基于LVF-NIR的樱桃可溶性固形物含量无损速测模型的建立与优化

目的建立基于便携式近红外光谱仪的樱桃可溶性固形物含量无损快速定量检测模型,从而实现樱桃品质的无损快速检测。方法以北京通州产红灯樱桃、黄玉樱桃为研究对象,采用便携式线性渐变分光近红外光谱仪采集光谱数据,并采用折光仪测定其可溶性固形物含量;采用偏最小二乘回归结合全交互验证算法将光谱数据与可溶性固形物含量测定值建立定量校正模型,采用外部验证集对模型的预测性能做进一步测试。结果红灯樱桃可溶性固形物含量模型的R_C~2、RMSEC、R_(CV)~2、RMSECV、RPD分别为0.9194、0.79、0.8920、0.92、3.54,黄玉樱桃可溶性固形物含量模型的R_C~2、RMSEC、R_(CV)~2、RMSECV、RPD分别为0.8618、0.76、0.8246、0.86、2.70;两种樱桃可溶性固形物含量合并模型的R_C~2、RMSEC、R_(CV)~2、RMSECV、RPD分别为0.9125、0.81、0.8946、0.89、3.38。结论基于便携式线性渐变分光近红外光谱仪数据所建校正模型具有较好的准确度,可满足樱桃可溶性固形物含量的无损快速检测需求。     

基于近红外光谱技术的老陈醋可溶性固形物定量分析

可溶性固形物含量(SSC)是食品行业的重要技术参数之一。利用近红外光谱技术对不同醋龄的老陈醋SSC进行分析。在不同光谱预处理下,分别采用主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立SSC的定量分析模型。结果表明,采用5点平滑预处理后,利用PLS建立的老陈醋SSC的定量分析模型最优,其校正集的相关系数R为0.999 9,校正标准偏差(RMSEC)为0.038 3,预测标准偏差(RMSEP)和交叉验证标准偏差(RMSECV)分别为0.082 1,0.096 4。表明采用近红外光谱技术对不同醋龄的老陈醋SSC进行定量分析建模是可行的。     

基于Android平台微型近红外光谱仪的开发与应用

在Android平台上对C11708MA微型近红外光谱仪进行系统开发,实现光谱仪控制、样品指标测量、调用模型文件并显示样品可溶性固形物的预测结果等功能。利用近红外漫反射无损检测技术对镇江句容果园水蜜桃样品的可溶性固形物含量进行相关研究,运用化学计量学方法建立了水蜜桃可溶性固形物含量的近红外模型,并对模型的性能进行了评价。结果表明,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立模型,光谱预处理的最佳条件为:移动窗口平滑(MAF)和Savitzky-Golay一阶导数。所建模型的校正相关系数(R_c)和预测相关系数(R_p)分别为0.931 1和0.880 2,校正标准偏差(RMSEC)和预测标准偏差(RMSEP)分别为0.441 0和0.531 0。开发的App程序运行稳定,预测结果准确,可应用于水蜜桃内部品质可溶性固形物含量的快速、无损、活体检测。     

不同扫描方式南果梨近红外模型差异性研究

依据近红外光谱原理,分别以不同的扫描方式对南果梨样品进行光谱扫描,并对80个南果梨样品分别建立可溶性固形物(SSC)、有效酸度(pH)模型,模型的相关系数和校正集标准偏差均达到应用要求,应用所建模型对20个已知成分含量的南果梨进行可溶性固形物和有效酸度的预测,预测值方差分析结果表明模型间有显著差异,确定180°转动扫描2次(正反两面扫描两次)条件下建立的模型为最佳.     

近红外漫反射无损检测赣南脐橙中可溶性固形物和总酸

目的:利用近红外漫反射无损检测技术对赣南脐橙可溶性固形物和总酸含量进行相关研究。方法:通过自行设计的NIR光谱系统测定150个赣南脐橙可溶性固形物和总酸。120个赣南脐橙样品用来建模,其余30个用来验证模型的性能。采集完整赣南脐橙的近红外漫反射光谱(350～1800nm),光谱经移动窗口平滑处理、一阶微分和二阶微分预处理后,再分别采用主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS),建立赣南脐橙可溶性固形物和总酸含量的定量预测数学模型。结果:采用一阶微分结合偏最小二乘法所建模型的预测效果较好,可溶性固形物和总酸含量定量预测数学模型的相关系数分别为0.9263和0.9562,均方根误差分别为0.4102°Brix和0.018%。结论:近红外漫反射光谱作为一种无损的检测方法,可用于评价赣南脐橙的可溶性固形物和总酸含量。     

鸡蛋脂肪含量近红外光谱无损检测技术研究

为建立近红外光谱无损检测鸡蛋脂肪含量的方法,在近红外光谱全波段内采集鸡蛋样品的漫反射光谱图,用酸水解法测定鸡蛋样品中的脂肪含量。对采集的光谱进行最小-最大归一化(Min-max Normalization,MMN)、矢量归一化(Vector Normalization,SNV)、平滑、一阶导数(First Derivative,FD)及多元散射校正(Multiplicative Scatter Correction,MSC)处理,用偏最小二乘法(Partial Least Squares,PLS)对鸡蛋脂肪含量建模验证。结果表明,经多元散射校正(MSC)法预处理,偏最小二乘法(PLS)建模以及杠杆校正(Leverage Correction)检验,鸡蛋的脂肪含量与其近红外光谱信号之间存在线性关系,校正集和验证集相关系数R2分别0.947 5,0.906 3,校正均方差RMSEE为0.173 2,预测均方差RMSEP为0.231 4,模型效果最好,可用于鸡蛋中脂肪含量的无损检测。     

基于近红外光谱的猪肉蛋白质及脂肪含量检测

蛋白质及脂肪是猪肉的重要营养成分。随着人们对饮食健康的要求越来越高,对猪肉蛋白质及脂肪含量快速检测也成为必然。通过近红外光谱技术对猪肉进行光谱数据采集,将光谱数据分为校正集样本和预测集样本,然后,在MATLAB中利用多元散射校正(MSC)与均值中心化相结合的方法进行光谱预处理并采用联合区间偏最小二乘方法(SiPLS)获得猪肉蛋白质及脂肪含量与光谱数据特征之间的对应关系,从而定量分析猪肉蛋白质及脂肪含量。实验结果表明,建立的SiPLS检测脂肪及蛋白质含量预测模型的最优组合分别为划分为20个光谱区间并联合4个子区间和9个主成分因子,和划分19个光谱区间并联合4个子区间和10个主成分因子。其预测集的相关系数分别为0.9798、0.9788,交互验证均方根误差分别为0.228,0.241。研究结果表明,利用近红外光谱结合SiPLS算法可以快速准确检测猪肉蛋白质与脂肪含量。     

两种近红外光谱分辨率预测牛肉营养成分的比较研究

应用近红外光谱技术在不同光谱分辨率下分析了同一批牛肉样本的蛋白质、脂肪和水分含量.样品取自16头西门塔尔杂交牛的14个部位,宰后成熟48h,绞成肉糜状后分别于不同分辨率1.6和10.0nm条件下进行近红外光谱扫描和化学成分测定.应用The Unscrambler 建模软件,采用偏最小二乘回归技术(PLSR),通过交互验证程序建立近红外数学模型,得到不同分辨率1.6和10.0nm条件下蛋白质的校正集相关系数R分别为0.94和0.93,交互验证标准差(RMSECV)分别为0.49和0.54;脂肪R分别为0.93和0.92,RMSECV分别为0.64和0.76;水分R分别为0.87和0.81,RMSECV分别为1.18和1.26研究结果表明,高光谱分辨率下的蛋白质、脂肪和水分模型精度要略优于低光谱分辨率所建模型.     

近红外漫反射光谱检测损伤猕猴桃内部品质

研究贮藏期间损伤猕猴桃内部品质与其近红外漫反射光谱之间的关系。利用近红外光谱(12000～4000cm-1)技术和多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、主成分回归(principal component regression,PCR)和偏最小二乘法(partial least squares,PLS)3种校正方法分别对损伤华优猕猴桃在2℃条件下贮藏4周期间的可溶性固形物含量、pH值和硬度进行定量分析;并对比吸光度原始光谱、一阶微分和二阶微分3种不同预处理方法的PLS模型校正结果。结果表明：一阶微分预处理方法时,应用PLS建立的可溶性固形物含量、pH值和硬度校正模型的效果最佳;预测集样品预测值与测量值之间的相关系数分别为0.812、0.703、0.919,预测均方根误差分别为0.749、0.153、1.700。说明应用近红外漫反射技术检测贮藏期间损伤猕猴桃的内部品质是可行的。     

䥺Symbol`@@基于近红外光谱漫透射技术的苹果可溶性固形物含量在线检测

为研究苹果的内部品质,提高检测的速度和稳定性,将近红外光谱漫透射技术应用于在线检测研究,并采取偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)算法结合不同光谱预处理方法建立苹果内部的可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的定量模型。结果表明:采用一阶微分结合多元散射校正(MSC)预处理后的模型最稳定,校正集和预测集的标准差分别为0.17和0.39,校正集的相关系数也达到0.988 3。试验结果说明近红外光谱漫透射技术能够快速、无损地检测出苹果的可溶性固形物含量。     

基于不同波段近红外光谱的原料奶主要成分品质检测研究

试验采用不同波段的近红外光谱对原料奶的主要成分进行品质检测。使用2种近红外光谱仪采集原料奶的透反射和漫反射光谱,建立牛奶中蛋白含量、脂肪含量和乳糖含量的定量分析模型。结果表明,蛋白含量、脂肪含量、乳糖糖含量的相关系数(r)分别达到0.9311、0.9218、0.8288,预测误差均方根(RMSEP)分别为1.9144、2.0143、2.804,测量值与浓度参考值之间有着良好的相关性。结果表明,基于近红外光谱的原料奶主要成分品质快速检测准确度高,具有很高的实用价值。     

Determination of fat,protein, moisture,and salt content of Cheddar cheese using mid-infrared transmittance spectroscopy

The objective of our work was to develop and evaluate the performance of a rapid method for measuring fat, protein, moisture, and salt content of Cheddar cheese using a combination mid-infrared (MIR) transmittance analysis and an in-line conductivity sensor in an MIR milk analyzer. Cheddar cheese was blended with a dissolving solution containing pentasodium triphosphate and disodium metasilicate to achieve a uniform, particle-free dispersion of cheese, which had a fat and protein content similar to milk and could be analyzed using a MIR transmittance milk analyzer. Annatto-colored Cheddar cheese samples (34) from one cheese factory were analyzed using reference chemistry methods for fat (Mojonnier ether extraction), crude protein (Kjeldahl), moisture (oven-drying total solids), and salt (Volhard silver nitrate titration). The same 34 cheese samples were also dissolved using the cheese dissolver solution, and then run through the MIR and used for calibration. The reference testing for fat and crude protein was done on the cheese after dispersion in the dissolver solution. Validation was done using a total of 36 annatto-colored Cheddar cheese samples from 4 cheese factories. The 36 validation cheese samples were also analyzed using near-infrared spectroscopy for fat, moisture, and the coulometric method for salt in each factory where they were produced. The validation cheeses were also tested using the same chemical reference methods that were used for analysis of the calibration samples. Standard error of prediction (SEP) values for moisture and fat on the near-infrared spectroscopy were 0.30 and 0.45, respectively, whereas the MIR produced SEP values of 0.28 and 0.23 for moisture (mean 36.82%) and fat (mean 34.0%), respectively. The MIR also out-performed the coulometric method for salt determination with SEP values of 0.036 and 0.139 at a mean level of salt of 1.8%, respectively. The MIR had an SEP value of 0.19 for estimation at a mean level of 24.0% crude protein, which suggests that MIR could be an easy and effective way for cheese producers to measure protein to determine protein recovery in cheese making.     

猪配合饲料多品质近红外光谱关键变量筛选与模型建立

目的基于饲料近红外光谱数据筛选影响猪配合饲料主要品质指标的关键波长变量,从而建立饲料品质无损快速定量校正模型,进而提高饲料品质无损快速检测效率。方法采集饲料样品近红外光谱数据并获取水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维参考值数据;剔除异常值后采用基于联合X-Y距离样本集划分法(sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distance, SPXY)划分校正集和外部验证集;基于校正集数据采用蒙特卡罗-无信息变量消除-连续投影算法分别针对4个品质指标筛选25、20、15、10、5个关键变量,分别建立校正模型并对外部验证集进行预测。结果针对饲料水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维所选关键变量个数分别为15、25、15、15,模型维数分别为9、11、10、9,测定系数分别为0.8288、0.8605、0.9338、0.8327,校正均方根误差分别为0.17、0.81、0.31、0.22,交互验证均方根误差分别为0.19、0.93、0.34、0.23,相对预测性能分别为2.79、2.38、4.01、2.89。结论通过变量筛选结合外部验证结果表明,在保证模型准确度的前提下,所选关键变量数明显少于全谱变量数,可为提高饲料多品质无损快速定量检测工作效率提供一定的参考。     

鲜枣可溶性固形物最小二乘支持向量机动态检测研究

用可见/近红外光谱动态检测鲜枣的可溶性固形物含量。试验时样品以0.1m/s的速度运动,采集其可见/近红外漫反射光谱(350～2500nm)。用平均平滑法对120个赞皇枣样品、118个郎枣样品的光谱进行消噪处理,采用连续投影算法提取其特征波长,并建立相应的最小二乘支持向量机预测模型SPA/LS-SVM;同时将赞皇枣在500～1100nm范围的可见/短波近红外平滑光谱数据,郎枣在700～1500nm范围的平滑光谱数据用最小二乘支持向量机建立Smooth/LS-SVM预测模型,并对各自预测集样品(30个)的可溶性固形物含量进行预测和对比分析。结果表明:SPA/LS-SVM模型预测相关系数(赞皇枣0.833,郎枣0.847)与Smooth/LS-SVM模型预测相关系数(赞皇枣0.848,郎枣0.857)相差不大,且前者更精简,预测速度快,预测时间短,可以作为鲜枣可溶性固形物含量的一种动态检测方法,但模型的精度和稳定性需进一步提高。     

Precalibration evaluation procedures for mid-infrared milk analyzers

The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed account of the precalibration procedures developed and implemented by the USDA Federal Milk Market Administrators (FMMA) for evaluating mid-infrared (MIR) milk analyzers. Mid-infrared analyzers specifically designed for milk testing provide a rapid and cost-effective means for determining milk composition for payment and dairy herd improvement programs. These instruments determine the fat, protein, and lactose content of milk, and enable the calculation of total solids, solids-not-fat, and other solids. All MIR analyzers are secondary testing instruments that require calibration by chemical reference methods. Precalibration is the process of assuring that the instrument is in good working order (mechanically and electrically) and that the readings before calibration are stable and optimized. The main components of precalibration are evaluation of flow system integrity, homogenization efficiency, water repeatability, zero shift, linearity, primary slope, milk repeatability, purging efficiency, and establishment of intercorrection factors. These are described in detail and apply to both filter-based and Fourier transform infrared instruments operating using classical primary and reference wavelengths. Under the USDA FMMA Precalibration Evaluation Program, the precalibration procedures were applied longitudinally over time using a wide variety of instruments and instrument models. Instruments in this program were maintained to pass the criteria for all precalibration procedures. All instruments used similar primary wavelengths to measure fat, protein, and lactose but there were differences in reference wavelength selection. Intercorrection factors were consistent over time within all instruments and similar among groups of instruments using similar primary and reference wavelengths. However, the magnitude and sign of the intercorrection factors were significantly affected by the choice of reference wavelengths.     

Chemical and near-infrared determination of moisture,fat and protein in tuna fishes

Moisture, protein, free fat and total fat were determined in Tuna Fishes (38) skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) (20) and yellow fin (Thunnus albacares) (18) by chemical methods. Moisture was determined by freeze-drying or lyophilization, oven-dry methods and by using electronic moisture analyzer. Protein content was determined using Gerhardt semi-micro Kjeldahl and combustion methods. Total fat was determined using acid-hydrolysis method and free fat was determined by Soxhlet method. Near-infrared spectra of the fishes (28) and partial least square regression with the reference methods namely lyophilization method for moisture, combustion method for proteins, acid-hydrolysis method for total fat and Soxhlet method for free fat were used to set a calibration model. This regression model was then used for quantifying the named components of the fishes (5), considered as unknowns, from their near-infrared spectra. There is a good comparison between the results from the different chemical methods and the components quantified using the near-infrared spectroscopy method. An outcome of this work is that near-infrared spectroscopy can serve as an accurate and fast method for quantifying the components of fishes.     

基于近红外光谱技术结合改进的CS-BPNN樱桃番茄SSC和Vc含量检测

为实现精确预测樱桃番茄中SSC和Vc含量,该研究提出一种改进杜鹃鸟搜索算法优化的BP神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Network Optimized by Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm,ICS-BPNN)模型。采集样品在1 350～1 800 nm的近红外光谱数据,首先采用不同方法进行预处理;然后利用稳定性竞争性自适应重加权算法(Stability Competitive Adaptive Reweighting Algorithm,SCARS)、遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)和自动有序预测因子选择算法(Automatic Ordinal Predictor Selection Algorithm,Auto OPS)3种方法进行特征波长提取;最后结合机器学习方法建立了BP神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Network,BPNN)和基于杜鹃鸟搜索的BP神经网络模型(Back Propagation Neural Network Optimized by Cuckoo Searc...     

Application of mid-infrared spectroscopy with multivariate analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) for the detection of adulterants in minced beef

Chemometric MID-FTIR methods were developed to detect and quantify the adulteration of mince meat with horse meat, fat beef trimmings, and textured soy protein. Also, a SIMCA (Soft Independent Modeling Class Analogy) method was developed to discriminate between adulterated and unadulterated samples. Pure mince meat and adulterants (horse meat, fat beef trimmings and textured soy protein) were characterized based upon their protein, fat, water and ash content. In order to build the calibration models for each adulterant, mixtures of mince meat and adulterant were prepared in the range 2–90% (w/w). Chemometric analyses were obtained for each adulterant using multivariate analysis. A Partial Least Square (PLS) algorithm was tested to model each system (mince meat + adulterant) and the chemical composition of the mixture. The results showed that the infrared spectra of the samples were sensitive to their chemical composition. Good correlations between absorbance in the MID-FTIR and the percentage of adulteration were obtained in the region 1800–900 cm^− 1. Values of R² greater than 0.99, standard errors of calibration (SEC) in the range to 0.0001–1.278 and standard errors of prediction (SEP estimated) between 0.001 and 1.391 for the adulterant and chemical parameters were obtained. The SIMCA model showed 100% classification of adulterated meat samples from unadulterated ones. Chemometric MID-FTIR models represent an attractive option for meat quality screening without sample pretreatments which can identify the adulterant and quantify the percentage of adulteration and the chemical composition of the sample.     

Effect of homogenisation on detection of milk protein content based on NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

Investigating the effect of homogenisation on the prediction performance of protein content by using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is helpful to improve protein determination precision. For this purpose, the influence of homogenisation on milk fat globules and NIR spectra was analysed firstly. Then, NIR spectra of eighty-seven cow milk samples before and after homogenisation were obtained. Multiplicative scatter correction was used to do spectral pretreatment. Uninformative variable elimination based on partial least squares (UVE-PLS) and successive projection algorithm was used to extract characteristic variables. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and least squares support vector machine models were established. The results showed that homogenisation made milk fat globules be distributed evenly, decreased the size of fat globules and improved NIR spectral repeatability and prediction precision on protein content. The best model was PLSR-UVE-PLS, having good and excellent protein prediction ability for un-homogenised milk (RMSEP = 0.06 g/100 g, RPD = 2.69) and homogenised milk (RMSEP = 0.04 g/100 g, RPD = 3.59), respectively.     

新型豆汁牛乳混合型干酪的初步研制

采用驯化后的乳酪杆菌为菌种,以豆汁(以m大豆:V水=1:6的比例制成)、纯牛奶、V(豆汁):V(牛奶)=1:1、V(豆汁):V(牛奶)=1:5为原料制作干酪,比较研究不同原料和原料配比对干酪的化学成分、感官评价的影响。结果表明纯牛奶干酪的口感比豆汁干酪爽滑细腻,蛋白质和脂肪含量比纯豆汁的高;复配干酪的口感和脂肪含量介于纯牛奶干酪和豆汁干酪之间,并与牛奶的添加量成正比;复配干酪的蛋白质含量比纯牛奶干酪和豆汁干酪的都低。