Comprehensive modelling of the unified power flow controller for power system control

In this paper, comprehensive modelling of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) for power flow, voltage, angle and impedance controls is presented. The control modes include some thirteen different power flow, voltage, angle and impedance control functions. The similarities and differences between some of the control modes and those of traditional transformers and series compensation devices are also discussed. The control modes were successfully implemented in a Newton power flow algorithm. Numerical examples are given on the IEEE 30-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system to illustrate the feasibility and the performance of the Newton power flow algorithm.     

Robust modeling of the interline power flow controller and the generalized unified power flow controller with small impedances in power flow analysis

The interline power flow controller (IPFC) and the generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) are two innovative configurations of the convertible static compensator (CSC) of FACTS. In this paper, direct modeling of the practical series or/and shunt operating inequality constraints of the IPFC and the GUPFC in power flow calculations are presented. Special initialization of a solution with the IPFC and GUPFC is also derived. Furthermore, an impedance compensation technique is proposed to deal with the numerical instability or the numerical difficulty of the IPFC and GUPFC models when either their coupling transformer impedances are too small or they are transformer-less controllers. Condition number analysis of the Newton power flow equations is given to get insights of the numerical instability of the voltage sourced models of the IPFC and GUPFC with small impedances. Numerical examples are given based on the IEEE 118-bus system, IEEE 300-bus system and a large scale system with 1000-buses.     

A Lyapunov theory based UPFC controller for power flow control

Unified power flow controller (UPFC) is the most comprehensive multivariable device among the FACTS controllers. Capability of power flow control is the most important responsibility of UPFC. According to high importance of power flow control in transmission lines, the proper controller should be robust against uncertainty and disturbance and also have suitable settling time. For this purpose, a new controller is designed based on the Lyapunov theory and its stability is also evaluated. The Main goal of this paper is to design a controller which enables a power system to track reference signals precisely and to be robust in the presence of uncertainty of system parameters and disturbances. The performance of the proposed controller is simulated on a two bus test system and compared with a conventional PI controller. The simulation results show the power and accuracy of the proposed controller.     

Interaction between phase shifting transformers installed in the tie-lines of interconnected power systems and automatic frequency controllers

FACTS devices like TCPAR can be used to regulate the power flow in tie-lines of interconnected power system. The transient state power flow occurring after power disturbances can be influenced by using TCPAR equipped with power regulator and frequency-based stabilizer. The analysis of a simple interconnected power system consisting of two power systems has shown that the control of TCPAR can force a good damping of both power swings and oscillations of local frequency. In the case of a larger interconnected power system consisting of more than two power systems, the influence of the control of TCPAR on damping can be more complicated. Strong damping of local frequency oscillations and power swings in one tie-line may cause larger oscillations in remote tie-lines and other systems. Hence the use of devices like TCPAR as tools for damping power swings and frequency oscillations in a large interconnected power system must be justified by detailed analysis of power system dynamics. In this paper, some results of time-domain simulations of a three-system area are presented. These results have proven that it is possible to obtain a good damping of tie-line power and frequency swings by optimizing the main parameters of TCPAR installed in tie-lines. The results have been confirmed by an eigenvalue analysis of linearized model of interconnected system consisting of three subsystems.     

An indirect model of SSSC for reducing complexity of coding in Newton power flow algorithm

In this paper, an indirect modeling approach for static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is proposed for Newton power flow analysis. This model shows that addition of ‘p’ SSSCs to an existing ‘n’ bus power system can be represented as an equivalent ‘(n + p)’ bus power system, without any SSSC. As a result, standard power flow analysis of the ‘(n + p)’ bus system can be carried out to calculate the steady state operating point of the original system containing SSSCs. Absence of any SSSC in the transformed system eliminates the need of writing new codes for computing the power flow equations and the Jacobian elements pertaining to SSSCs. This results in a substantial reduction in the programming complexity. The proposed model can also easily account for converter switching losses and various practical device constraints. Application of the proposed model for multiple SSSCs in the IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus systems demonstrates the feasibility of the model and its excellent convergence characteristics.     

A new sequential AC–DC power flow algorithm for multi‐terminal HVDC systems

This paper presents a new algorithm based on the sequential method for power flow calculation in integrated multi‐terminal, high‐voltage, direct current (HVDC) systems. Unlike similar studies in the literature, a real equivalent circuit model is considered for under‐load tap changer (ULTC) transformers of the DC converters, for the first time. So, new DC equations are obtained. Thus, exact and accurate results can be obtained for practical applications by the proposed algorithm. Adjustment effects of the DC converters' ULTCs tap values are included in the Jacobian matrix instead of the bus admittance matrix in the sequential AC power flow algorithm as well as other ULTCs in AC system. To this aim, new equations for the calculation of power and Jacobian matrix elements are obtained for the AC system. The proposed approach is tested on the modified IEEE 17‐bus AC–DC test system. Numerical results show that the proposed approach is accurate and reliable in convergence. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于松弛牛顿法的配电网潮流计算方法

配电网潮流的分析计算是配电自动化系统中的一项最基本的高级应用功能。将矩阵求逆运算的松弛方法应用于配电网的潮流计算,并利用矩阵分裂法,导出了一种新的配电网潮流计算算法。导出的算法具有通用性,既可用于放射形配电网,又适用于含有环网的一般配电网络。算法的求解过程简单、快捷,无需直接形成和计算雅可比矩阵、无需三角因子分解等过程,直接由前代/回代或回代/前代过程就能完成。以一个实际的中等规模配电系统为例,测试、分析和比较了算法的收敛性和计算速度,证实了所提算法的有效性。     

一种基于牛顿法的交流高速铁路牵引供电潮流计算方法的研究

在采用AT供电方式的交流高速铁路系统中,当有列车快速通过相邻的两个AT时,分析牵引网的电压是非常困难的。在此背景下,探讨了一种在AT(autotransformer)供电方式下,高速铁路牵引供电系统潮流计算的新方法,并在该算法的基础上提出了一种基于牛顿法的改进迭代求解方法。仿真结果说明,改进算法能够达到原算法相同的计算结果,且改进算法具有更快的收敛速度,利用改进后的算法可以正确计算出列车运行时的牵引网电压分布。该改进的计算方法可望在高速铁路牵引供电系统仿真中得到应用。     

电力系统BPA与PSS/E潮流数据转换研究

中国电力科学研究院引进开发的BPA仿真程序及德国西门子公司开发的PSS/E电力仿真程序,在电力系统数字仿真中得到了广泛应用。PSS/E仿真程序以其强大的仿真计算功能得到国内许多研究机构青睐,完成BPA程序到PSS/E程序数据的转换具有实际工程意义。本文采用Fortran语言编写转换程序,并以IEEE300节点纯交流输电系统、IEEE四机两区域交直流并联模型以及南网2013丰大系统模型作为实际仿真算例。仿真结果表明,本文提出的转换思路能有效完成BPA到PSS/E潮流数据的转换。     

含电压源换流器的交直流混联电网无功优化模型

随着厦门柔性直流输电工程的建成投运,福建电网形成了以柔性直流输电通道与交流输电通道环网运行的交直流混联电网。为解决含柔性直流的交直流混联电网的无功优化控制问题,提出了一个含电压源换流器的无功优化模型,并采用分支定界法及原对偶内点法求解。所提模型及求解方法已在福建电网自动电压控制系统中进行了测试,实现了对辖区范围内机组、容抗器、有载调压抽头和电压源换流器等各类无功电压调节策略的在线实时优化计算,取得了较好的测试效果。     

基于扩展节点法的交直流混合电网统一潮流算法

基于电压源型换流器的多端直流输电电网是解决可再生能源并网和消纳的有效途径,因此研究交直流混合电网的潮流算法很有必要。提出了一种基于扩展节点法的交直流混合电网统一潮流算法。首先建立了电压源型换流站的稳态模型和控制策略及基于扩展节点法的交流和直流电网的网络模型。然后推导了基于牛顿法的统一潮流算法,将交直流混合电网的节点注入电流、支路电流和节点电压作为未知变量同时求解。通过IEEE 30节点交直流混合电网算例验证了所提算法的有效性。     

基于连续潮流法的含双端VSC-HVDC交直流系统负荷裕度分析

为了分析含双端VSC-HVDC交直流系统的静态电压稳态特性,结合交替求解法和连续潮流法给出一种交直流连续潮流法。根据初始输入得到初始解确定负荷增长方向,引入负荷裕度参数。通过调节VSC-HVDC的控制策略,最终得到系统不同情况下的负荷裕度,采用左特征向量乘子法对系统进行负荷裕度灵敏度计算。对含双端VSC-HVDC的IEEE39节点系统和IEEE118节点系统进行建模仿真,得出了系统负荷裕度以及负荷裕度灵敏度近似线性的变化规律。直流线路功率流向对系统负荷裕度的影响相反,验证了方法的有效性。     

Quasi oppositional harmony search algorithm based controller tuning for load frequency control of multi-source multi-area power system

This paper deals with the load frequency control (LFC) study of single-area and interconnected two-area power system having diversified power sources. The two areas considered in the present study are identical. Each area is having thermal, hydro and gas based power plants. Split-shaft model of gas turbine is used in the present work as one of the diversified generating unit for the purpose of LFC study. Optimal gains of the classical controllers (like integral controller, proportional–integral controller and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, one installed at a time in the studied models) are obtained by using a novel music-inspired metaheuristic harmony search algorithm (HSA) which incorporates quasi opposition based learning technique for memory initialization and also for generation jumping. Single-area power system with diverse power sources is considered and its optimal transient performances are obtained and compared for step load perturbation. The same approach is further extended to two-area interconnected power system consisting of diverse power sources with nominal values of area input parameters. The performance of PID controller is found to be the best one for the studied power system models. It is also revealed that the performance of the interconnected two-area power system with AC–DC tie line is better in comparison to AC tie line.     

Fast decoupled load flow analysis with SSSC power injection model

This paper presents a facile incorporation of a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) into the fast decoupled (FD) load flow method. The model is based on power injection formulation. The SSSC is represented by a series impedance and two power injection loads at the terminal nodes. These power injection loads are based on the specified power flow and updated during the iterative process. This developed model of SSSC can be implemented easily in the FD load flow method without changing in the basic computational algorithm. The developed model overcomes the problem of power flow SSSC model which exists when only the SSSC links two subnetworks. The FD load flow with the power injection model of SSSC has been validated using standard IEEE data. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

交直流互联系统的多参数分岔分析

针对交直流系统的微分-代数模型,提出了一种多参数分岔分析方法.该方法虽然使系统方程的维数有所增加,但其雅可比矩阵具有很强的稀疏性,易于推广至大系统.在此基础上,对单馈入及多馈入交直流系统分别进行了多参数分岔分析.对单馈入交直流系统,分别以励磁参考电压、直流子系统各参数及逆变站换流变变比的极限值为控制参数,研究了这些参数对系统动态负荷裕度(DLM)和分岔点类型的影响.对多馈入交直流系统,重点研究了在直流典型控制方式下直流子系统之间的联络线电抗值及多个直流参考电压共同作用对系统分岔行为的影响.     

A new optimal unified power flow controller placement and load shedding coordination approach using the Hybrid Imperialist Competitive Algorithm-Pattern Search method for voltage collapse prevention in power system

As power systems become more complex and heavily loaded, voltage collapse has become one of the most destructive events in modern power systems leading to blackouts in electric utilities worldwide. Voltage collapse is mainly caused by operating power systems at lower stability margins due to a surge in electric power demand. This paper presents an optimal unified power flow controller (UPFC) placement and load shedding coordination approach for voltage collapse prevention in N − K (K = 1, 2 and 3) contingency condition using Hybrid Imperialist Competitive Algorithm-Pattern Search (HICA-PS). ICA is the main optimizer of the proposed algorithm while pattern search is applied to further fine tune the results of the ICA. To show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in preventing voltage collapse in complex power systems, we implemented it on the New-England 39 bus power system. Its performance was also compared to that of some classical optimization techniques. Decrease in load shedding amounts, continuity of energy supply and voltage collapse prevention is the main positive features of the proposed approach.     

含风电场交直流混联系统的概率潮流计算

针对概率潮流问题中存在常规潮流计算不收敛的问题,建立含风电场交直流混联系统的概率潮流模型,采用交替迭代法进行每一次常规潮流计算,并采用改进的LM(Levenberg-Marquardt)方法求解潮流非线性方程组。分别考虑负荷、风速的不同相关性模型以及输电线路的随机故障,并讨论负荷的不同波动程度对概率潮流结果的影响。算例表明:改进LM方法具有较好的鲁棒性,能够在不同波动程度下得到较精确的结果;波动程度主要影响交流节点电压相角的均值和标准差,对结果中其他变量信息影响不明显。     

A robust power flow model for active power flow control via thyristor‐controlled series compensator

In this paper, a new power flow model for active power flow control through a thyristor‐controlled series compensator (TCSC) in an AC network system is proposed. The proposed power flow model is based on the Newton–Raphson method. In this model, TCSC's admittance effect is included as a state variable into the Jacobian matrix to avoid the divergence problem. Unlike similar studies in the literature, TCSC's admittance is ignored in the bus admittance matrix, and the need for rebuilding the bus admittance matrix in each power flow iteration caused by the change of TCSC's admittance is prevented. So, faster convergence for power flow calculation is achieved. For this aim, new power equations are obtained. Also, in the proposed approach, we need not consider each terminal of TCSC as an individual bus in the power flow calculation. Thus, increasing the Jacobian and bus admittance matrixes sizes caused by the total bus number is prevented. The proposed approach is tested on an IEEE 57‐bus test system. The obtained results prove that this approach provides efficient, reliable, and fast convergence. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

AC/DC混合输电系统分散协调控制

针对电压源型高压直流输电（VSC-HVDC）在应用中带来的AC／DC交直流输电系统的协调控制问题，建立了AC／DC数学模型，并对AC／DC提出了一种新的分散最优协调控制模式。在该模式中，逆系统线性化理论被应用于直流输电系统的控制。文中为了与交流电网相配合，将标幺制引入了直流输电系统，并以Lyapunov间接法证明了该闭环非线性系统的稳定性。AC／DC混合输电系统的数值仿真结果表明了该控制策略的有效性和鲁棒性。