9Ni钢中逆转奥氏体及其稳定性的研究

研究了调质处理工艺(CHT)下回火温度和亚温淬火热处理工艺(IHT)下亚温淬火温度对9Ni钢的显微组织、逆转奥氏体含量、逆转奥氏体中的碳含量及-192℃下冲击韧度的影响,并利用扫描电镜对9Ni钢在这两种工艺下的组织形态、分布进行了观察分析.结果表明:经低温保温后,逆转奥氏体的含量有所降低,逆转奥氏体中的碳含量却会升高,说明低温保温后不太稳定的逆转奥氏体发生了马氏体转变,留下的是C含量较高的稳定的逆转奥氏体.     

回火温度对7Ni钢组织和性能的影响

利用OM、SEM、TEM和XRD试验方法,分析在两相区淬火+回火(QLT)工艺中,不同回火温度下7Ni钢组织形貌和逆转变奥氏体含量的变化,研究回火温度对7Ni钢低温强度和低温韧性的影响。结果表明:随着回火温度升高,7Ni钢抗拉强度逐渐提高,而低温韧性呈现先升高后降低的趋势。回火温度从560 ℃提高到620 ℃过程中,7Ni钢马氏体组织由粗大转变为均匀弥散细小,抗拉强度逐渐提高。当回火温度较低时,钢中马氏体回复不充分,析出的逆转变奥氏体量较少,低温韧性偏低。随着回火温度升高,7Ni钢逆转变奥氏体含量不断升高,但稳定性下降,大量不稳定的逆转变奥氏体在低温下发生转变,不利于钢低温韧性的改善。7Ni钢低温韧性随着回火温度升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并在580 ℃时获得最好的低温韧性。     

快速加热回火过程中9Ni钢组织的演化

采用淬火膨胀仪模拟了9Ni钢的快速加热回火工艺,并结合显微组织观察、淬火后残留奥氏体含量的计算以及回火过程中热膨胀曲线的分析,研究了9Ni钢快速加热回火过程中组织的演变行为。结果表明:淬火终冷温度略高于M_f点时,淬火组织中存在少量的残留奥氏体,经快速加热后能够促进回火过程中逆转变奥氏体的生成;但当终冷温度过高时,残留奥氏体量大幅增加,反而会抑制逆转变奥氏体的形成;快速加热有利于马氏体的逆转变及碳原子在奥氏体中的富集,但这两种机制存在竞争关系,快速加热回火后组织中的奥氏体较少时,碳原子的富集会使其稳定性上升,反之则导致碳原子在奥氏体中的富集程度减弱,稳定性变差。     

Ni含量对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢富铜相析出的影响

研究了不同Ni含量的0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢在1040℃固溶后油冷和炉冷(均进行480℃时效,分别表示为OC、FC试样)两种热处理工艺下的力学性能和微观组织变化规律,通过力学性能测试、SEM和TEM观察,探讨了Ni含量对力学性能和富铜相析出的影响.研究表明:FC试样的强度由于炉冷过程中析出了粗大的富铜相而显著低于OC试样的;随Ni含量的提高,两种试样的强度均增加,但差距在缩小,其原因是炉冷过程中析出的富铜相尺寸逐渐细小,表明Ni可以提高了Cu在γ相区的溶解度,延缓了固溶后炉冷过程中的富铜相析出;随时效温度的提高,不同Ni含量试验钢的强度降低,且Ni含量高的试验钢强度降低更显著;随Ni含量的提高,时效过程中富铜相的形核速率和长大速度增加,表明Ni降低了Cu在钢中的扩散激活能.     

Cr13Ni4Mo钢逆转变奥氏体的形成及其对性能的影响

采用XRD、扫描电镜、EBSD、拉伸性能测试等手段研究了Cr13Ni4Mo钢逆转变奥氏体的形成规律、形成机制与力学性能。结果表明,Cr13Ni4Mo钢经550～730℃一次回火后并没有逆转变奥氏体产生;经630℃一次回火+530～630℃二次回火时,随二次回火温度的升高,逆转变奥氏体含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,其抗拉强度、伸长率和强塑积也相应地先增加后减少。当二次回火温度为590℃时,逆转变奥氏体的含量达到峰值,综合力学性能最佳。二次回火温度为550℃时,逆转变奥氏体主要以切变机制在马氏体板条内部形成,随着二次回火温度升高,逆转变奥氏体逐渐以扩散机制形成为主。     

T-250钢电子束焊缝时效过程的TEM观察

用透射电镜对T-250马氏体时效钢电子束焊缝熔合区金属时效过程进行了仔细观察。结果表明：时效过程中在马氏体板条上析出的强化相为密排六方结构的Ni3Ti，且Ni3Ti粒子和马氏体板条尺寸随时效温度的升高而增大；逆转变奥氏体在马氏体板条及其板条界上析出，且板条界上的逆转变奥氏体尺寸及数量随时效温度的升高而增加。     

9Ni钢断裂过程中裂纹的扩展行为

采用SEM和TEM对9Ni钢断裂过程中裂纹的扩展行为进行了研究,讨论了逆转变奥氏体在断裂过程中的作用。SEM观察结果表明,基体的塑性对裂纹尖端形状有重要影响,基体塑性较差时裂纹前端尖锐,加剧了应力集中,基体塑性较高时裂纹前端呈“钝角”,使应力集中松弛。TEM观察显示,9Ni钢裂纹的扩展有两种形式：一种是在带状薄区中呈“Z”形扩展,另一种是遇到逆转变奥氏体后偏离原来的扩展方向。研究结果也显示在两种条件下获得的逆转变奥氏体,经变形后又发生相变。这表明稳定性高的逆转变奥氏体能够在变形过程中保留下来,阻碍裂纹扩展促使9Ni钢低温韧性提高,而稳定性较低的逆转变奥氏体则在变形过程中很快发生相变。     

18Ni(2450MPa级)马氏体时效钢细化晶粒工艺

研究了 1 8Ni( 2 45 0 MPa级 )马氏体时效钢逆转变奥氏体再结晶规律及细化晶粒工艺。将原始组织为板条状马氏体和线状马氏体的逆转变奥氏体在一定温度下保温 ,观察其再结晶规律。将原始组织为“线状”马氏体的 1 8Ni马氏体时效钢进行α′ γ循环相变以细化晶粒 ,通过金相观察确定最佳细化晶粒工艺     

星箭分离用00Ni18Co7Mo5Ti钢包带的热处理工艺

以00Ni18Co7Mo5Ti马氏体时效硬化不锈钢为研究对象,通过万能试验机、洛氏硬度计研究了不同时效温度下,钢的强度及伸长率的变化规律。从机理上分析了钢的强度随时效温度升高而不断增加,并在500℃左右达到峰值的原因为Ni₃Ti、Ni₃Mo等弥散相的析出;随着时效温度继续提高,钢的强度逐渐降低、而伸长率逐渐提高的原因为逆转奥氏体含量的增多。同时,通过试验及机理分析,在保证钢的强度不会大幅降低的前提下,适当提高时效温度或延长时效时间,均可以通过增加逆转奥氏体的含量而提高钢的伸长率。此时,钢的显微组织主要为马氏体,同时存在少量的逆转奥氏体,主要强化相为Ni₃Ti、Ni₃Mo等弥散相。     

逆转变奥氏体对9Ni钢低温冲击韧度的影响

对经淬火+回火(QT)与淬火+两相区淬火+回火(QLT)工艺处理后的9Ni钢中的逆转变奥氏体含量和其对原位拉伸时裂纹形成和扩展时所起到的作用进行了观察和分析。结果表明:经QT工艺处理的钢中的逆转变奥氏体含量为2%,在裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹尖端成锐角,加剧了应力集中;经QLT处理后,钢中的逆转变奥氏体含量提高为6%,在裂纹扩展的过程中,裂纹尖端成钝角,弱化了应力集中。逆转变奥氏体并不能直接阻碍裂纹的扩展,通过提高基体的韧性,间接地阻碍裂纹的扩展,从而优化实验钢的低温韧性。     

Ni含量对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢力学性能的影响

研究了Ni含量对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢力学性能的影响.结果表明:添加Ni元素可以降低合金中的δ-铁素体含量,Ni含量越高,合金中δ-铁素体越少;Ni含量高的合金中的富铜相颗粒分布密集,细小,而Ni含量低的合金中的富铜相分布稀疏,且相对粗大;在相同回火温度下,较高Ni含量的合金的强度较高,塑性较低.     

DZ4镍基高温合金的再结晶

用扫描电镜和X射线衍射方法研究了DZ4合金喷丸试样在不完全固溶和固溶热处理过程中的再结晶行为．在保温2h条件下,DZ4镍基高温合金喷丸层在1000℃可发生再结晶;在不完全固溶热处理中,再结晶以胞状形式发生;在固溶热处理中,再结晶以晶粒形式发生;γ相对再结晶晶界迁移具有阻碍作用;再结晶速率和再结晶层厚度主要取决于热处理温度,保温时间影响不显著．拉伸试样的金相观察表明,DZ4合金在1220℃保温2h条件下再结晶的临界变形大约为0．9％;再结晶晶粒优先在拉伸试样表面形核．     

Solid particle erosion behaviour of 13Cr–4Ni and 21Cr–4Ni–N steels

The 13Cr–4Ni martensitic stainless steel (termed as 13/4 steel and popularly known as CA6NM steel) is currently being used for fabrication of under water parts in hydroelectric projects. There are, however, several maintenance problems associated with the use of this steel. A 21Cr–4Ni–N nitronic steel (termed as 21-4-N steel) has been developed as an alternative with the specific aim of overcoming these problems. A comparative study has been made on the erosion behaviour of as cast 13/4, and as cast and hot rolled 21-4-N steels by means of solid particle impingement using gas jet. It is observed that the hot rolled 21-4-N nitronic steel possesses excellent resistance to erosion followed by as cast 21-4-N and 13/4 steels. The austenitic matrix of the hot rolled 21-4-N steel possesses high hardness coupled with ductility, high tensile toughness and work hardening ability, which result in higher erosion resistance. The erosion damages are in agreement with studies of eroded surfaces on scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

Effect of Ni4Ti3 precipitation on martensitic transformation in Ti–Ni

Precipitation of Ni₄Ti₃ plays a critical role in determining the martensitic transformation path and temperature in Ni–Ti shape memory alloys. In this study, the equilibrium shape of a coherent Ni₄Ti₃ precipitate and the concentration and stress fields around it are determined quantitatively using the phase field method. Most recent experimental data on lattice parameters, elastic constants, precipitate–matrix orientation relationship and thermodynamic database are used as model inputs. The effects of the concentration and stress fields on subsequent martensitic transformations are analyzed through interaction energy between a nucleating martensitic particle and the existing microstructure. Results indicate that R-phase formation prior to B19′ phase could be attributed to both direct elastic interaction and stress-induced spatial variation in concentration near Ni₄Ti₃ precipitates. The preferred nucleation sites for the R-phase are close to the broad side of the lenticular-shaped Ni₄Ti₃ precipitates, where tension normal to the habit plane is highest, and Ni concentration is lowest.     

铝青铜ZCuAl9Fe4Ni4Mn2材料的熔铸特性

选用耐腐蚀材料铝青铜ZCuAl9Fe4Ni4Mn2膻用于船用螺旋桨的制造，采用CO2-水玻璃砂造型，用中频炉和工频炉多炉熔炼，比反射炉熔炼具有含气量少，氧化烧损小的特点，一般可降低烧损率3％左右，多包底注式浇注，一次性浇注铜液质量达120t，浇注时尽量减少二次氧化，为达到螺旋桨毂顺序凝固，在浇注到冒口1／3处时，采用添加高温铜液，以利于补缩，通过以上的方法可以生产了同合格的螺旋桨。     

Anelastic effects connected with isothermal martensitic transformations in 24Ni4Mo austenitic and 12Cr9Ni4Mo maraging steels

Anelasticity of the austenitic steel 24Ni5Mo and the stainless steel 12Cr9Ni4Mo has been investigated in the austenitic state after quenching with respect to isothermal martensitic transformation during cooling and subsequent heating. Maxima of anelasticity due to isothermal transformation at ≈200 K (24Ni5Mo, 0.002% C) and ≈250 K (12Cr9Ni4Mo; 0.01% C) coincided well with C-curve noses obtained by methods based on magnetic properties and electric resistivity. Corresponding internal friction maxima were found to be dependent on cooling or heating rate, quenching temperature and the frequency of oscillation and may therefore be described using the Delorme approximation. The activation energy of isothermal martensitic transformation calculated from the lower part of the C-curves estimated using the Borgenstam–Hillert and Arrhenius methods (3–8 kJ/mol for 24Ni5Mo and 15–20 kJ/mol for 12Cr9Ni4Mo) are comparable with the energy of impurity–dislocation interaction (≈10 kJ/mol) and interpreted as too low to be caused by diffusion processes: the activation energy for carbon diffusion in austenitic steel 24Ni5Mo is found to be ≈135 kJ/mol and ≈145 kJ/mol for austenite in two-phase 12Cr9Ni4Mo steel. An estimation showed that the activation energy for the isothermal martensitic transformation for the 24Ni5Mo alloy with so-called binary martensitic kinetics was higher in the vicinity of the nose of the C-curve, became lower with a decrease in temperature range and approached zero in the vicinity of the athermal martensitic point. A similar effect was not observed in the 12Cr9Ni4Mo steel.     

0Crl7Ni4Cu4Nb钢制叶片的热处理

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢具有良好的综合力学性能,经过固溶和二次时效处理。可 满足叶片所需的力学性能要求。试验结果表明该钢对热处理温度的要求相当敏感,晶粒度对其疲 劳性能略有影响。     

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢气体渗氮工艺

对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢在固溶和固溶+时效两种状态下进行两种不同的渗氮工艺试验,探讨了工艺温度、氨分解率、原始组织对该材料渗层深度、渗氮后组织和性能的影响。结果表明:经固溶后是否时效,0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢渗氮后得到的渗氮层深度、表面硬度及心部硬度基本相同,可考虑采用固溶后直接渗氮;540℃渗氮后的性能优于480℃渗氮后的性能。     

Growth mechanism of Ni3Sn4 in a Sn/Ni liquid/solid interfacial reaction

The chemical interfacial reaction of Ni plates with eutectic Sn–3.5Ag lead-free solder was studied by microstructural observations and mathematical calculations. Compared with the Sn–3.5Ag–0.75Ni/Ni interfacial reaction, based on a simple model of the growth of the liquid/solid chemical compound layer, the growth mechanism of Ni₃Sn₄ in the Sn–3.5Ag/Ni interfacial reaction is discussed and presented. The growth process of Ni₃Sn₄ in the Sn/Ni liquid/solid reaction interface involves the net effect of several interrelated phenomena, such as volume diffusion, grain boundary diffusion, grain boundary grooving, grain coarsening, and dissolution into the molten solder. The growth time exponent n and morphology of Ni₃Sn₄ were found to be dependent on these factors.