be desorbed than alkenes, and small-molecule hydrocarbons were easier to be desorbed than large-molecule hydrocarbons. The desorption percentage exceeded 92% under optimal conditions. Ionic liquid had a good reusable performance in the absorption and separation of light alkanes and alkenes. The solubility only decreased by less than 5% when it was reused five times, and the alkane/alkane solubility selectivity was basically not affected by reusing times. Software Gaussian 09 was used to study the interaction between anions of ionic liquids and light alkanes and alkanes, and the solubility difference of light alkenes and alkanes in different ionic liquids was well explained.     

木质纤维生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展

木质纤维生物质资源是重要的可再生生物质资源,主要包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素。半纤维素含量仅次于纤维素,是一种丰富、可再生的植物资源,其可水解制备重要化学品以及改性制备多功能材料。本文综述了生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展,从半纤维素大分子形态及其与纤维素结合方式的分子模拟研究和半纤维素制备化学品及材料的分子模拟研究2个方面进行阐述,从模拟结果可以看出半纤维素在细胞壁中与纤维素和木质素的相互作用及其本身的大分子形态对木质纤维生物质三大素的提取利用具有显著影响。分子模拟有利于理解过程机理,对反应效率的提高具有重要理论指导意义。最后对分子模拟在半纤维素研究的发展应用进行了展望,指出目前半纤维素分子模拟的空白领域,主要包括半纤维素液化生产生物油、木糖异构化生产木酮糖、半纤维素与木质素之间的结合方式以及其他的半纤维素基材料等,这些有待进一步的探索与研究。     

硅酸锌加压硫酸浸出的热力学分析与实验研究

计算绘制了Zn-Si-H2O系ET-pH图,分析了硅酸锌硫酸浸出和原硅酸高温脱硅的热力学可行性. 通过人工合成硅酸锌的加压酸浸实验,考察了始酸浓度、终点pH值、铁含量、硫酸铝添加量、浸出温度对硅酸锌酸浸和硅酸凝聚的影响. 结果表明,升高浸出温度能有效降低硅溶胶的稳定性且有利于原硅酸的高温脱硅过程,进而改善矿浆的过滤性能;硫酸铝能促使硅溶胶凝结析出,可降低硅酸浓度;控制恰当的矿浆终点pH值和Si/Fe及Si/Al质量比均有助于硅析出. 在浸出温度120℃、浸出时间0.5 h、液固比8 mL/g及H2SO4浓度120 g/L的优化条件下,锌、硅浸出率分别约为98%和1%.     

Micromechanics of machining and wear in hard and brittle materials

Hard and brittle solids with covalent/ionic bonding are used in a wide range of modern-day manufacturing technologies. Optimization of a shaping process can shorten manufacturing time and cost of component production, and at the same time extend component longevity. The same process can contribute to wear and fatigue degradation in service. Educated development of advanced finishing protocols for this class of solids requires a comprehensive understanding of damage mechanisms at small-scale contacts from a materials perspective. The basic science of attendant deformation and removal modes in contact events is here analyzed and discussed in the context of brittle and ductile machining and severe and mild wear. Essentials of brittle–ductile transitions in micro- and nano-indentation fields are outlined, with distinctions between blunt and sharp contacts and axial and sliding loading. The central role of microstructure in material removal modes is highlighted. Pathways to future research—experimental, analytical, and computational—are indicated.     

固有碳酸盐和硅酸盐对太姥油页岩热解产物的影响

通过逐级酸洗脱除新疆太姥油页岩中的碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物,采用铝甑炉对油页岩原样和脱矿样进行热解,分析油气产物的组成性质,基于产物产率和性质考察了固有矿物质对油页岩热解的影响。结果表明,碳酸盐能促进热解生油,且使页岩油中含氮、氧化合物含量增大,硅酸盐则抑制热解生油,并抑制含氧化合物的生成,二者均使页岩油的H/C降低。硅酸盐可促进烷基自由基与氢自由基的结合,使页岩油中烷烃含量升高、烯烃含量降低,且使H₂产率减小,并能催化长链脂肪烃的裂解,使页岩油中长链烃含量降低、短链烃含量升高,且使烃类气体产率增大,而碳酸盐则抑制自由基的结合和长链脂肪烃的裂解。