交联聚乙烯交联度对材料击穿强度的影响

为了研究XLPE材料交联度对其电气性能的影响,制备不同交联度的XLPE样本并对其进行电气击穿实验,分析在不同的交联度区间范围内样本击穿场强变化。利用温度-时间控制法制备六组不同交联度的XLPE样本;利用差式扫描量热仪测量得到样本结晶度;利用交流变压器测量得到样本的击穿强度。实验结果表明,随着交联度上升,样本击穿场强呈先上升后下降趋势。在交联度为0%～75%区间范围内,样本击穿场强增加2%。在交联度为75%～88%范围内,样本击穿场强增加21.2%。而在交联度为88%～92%范围内,样本击穿场强下降5.3%。分析认为,样本的击穿强度与样本交联度和材料均匀程度有关。当交联度较低时,样本的击穿强度主要由样本交联度决定,随着交联度上升,样本击穿强度增加。但由于此时局部材料结构较为不均匀,因此击穿强度增加幅度不大。而当交联度上升至75%时,材料形成较为密集、均匀的三维网状结构,导致样本击穿场强大幅上升。而当交联度继续增加时,此时样本结晶度下降幅度较大,局部材料结构变得不均匀,导致样本击穿强度下降。     

Computational Study on the Effect of Shroud Shape on the Efficiency of the Gas Turbine Stage

The last stages of powerful power gas turbines play an important role in the development of power and efficiency of the whole unit as well as in the distribution of the flow parameters behind the last stage, which determines the efficient operation of the exhaust diffusers. Therefore, much attention is paid to improving the efficiency of the last stages of gas turbines as well as the distribution of flow parameters. Since the long blades of the last stages of multistage high-power gas turbines could fall into the resonance frequency range in the course of operation, which results in the destruction of the blades, damping wires or damping bolts are used for turning out of resonance frequencies. However, these damping elements cause additional energy losses leading to a reduction in the efficiency of the stage. To minimize these losses, dampening shrouds are used instead of wires and bolts at the periphery of the working blades. However, because of the strength problems, designers have to use, instead of the most efficient full shrouds, partial shrouds that do not provide for significantly reducing the losses in the tip clearance between the blade and the turbine housing. In this paper, a computational study is performed concerning an effect that the design of the shroud of the turbine-working blade exerted on the flow structure in the vicinity of the shroud and on the efficiency of the stage as a whole. The analysis of the flow structure has shown that a significant part of the losses under using the shrouds is associated with the formation of vortex zones in the cavities on the turbine housing before the shrouds, between the ribs of the shrouds, and in the cavities at the outlet behind the shrouds. All the investigated variants of a partial shrouding are inferior in efficiency to the stages with shrouds that completely cover the tip section of the working blade. The stage with a unshrouded working blade was most efficient at the values of the relative tip clearance less than 0.9%.     

机组惯量对暂态功角稳定性影响的复杂性

随着能源转型的推进,风电及光伏发电大规模入网引起的电力系统惯量水平降低对暂态功角稳定性的影响成为业界关注的热点。从电网送、受端的视角来界别机组惯量对暂态功角稳定性的定性影响,并不符合问题的本质。文中基于扩展等面积准则(EEAC),分析互补两群等值惯量的变化对主导映象系统暂态稳定裕度的影响。由于故障场景对两群映象系统暂态潮流的不同影响,以及上述两种影响的交互作用,造成机组惯量对暂态功角稳定性影响的复杂性。通过对两机哈密顿系统的解析分析及数值仿真,讨论了其规律。     

超声波电机频率-温度特性研究

为了研究超声波电机运行过程中温升和频率漂移等关键技术问题,采用自然对流传热问题的牛顿冷却定律和热容理论,建立了超声波电机的温度特性与驱动频率之间的关系表达式,仿真分析了驱动频率对电机温升的影响;考虑电机压电定子的转动惯量和剪切变形等因素,利用能量等效原则和铁摩辛柯梁振动理论建立了超声波电机谐振频率与温度之间的关系表达式,通过仿真研究了温度对电机谐振频率漂移的影响,并通过实验验证了仿真结果的正确性。仿真及实验结果表明:电机的谐振频率随着温度的升高呈线性降低;驱动信号频率越接近电机谐振频率,电机表面温度就越高。最后,根据研究结果提出了减小电机温升和频率漂移的措施,并通过实验验证所提出措施的有效性。     

Development of the scientific heritage of M.E. Deich in the sphere of the gas dynamics of two-phase media (On the 100th anniversary of his birthday)

This article is a brief overview of some scientific and engineering ideas in the sphere of two-phase gas dynamics that were developed by the team of the Problem Laboratory of Turbomachines, Department of Steam and Gas Turbines, Moscow Power Engineering Institute (NRU MPEI, National Research University), under the leadership of Mikhail Efimovich Deich since 1963 and the analysis of their development and influence on the current state of the problem. At the early stages of the studies on two-phase media, the problem of the measurement of physical parameters of phases was especially urgent. The characteristics of probes for the measurement of one-phase flows in the presence of drops were studied, and the corrections for the influence of the second phase were obtained. However, the main focus was the development of new methods, and the optical method using a laser light source that is currently used at the leading laboratories of the world was chosen as the main method. The study of the wet-steam flow in nozzles is one of the first stages of the research on the problem. In these studies, the wave structure of supersonic wet-steam flows (condensation jumps and shock waves, Mach waves, turbulent condensation, periodic condensation nonstationarity, etc.) was investigated in detail. At present, like in the earlier studies, much attention is paid to the study of the influence of the addition of surface-active substance (SASs) on the wet-steam flow. The study of the wet-steam motion in steam-turbine stages was performed simultaneously with physical studies as the practical application of the obtained results. The development of computer technology in the 21st century contributed to the elaboration of the theoretical methods for the calculation of wet-steam flows in elements of power devices.     

Studying the operation of a VVER steam generator in the condensing mode at different parameters of emergency processes

The article presents the results of the experimental study of heat and mass transfer processes in an NPP steam generator during the operation of passive safety systems of new-generation VVER reactor installations. At the GE2M-PG test rig in the Leypunsky Institute for Physics and Power Engineering, two series of experiments corresponding to different stages of the accident were completed. In these experiments, the performance of VVER steam generator in the condensing mode with and without the removal of gas-vapor mixture from the “cold” header has been studied. As a result of the first series of experiments, it was found that, for any of the parameters of the emergency process, the steam generator’s power does not drop below 80% of the original value. Furthermore, we revealed that the composition and physical properties of gases in the investigated concentration range did not notably affect the processes in the steam generator. In the second series of experiments without removal of noncondensable gases, the influence of parameters of the emergency process on the efficiency of heat transfer in the steam generator operating in the condensing mode was investigated. In order to study the heat transfer processes, we studied the change of the temperature difference between the media of the first and second circuits in our experiments. We found that the value of the temperature difference depends on both the mass of noncondensable gases accumulated in the tube bundle and their accumulation rate. The accumulation rate is determined by the power of the steam generator and the concentration of gases entering the steam generator. As a result of the analysis of experimental data, we obtained the analytical dependence reflecting change in the power of the steam generator operating in the emergency condensing mode.     

The results of the implementation of the strategic master plan gained after five years and the prospects for its further implementation

This paper presents an analysis of the results of the elaboration and implementation of the Strategic Master Plan of utilization and environmental rehabilitation of decommissioned nuclear fleet facilities and the supporting infrastructure in the North-West of Russia, gained after five years. The special features of the elaboration of the extremely complex comprehensive program at the international level and the uniqueness of the result obtained towards the elimination of the problems of a nuclear legacy of the Cold War and the use of the method having been employed in other fields are shown.     

Electrostatic Current Generator Having a Disk Electret as an Active Element

An electrostatic current generator having a disk electret as the active element is described. The electret consists of two oppositely polarized half-disks producing an electric field normal to the plane of the electret. The electret constitutes the rotor of the generator and is located between two pairs of conducting half-disks which constitute the stator of the generator. The field of the electret induces charges on each half-disk of the stator. The magnitude and polarity of these charges at any given time are determined by the angle formed at this particular time between the plane separating the two halves of the electret and the plane separating the half-disks of the stator. When the half-disks of the stator are appropriately connected through an external circuit, an ac current is produced. The order of magnitude of the peak value of the current is given by I ? ?e?S where ae is the effective surface charge density of the electret, S is the total area of the flat surfaces of the electret, and w is the angular velocity of rotation of the electret.     

深圳变电站500 kV主变压器直流偏磁现象测试及抑制分析

为明确深圳变电站变压器出现间歇性噪音的成因,解决变压器噪音异常的问题,对深圳站500 kV变压器接地中性点的直流电流进行监测,通过分析表明:该变压器的噪音异常现象是由杂散电流导致的变压器直流偏磁引起。为治理变压器的直流偏磁现象,根据杂散电流入侵变压器接地中性点直流电流的特征,采用电容隔直装置对深圳站的变压器直流偏磁进行抑制;并从深圳站变压器及深圳站片区电网的角度,通过全网监测对比分析隔直装置对深圳站入侵变压器中性点直流电流的抑制效果,以及其对片区电网变压器的影响。结论表明:应根据电网的电气拓扑结构,并基于全网角度,对深圳站500 kV自耦变压器的直流偏磁进行综合优化治理。     

高速异步电动机转轴的疲劳特性分析

基于Ansys多物理场仿真软件平台,对高速异步电动机的转轴进行疲劳特性分析,校核高速异步电动机转轴的疲劳强度和高速运行的可靠性,预测电机转轴的寿命;分析电磁力对转轴疲劳寿命的影响,判断疲劳特性的类型。对比分析作用于电机结构的电磁力波频率、幅值和电机转轴各阶模态的固有频率,校核电机转轴的强度。在转轴不会因电磁振动发生断裂的前提下,将电磁力等效为静应力分析转轴的疲劳特性,校核电机轴在电机寿命周期内是否会发生短周疲劳损坏;并采用凹圆角设计进一步提高转轴的结构可靠性,提高电机的转轴寿命。