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1.
A. F. Newell P. Gregor M. Morgan G. Pullin C. Macaulay 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2011,10(3):235-243
Although “User-Centred”, “Participatory”, and other similar design approaches have proved to be very valuable for mainstream
design, their principles are more difficult to apply successfully when the user group contains, or is composed of, older and/or
disabled users. In the field of design for older and disabled people, the “Universal Design”, “Inclusive Design” and “Design
for All” movements have encouraged designers to extend their design briefs to include older and disabled people. The downside
of these approaches is that they can tend to encourage designers to follow a traditional design path to produce a prototype
design, and only then investigate how to modify their interfaces and systems to cope with older and/or disabled users. This
can lead to an inefficient design process and sometimes an inappropriate design, which may be “accessible” to people with
disabilities, but in practice unusable. This paper reviews the concept that the authors have called “User-Sensitive Inclusive
Design”, which suggests a different approach to designing for marginalised groups of people. Rather than suggesting that designers
rely on standards and guidelines, it is suggested that designers need to develop a real empathy with their user groups. A
number of ways to achieve this are recommended, including the use of ethnography and techniques derived from professional
theatre both for requirements gathering and for improving designers’ empathy for marginalised groups of users, such as older
and disabled people. 相似文献
2.
Asako Miura 《AI & Society》2007,22(2):237-251
This research was conducted to examine the psychological profiles of people who publish their weblogs on the Internet and
the characteristics of their community. Weblogs can be defined as online sites, not owned by major corporations, which are
frequently updated by one or more people. Weblogs provide an opportunity to develop communication through information sharing
with other Internet users. Our particular focus is on authors of “informative” weblogs, who have a powerful desire to provide
information and share their knowledge, rather than other weblog forms, such as “diary-like” weblogs, in which the authors
have a more powerful need for self-disclosure and the resulting interactions. The results of online author surveys suggested
that the system of weblog have many benefits for supporting knowledge community and the weblog authors were oriented to reciprocal
information interchange and perceive much psychological benefits from it. 相似文献
3.
M. Brian Blake Daniel R. Kahan Michael Fitzgerald Nowlan 《Distributed and Parallel Databases》2007,21(1):39-58
Service-oriented computing (SOC) suggests that the Internet will be an open repository of many modular capabilities realized
as web services. Organizations may be able to leverage this SOC paradigm if their employees are able to ubiquitously incorporate
such capabilities and their resulting information into their daily practices. It is impractical to assume that human users
will be able to manually search vast distributed repositories at real-time. This paper presents an architecture, Software
Agent-Based Groupware using E-services (SAGE), that incorporates the use of intelligent agents to integrate human users with
web services. SAGE provides background search and discovery approaches, thus enabling human users to exploit service-based
capabilities that were previously too time-consuming to locate and integrate. We present a multi-agent system where each agent
learns the rule-based preferences of a human user with regards to their current operational “context” and manages the incorporation
of relevant web services.
Recommended by: Djamal Benslimane and Zakaria Maamar 相似文献
4.
Guoliang Li Shengyue Ji Chen Li Jianhua Feng 《The VLDB Journal The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases》2011,20(4):617-640
Traditional information systems return answers after a user submits a complete query. Users often feel “left in the dark”
when they have limited knowledge about the underlying data and have to use a try-and-see approach for finding information.
A recent trend of supporting autocomplete in these systems is a first step toward solving this problem. In this paper, we
study a new information-access paradigm, called “type-ahead search” in which the system searches the underlying data “on the
fly” as the user types in query keywords. It extends autocomplete interfaces by allowing keywords to appear at different places
in the underlying data. This framework allows users to explore data as they type, even in the presence of minor errors. We
study research challenges in this framework for large amounts of data. Since each keystroke of the user could invoke a query
on the backend, we need efficient algorithms to process each query within milliseconds. We develop various incremental-search
algorithms for both single-keyword queries and multi-keyword queries, using previously computed and cached results in order
to achieve a high interactive speed. We develop novel techniques to support fuzzy search by allowing mismatches between query
keywords and answers. We have deployed several real prototypes using these techniques. One of them has been deployed to support
type-ahead search on the UC Irvine people directory, which has been used regularly and well received by users due to its friendly
interface and high efficiency. 相似文献
5.
Christos Kouroupetroglou Michail Salampasis Athanasios Manitsaris 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2007,6(3):273-283
This paper presents a “Semantic Web application framework” which allows different applications to be designed and developed for improving the accessibility of the World Wide Web (WWW).
The framework promotes the idea of creating a community of people federating into groups (ontology creators, annotators, user-agent
developers, end-users) each playing a specific role, without the coordination of any central authority. The use of a specialised
voice web browser for blind people, called SeEBrowser, is presented and discussed as an example of an accessibility tool developed
based on the framework. SeEBrowser utilises annotations of web pages and provides browsing shortcuts. Browsing shortcuts are
mechanisms, which facilitate blind people in moving efficiently through various elements of a web page (e.g. functional elements
such as forms, navigational aids etc.) during the information-seeking process, hence operating effectively as a vital counterbalance
to low accessibility. Finally, an experimental user study is presented and discussed which evaluates SeEBrowser with and without
the use of browsing shortcuts. 相似文献
6.
Michael L. Nelson Frank McCown Joan A. Smith Martin Klein 《International Journal on Digital Libraries》2007,6(4):327-349
To date, most of the focus regarding digital preservation has been on replicating copies of the resources to be preserved
from the “living web” and placing them in an archive for controlled curation. Once inside an archive, the resources are subject
to careful processes of refreshing (making additional copies to new media) and migrating (conversion to new formats and applications).
For small numbers of resources of known value, this is a practical and worthwhile approach to digital preservation. However,
due to the infrastructure costs (storage, networks, machines) and more importantly the human management costs, this approach
is unsuitable for web scale preservation. The result is that difficult decisions need to be made as to what is saved and what
is not saved. We provide an overview of our ongoing research projects that focus on using the “web infrastructure” to provide
preservation capabilities for web pages and examine the overlap these approaches have with the field of information retrieval.
The common characteristic of the projects is they creatively employ the web infrastructure to provide shallow but broad preservation
capability for all web pages. These approaches are not intended to replace conventional archiving approaches, but rather they
focus on providing at least some form of archival capability for the mass of web pages that may prove to have value in the
future. We characterize the preservation approaches by the level of effort required by the web administrator: web sites are
reconstructed from the caches of search engines (“lazy preservation”); lexical signatures are used to find the same or similar
pages elsewhere on the web (“just-in-time preservation”); resources are pushed to other sites using NNTP newsgroups and SMTP
email attachments (“shared infrastructure preservation”); and an Apache module is used to provide OAI-PMH access to MPEG-21
DIDL representations of web pages (“web server enhanced preservation”). 相似文献
7.
Andrea L. Kavanaugh Than Than Zin Mary Beth Rosson John M. Carroll Joseph Schmitz B. Joon Kim 《Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)》2007,16(4-5):375-395
Voluntary associations serve crucial roles in local communities and within our larger democratic society. They aggregate shared
interests, collective will, and cultivate civic competencies that nurture democratic participation. People active in multiple
local groups frequently act as opinion leaders and create “weak” social ties across groups. In Blacksburg and surrounding
Montgomery County, Virginia, the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV) community computer network has helped to foster nearly
universal Internet penetration. Set in this dense Internet context, the present study investigated if and how personal affiliation
with local groups enhanced political participation in this high information and communication technology environment. This
paper presents findings from longitudinal survey data that indicate as individuals’ uses of information technology within
local formal groups increases over time, so do their levels and types of involvement in the group. Furthermore, these increases
most often appear among people who serve as opinion leaders and maintain weak social ties in their communities. Individuals’
changes in community participation, interests and activities, and Internet use suggest ways in which group members act upon
political motivations and interests across various group types.
相似文献
8.
Nonpublic participation within an online community, often called lurking, occurs when an individual joins a community, but
does not post. This study examines the nature of lurking, why people lurk and the differences in attitudes between lurkers
and posters. The results indicate significant differences between people who lurk and those who post in an online community.
We conclude that when people lurk they are observing, which in no way is a negative behavior. This introverted or passive
behavior affects lurkers' attitudes about the benefits of the community, their expectations, and opinions of themselves and
others who lurk. In general lurkers are less optimistic and less positive than those who post.
Blair Nonnecke is a usability professional and academic with a particular interest in user-centred design and online communities. Blair
is an Associate Professor at the University of Guelph where he studies participation in online communities and the usability
of in-vehicle navigation devices. His recent research focuses on three areas: survey methods for hard to reach participants,
the role participation plays in online learning environments, and factors leading to participation in communities of practice.
Dorine Andrews D.C.D. As a specialist in communications design, Dr. Andrews' research and publications focus on both online communities
and the implementation of major technology change in organizations. She has taught at Georgetown University's Communications,
Culture and Technology program and at the University of Baltimore's School for Interaction Design and Information Architecture.
She is now a principal change consultant for RWD Technologies, Inc. headquartered in Baltimore, MD. She can be reached via
e-mail at dandrews@rwd.com
Jennifer Preece is Professor and Dean of the College of Information Studies at the University of Maryland, USA. Her research and teaching
interests focus on human-computer interaction, online communities and social computing. She has authored many papers and books
on these topics. Her two most recent books are: Online Communites: “Designing usability, supporting sociability”, and a coauthroed
book with Helen Sharp and Yvonne Rogers entiled “Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction”. Both books are published
by John Wiley & Sons. 相似文献
9.
To provide a more robust context for personalization, we desire to extract a continuum of general to specific interests of
a user, called a user interest hierarchy (UIH). The higher-level interests are more general, while the lower-level interests
are more specific. A UIH can represent a user’s interests at different abstraction levels and can be learned from the contents
(words/phrases) in a set of web pages bookmarked by a user. We propose a divisive hierarchical clustering (DHC) algorithm
to group terms (topics) into a hierarchy where more general interests are represented by a larger set of terms. Our approach
does not need user involvement and learns the UIH “implicitly”. To enrich features used in the UIH, we used phrases in addition
to words. Our experiment indicates that DHC with the Augmented Expected Mutual Information (AEMI) correlation function and
MaxChildren threshold-finding method built more meaningful UIHs than the other combinations on average; using words and phrases
as features improved the quality of UIHs. 相似文献
10.
It is argued that “human-centredness” will be an important characteristic of systems that learn tasks from human users, as
the difficulties in inductive inference rule out learning without human assistance. The aim of “programming by example” is
to create systems that learn how to perform tasks from their human users by being shown examples of what is to be done. Just
as the user creates a learning environment for the system, so the system provides a teaching opportunity for the user, and
emphasis is placed as much on facilitating successful teaching as on incorporating techniques of machine learning. If systems
can “learn” repetitive tasks, their users will have the power to decide for themselves which parts of their jobs should be
automated, and teach the system how to do them — reducing their dependence on intermediaries such as system designers and
programmers.
This paper presents principles for programming by example derived from experience in creating four prototype learners: for
technical drawing, text editing, office tasks, and robot assembly. A teaching metaphor (a) enables the user to demonstrate
a task by performing it manually, (b) helps to explain the learner's limited capabilities in terms of a persona, and (c) allows
users to attribute intentionality. Tasks are represented procedurally, and augmented with constraints. Suitable mechanisms
for attention focusing are necessary in order to control inductive search. Hidden features of a task should be made explicit
so that the learner need not embark on the huge search entailed by hypothesizing missing steps. 相似文献
11.
Charles Lee Isbell Jr. Michael Kearns Satinder Singh Christian R. Shelton Peter Stone Dave Kormann 《Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems》2006,13(3):327-354
We describe our development of Cobot, a novel software agent who lives in LambdaMOO, a popular virtual world frequented by
hundreds of users. Cobot’s goal was to become an actual part of that community. Here, we present a detailed discussion of
the functionality that made him one of the objects most frequently interacted with in LambdaMOO, human or artificial. Cobot’s
fundamental power is that he has the ability to collect social statistics summarizing the quantity and quality of interpersonal
interactions. Initially, Cobot acted as little more than a reporter of this information; however, as he collected more and
more data, he was able to use these statistics as models that allowed him to modify his own behavior. In particular, cobot
is able to use this data to “self-program,” learning the proper way to respond to the actions of individual users, by observing
how others interact with one another. Further, Cobot uses reinforcement learning to proactively take action in this complex
social environment, and adapts his behavior based on multiple sources of human reward. Cobot represents a unique experiment
in building adaptive agents who must live in and navigate social spaces. 相似文献
12.
Toru Ishida 《New Generation Computing》1998,16(1):5-21
This paper summarizes our recent activities to support people to communicate with each other using public computer network
systems. Unlike conventional teleconferencing systems, which are mainly for business meetings, we focus on informal communication
in open orgnizations. So far, three different systems have been developed and actually tested.
Based on these experiences, we are now moving towardscommunity-ware to support people to form a community based on computer network technologies.
Toru Ishida, Dr. Eng.: He received the B. E., M. Eng. and D. Eng. degrees from Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, in 1976, 1978 and 1989, respectively.
He is currently a professor of Department of Information Science, Kyoto University. He has been working on “Parallel, Distributed
and Multiagent Production Systems (Springer, 1994)” from 1983. He first proposed parallel rule firing, and extended it to
distributed rule firing. Organizational self-design was then introduced into distributed production systems for increasing
adaptiveness. From 1990, he started working on “Real-time Search for Learning Autonomous Agents (Kluwer Academic Publishers,
1997).” Again, organizational adaptation becomes a central issue in controlling multiple problem solving agents. He recently
initiated the study of “Communityware: Towards Global Collaboration (John Wiley and Sons, 1998)” with his colleagues. 相似文献
– | • InSocia, we introduced vision agents which act on behalf of their users in a network. To enable a meeting to be scheduled at a mutually acceptable time, we proposed the scheme called non-committed scheduling. |
– | •Free Walk supports casual meetings among more than a few people. For this purpose, we provide a 3-D virtual space calledcommunity common where participants can behave just as in real life. |
– | • In theICMAS’96 Mobile Assistant Project, on the other hand, we conducted an experiment in an actual international conference using 100 personal digital assistants and wireless phones. Various services were provided to increase the interactions among participants of the conference. |
13.
Thomas Kühne 《Software and Systems Modeling》2006,5(4):369-385
With the recent trend to model driven engineering a common understanding of basic notions such as “model” and “metamodel” becomes a pivotal issue. Even though these notions have been in widespread use for quite a while, there is still little consensus about when exactly it is appropriate to use them. The aim of this article is to start establishing a consensus about generally acceptable terminology. Its main contributions are the distinction between two fundamentally different kinds of model roles, i.e. “token model” versus “type model” (The terms “type” and “token” have been introduced by C.S. Peirce, 1839–1914.), a formal notion of “metaness”, and the consideration of “generalization” as yet another basic relationship between models. In particular, the recognition of the fundamental difference between the above mentioned two kinds of model roles is crucial in order to enable communication among the model driven engineering community that is free of both unnoticed
misunderstandings and unnecessary disagreement. 相似文献
14.
Clayton Lewis 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2007,5(4):351-361
Technology offers substantial benefits to the many people with some form of cognitive disability. But the power of technology
often comes in a package whose complexity is a barrier to many users, leading to calls for designs, and especially designs
for user interfaces, that are “simple”. This paper analyzes the idea of simplicity, and suggests (a) that simplicity in a
user interface is not a unified concept, but rather has distinguishable facets, and (b) that simplicity must be defined in
terms of the cognitive capabilities of a user, so that what is “simpler” for one user may be “more complex” for another. Despite
(b), the prospects for universal design in this area are good, in that interface technology with the flexibility needed to
produce “simple” interfaces for a range of users with different cognitive strengths will be of value in addressing the overall
design space of interfaces for a broad audience. While it is possible to sketch the outlines of a useful theory of simplicity,
the sketch reveals much that is not fully understood. It also reveals opportunities to rethink the architecture of user interfaces
in a way that will benefit user interface development generally. 相似文献
15.
Masoud Nikravesh 《Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications》2008,12(3):301-314
World Wide Web search engines including Google, Yahoo and MSN have become the most heavily-used online services (including
the targeted advertising), with millions of searches performed each day on unstructured sites. In this presentation, we would
like to go beyond the traditional web search engines that are based on keyword search and the Semantic Web which provides
a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application. For this reason, our view is that “Before
one can use the power of web search the relevant information has to be mined through the concept-based search mechanism and
logical reasoning with capability to Q&A representation rather than simple keyword search”. In this paper, we will first present
the state of the search engines. Then we will focus on development of a framework for reasoning and deduction in the web.
A new web search model will be presented. One of the main core ideas that we will use to extend our technique is to change
terms-documents-concepts (TDC) matrix into a rule-based and graph-based representation. This will allow us to evolve the traditional
search engine (keyword-based search) into a concept-based search and then into Q&A model. Given TDC, we will transform each
document into a rule-based model including it’s equivalent graph model. Once the TDC matrix has been transformed into maximally
compact concept based on graph representation and rules based on possibilistic relational universal fuzzy-type II (pertaining
to composition), one can use Z(n)-compact algorithm and transform the TDC into a decision-tree and hierarchical graph that
will represents a Q&A model. Finally, the concept of semantic equivalence and semantic entailment based on possibilistic relational
universal fuzzy will be used as a basis for question-answering (Q&A) and inference from fuzzy premises. This will provide
a foundation for approximate reasoning, language for representation of imprecise knowledge, a meaning representation language
for natural languages, precisiation of fuzzy propositions expressed in a natural language, and as a tool for Precisiated Natural
Language (PNL) and precisation of meaning. The maximally compact documents based on Z(n)-compact algorithm and possibilistic
relational universal fuzzy-type II will be used to cluster the documents based on concept-based query-based search criteria.
This Paper is dedicated to Prof. Lotfi A. Zadeh, father of Fuzzy Logic “Zadeh Logic”. 相似文献
16.
?zge Subasi Michael Leitner Norman Hoeller Arjan Geven Manfred Tscheligi 《Universal Access in the Information Society》2011,10(4):391-402
This article presents the results of a survey that shows that older users differ in their attitude and experience towards
the Internet not only according to their age or to their previous knowledge with Internet services, but also according to
what they are expecting from this media. The aim of this study was to collect information about barriers on usage and perception
of an online ticketing service for a nationwide public railway company, in order to enhance the notion of “accessibility”
toward a broader understanding including non-technical accessibility factors as semantic accessibility and/or procedural accessibility.
The results of the survey with 1,208 participants and additionally focus groups, interviews and qualitative analysis of user
feedback indicate that in order to improve and optimize the usage of the online system for older adults, it is necessary to
develop a system which is not only universally accessible, but also satisfies the specific expectations of senior users. This
article concentrates on designing accessible user experiences and presents several recommendations to the area and for WCAG
2.0 according to the results. 相似文献
17.
Bart Selman 《Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence》2000,28(1-4):35-38
In order to deal with the inherent combinatorial nature of many tasks in artificial intelligence, domain‐specific knowledge
has been used to control search and reasoning or to eliminate the need for general inference altogether. However, the process
of acquiring domain knowledge is an important bottleneck in the use of such “knowledge‐intensive” methods. Compute‐intensive
methods, on the other hand, use extensive search and reasoning strategies to limit the need for detailed domain‐specific knowledge.
The idea is to derive much of the needed information from a relatively compact formalization of the domain under consideration.
Up until recently, such general reasoning strategies were much too expensive for use in applications of interesting size but
recent advances in reasoning and search methods have shown that compute‐intensive methods provide a promising alternative
to knowledge‐intensive methods.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Thomas Erickson 《AI & Society》2009,23(2):147-166
Large groups of people exhibit social intelligence: coherent behavior directed towards individual or collective goals. This
paper examines ways in which such behavior is produced in face to face situations, and discusses how it can be supported in
online systems used by geographically distributed groups. It describes the concept of a “social proxy,” a minimalist visualization
of the presence and activities of participants in an online interaction that is used to make online social norms visible.
It summarizes experience with an implemented system, presents conceptual designs that illustrate the range of situations to
which social proxies can be applied, and discusses how to go about designing these types of visualizations. 相似文献
19.
A service-oriented architecture (SOA) for web applications is often implemented using web services (WSs) and consists of different
operations the executions of which are perceived as events. The order and time-appropriateness of occurrences of these events
play a vital role for the proper functioning of a real-time SOA. This paper presents an event-based approach to modeling and
testing of functional behavior of WSs by event sequence graphs (ESG). Nodes of an ESG represent events, e.g., “request” or
“response”, and arcs give the sequence of these events. For representing parameter values, e.g., for time-out of operation
calls, ESG are augmented by decision tables. A case study carried out on a commercial web system with SOA validates the approach
and analyzes its characteristic issues. The novelty of the approach stems from (i) its simplicity and lucidity in representing
complex real-time web applications based on WSs in SOA, and (ii) its modeling that considers also testing and thus enables
a comfortable fault management leading to a holistic view. 相似文献
20.
Ryuzo Azuma Ryo Umetsu Shingo Ohki Fumikazu Konishi Sumi Yoshikawa Akihiko Konagaya Kazumi Matsumura 《New Generation Computing》2007,25(4):425-441
This paper proposes a novel approach to the analysis and validation of mathematical models using two-dimensional geometrical
patterns representing parameter-parameter dependencies (PPD) in dynamic systems. A geometrical pattern is obtained by calculating
moment values, such as the area under the curve (AUC), area under the moment curve (AUMC), and mean residence time (MRT),
for a series of simulations with a wide range of parameter values. In a mathematical model of the metabolic pathways of the
cancer drug irinotecan (CPT11), geometrical patterns can be classified into three major categories:
“independent,” “hyperbolic,” and “complex.” These categories characterize substructures arising in differential equations,
and are helpful for understanding the behavior of large-scale mathematical models. The Open Bioinformatics Grid (OBIGrid)
provides a cyber-infrastructure for users to share these data as well as computational resources. 相似文献