COALESCENCE BETWEEN SMALL BUBBLES: EFFECTS OF SURFACE TENSION GRADIENT

1 INTRODUCTIONThe rate of coalescence between bubbles is important to the stability of foams,the mo-bility control in tertiary oil recovery,and a broad class of operations in which gas orvapor is the dispersed phase.Therefore,it is very important that the mechanism of thecoalescence process be understood,so that the effects of the physical properties oncoalescence can be assessed.     

"In-situ Recycling" :Monolithic Ladle Repair with Shotcreting

The service life of refractories in ladle walls is limited by corrosion,abrasion,thermal shock and structural spalling mechanisms. When the ladle is lined with bricks they typically need to be completely removed after a certain number of heats to be replaced by new bricks of the same size as the original bricks. Not so for monolithic ladle linings. At the end of their service life the remains of the castable can almost completely be recycled as they can in fact stay in place. Only the worn-out part of the lining has to be replaced by a new castable. 20%-50% of the initial ladle lining can be recycled "insitu". The installation can efficiently be done by shotcreting technics. But it requires a castable that resists slag penetration very well. Castables based on a calcium magnesium aluminate bond provide the required penetration resistance. Pumping and shotcreting is very well adapted for repairs of blast furnace shafts,torpedo cars,hot metal and steel ladle linings[1]. However,very little is published about how a good pumping and shotcreting performance can be achieved when the installation has to be done under extreme weather conditions. At high ambient temperature the challenge is to ensure a good pumping result without early castable stiffening. Blockage of the pump would be the consequence. At low ambient temperature the difficulty is to de-activate the highly efficient deflocculant fast enough with a gelling agent added intothe wet mix at the nozzle to prevent the gunned material slipping off the wall. This paper studies strategies how to achieve good installed properties even at extreme ambient temperatures. The interactions between deflocculants,retarders,gelling agents,and calcium magnesium aluminate binder as a function of temperature are studied for an alumina- spinel ladle castable. Beside a new gelling agent for this castable type also a special stabilizer to reduce the temperature sensitivity has been investigated. It will be highlighted how the use of the new calcium magnesium aluminate binder in ladle castables and shotcretes maximises their service life and minimises material consumption.     

以蓖麻油酸作为萃取剂回收处理癸二酸工业废水的萃取过程(英文)

Wastewater containing high concentrations of phenol and sodium sulfate is generated in sebacic acid （SA） industry. Castor oil acid, a raw material for producing SA, can be used to extract phenol from wastewater in order to reduce the amount of phenol used in the process and discharge of phenol. The results show that the extrac- tion mechanism is that hydroxyl group of phenol is linked to carboxyl group of castor oil acid by hydrogen bond. The extraction process approaches equilibrium in 30 min. Extraction ratio increases with the increase of sodium sulfate and castor oil acid, and decreases as phenol increases. When the oil-water ratio is 1 ： 3, the optimal distribu- tion coefficient of 40 is obtained. Phenol saturation concentration in castor oil acid is 1.03 mol.L-1 after extraction for 4 times. The equilibrium constant （Kex） at 25℃ is 8.41 and the endothermic enthalpy （AH） is 1.513 kJ.mo1-1. The Gibbs free energy （AG） is -5.277 kJ. tool-1 and the value of AS is calculated to be 22.3 J. mo1-1. K-1.     

Novel eco-efficient reactive distillation process for dimethyl carbonate production by indirect alcoholysis of urea

Dimethyl carbonate is an eco-friendly essential chemical that can be sustainably produced from CO₂,which is available from carbon capture activities or can even be captured from the air.The rapid increase in dimethyl carbonate demand is driven by the fast growth of polycarbonates,solvent,pharmaceutical,and lithium-ion battery industries.Dimethyl carbonate can be produced from CO₂through various chemical pathways,but the most convenient route reported is the indirect alcoholysis of urea.Previous research used techniques such as heat integration and reactive distillation to reduce the energy use and costs,but the use of an excess of methanol in the trans-esterification step led to an energy intensive extractive distillation required to break the dimethyl carbonate-methanol azeotrope.This work shows that the production of dimethyl carbonate by indirect alcoholysis of urea can be improved by using an excess of propylene carbonate(instead of an excess of methanol),a neat feat that we showed it requires only 2.64 kW·h·kg^-1 dimethyl carbonate in a reaction-separation-recycle process,and a reactive distillation column that effectively replaces two conventional distillation columns and the reactor for dimethyl carbonate synthesis.Therefore,less equipment is required,the methanol-dimethyl carbonate azeotrope does not need to be recycled,and the overall savings are higher.Moreover,we propose the use of a reactive distillation column in a heat integrated process to obtain high purity dimethyl carbonate(>99.8 wt-%).The energy requirement is reduced by heat integration to just 1.25 kW·h·kg^-1 dimethyl carbonate,which is about 52%lower than the reaction-separation-recycle process.To benefit from the energy savings,the dynamics and control of the process are provided for
10%changes in the nominal rate of 32 ktpy dimethyl carbonate,and for uncertainties in reaction kinetics.     

具有羧酸官能团的功能性离子液体萃取分离钇的研究(英文)

A new kind of hydrophobic ionic liquids [1-alkyl-3-(1-carboxylpropyl)im][PF6] has been synthesized,and their extraction properties for Y(III) in the nitric acid medium was also investigated.The effects of extractant concentration,equilibrium pH of aqueous phase,salt concentration,temperature etc.were discussed.The results show that this kind of Task-Specific Ionic Liquid(TSIL) needs to be saponified before being used for the Y(III) ex-traction,and the extraction is acid dependent,and the extraction efficiency increases with the aqueous phase acidity decreasing.Furthermore,the loaded organic phase is easy to be stripped;more than 95% Y(III) could be stripped from the loaded organic phase when the stripping acidity is higher than 0.07 mol?L?1.The slope analysis technique is used to investigate the extraction mechanism,and a possible cation-exchange extraction mechanism is proposed in the present extraction system.     

Upgrading Siberian (Russia) crude oil by hydrodesulfurization: Kinetic parameter estimation in a trickle-bed reactor

Hydrodesulfurization(HDS) of sour crude oil is an effective way to address the corrosion problems in refineries and is an economic way to process sour crude oil in an existing refinery built for sweet oil.Siberian crude oil transported through the Russia-China pipeline could be greatly sweetened and could be refined directly in local refinery designed for Daqing crude oil after the effective HDS treatment.In this study,the HDS of Siberian crude oil was carried out in a continuous flow isothermal trickle-bed reactor over Ni-Mo/γ-Al_2 O_3.The effects of temperature,pressure and LHSV were investigated in the ranges of 320-360℃,3-5 MPa and 0.5-2 h~(-1),keeping constant hydrogen to oil ratio at 600 L·L~(-1).The HDS conversion could be up to 92.89% at the temperature of 360℃, pressure of 5 MPa,and LHSV of 0.5 h~(-1), which is sufficient for local refineries(84%).A three phase heterogeneous model was established to analyze the performance of the trickle-bed reactor based on the two-film theory using Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism.The order of sulfur component is estimated as 1.28,and the order of hydrogen is 0.39.By simulating the reactor using the established model,the concentration of H_2, H_2 S and sulfur along the catalyst bed is discussed.The model is significantly useful for industrial application with respect to reactor analysis,optimization and reactor design,and can provide further insight of the HDS of Siberian crude oil.     

吸附分离CH4/N2可行性研究

The separation between methane and nitrogen is an inevitable and important task in the C1 chemical technology and the utilization of methane from coalbed, yet it is considered to be one of the tough tasks in the field of separation. Pressure swing adsorption is a preferable technology if an adsorbent that allowing a large coefficient of separation for the CH4/N2 system is available. The separation coefficients between CH4 and N2 were obtained on analyzing the breakthrough curves measured experimentally with nine adsorbents. A technique of measuring the temperature-pulse was incorporated in the experiments, and the reliability of the result was improved.Superactivated carbon with large surface area and plenty of micropores was shown to have the largest separation coefficient and to be promising for the commercial utilization.     

吸附分离CH4/N2可行性研究

The separation between methane and nitrogen is an inevitable and important task in the C1 chemical technology and the utilization of methane from coalbed, yet it is considered to be one of the tough tasks in the field of separation. Pressure swing adsorption is a preferable technology if an adsorbent that allowing a large coefficient of separation for the CH4/N2 system is available. The separation coefficients between CH4 and N2 were obtained on analyzing the breakthrough curves measured experimentally with nine adsorbents. A technique of measuring the temperature-pulse was incorporated in the experiments, and the reliability of the result was improved. Superactivated carbon with large surface area and plenty of micropores was shown to have the largest separation coefficient and to be promising for the commercial utilization.     

CHEMOSELECTIVE PREPARATION OF CHLOROSULFONYL-CONTAINING AZO-DYES WITH THIONYL CHLORIDE-N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE

INTRODUCTION Azo-dyes containing chlorosulfonyl group are important intermediates of dyes for use in instant photography[1] and sulfonamido-containing disperse dyes[2].Chlorination of azo-dyes containing sulfonic acid group to the corresponding sulfonyl chlorides is an important method for the synthesis of this kind of compounds.Many approaches to performing the aforementioned conversion have been developed.One approach involves the use of chlorosulfonic acid[3],but the reagent is difficult to handle and can not be recycled.Another approach involves using phosphorous pentachloride as chlorination reagent[4], however,it is too expensive to be scaled up.The third one uses phosphoryl chloride-N,N-dimethylacetamide(POCl3-DMA)[2],in which acetonitrile and sulfolane are used as reaction medium[2],but a large amount of DMA is used and sulfolane can not be recycled easily due to its high boiling point.     

Property Optimization of Kaolin-Rice Husk Insulating Fire Bricks

1IntroductionThe insulating firebrick is a class of brick,whichconsists of highly porous fireclay or kaolin.They arelightweight,lowin thermal conductivity,and yet suffi-ciently resistant to temperature to be used successfullyon the hotside of the furnace …     

水热预处理工艺参数对玉米秸秆组分与酶解效率的影响

采用间歇式水热预处理方法,考察了不同水热预处理温度和处理时间对玉米秸秆主要成分变化的影响以及水热预处理后的纤维素酶解效率。在180～220℃,10～25 min范围内,随温度升高和时间延长预处理后半纤维素移除率和纤维素损失率也随之增大,但木质素质量并未减少反而有所增加。在210℃,25 min时得到最大半纤维素移除率为86.0%。以半纤维素移除率、木质素移除率和纤维素损失率为因变量,处理温度和处理时间为自变量通过多元线性回归分析或二次方程(多元线性回归方程拟合度不佳时)拟合分别获得回归模型。模型显示处理温度和处理时间对三者均具有显著影响。分析敏感性显示处理温度对三种因变量的影响均大于处理时间。经210℃,20 min处理后,纤维素酶解率最高为76.2%,继续提高处理温度和延长处理时间半纤维素移除率提高,但纤维素酶解率下降。     

玉米秸秆稀硫酸水解研究

采用热磨方法对玉米秸秆进行预处理,再经稀硫酸催化加压水解,制得玉米秸秆水解液。结果表明:以热磨预处理后的玉米秸秆为原料制得的水解液中还原糖浓度为 4%~5.5%,还原糖得率为 60%~75%,较未经预处理的玉米秸秆水解液还原糖得率提高约 50%。     

玉米秸秆水解及水解液的净化处理

对玉米秸秆水解和水解液的净化处理进行了研究。结果表明,在水解温度为120℃时,半纤维素水解率为93.7%,纤维素水解率为19.7%。温度为160℃时,半纤维素水解率为98.1%,纤维素水解率为73.4%。采用CR系列大孔吸附树脂、阴离子交换树脂和阳离子交换树脂3种混合树脂床对水解液进行净化处理,能除掉水解液中96%的多酚类物质和94%的阳离子以及96%的弱酸根及无机酸根离子。     

稀硫酸预浸渍对玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破预处理的影响

为提高纤维素乙醇生产中传统蒸汽爆破预处理的效果,以稀硫酸（质量浓度0．2％）对玉米秸秆进行预浸渍,再于190～210℃对其进行汽爆预处理。结果表明：稀硫酸预浸渍有利于增强汽爆过程中半纤维素的水解程度,并能有效减少乙酸的生成;200℃预处理玉米秸秆经过96h同步糖化发酵,最终乙醇浓度为22．5g·L-1,为理论值的76％,较预浸渍前（19．0g·L-1）明显提高。稀硫酸预浸渍能够增强玉米秸秆的汽爆预处理效果。     

玉米秸秆生物法制取酒精的中间试验

建立了玉米秸秆采用蒸汽爆破预处理、纤维素酶水解和戊糖己糖同步发酵技术制取酒精的中间试验装置。玉米秸秆在1.6～2.0 MPa条件下蒸汽爆破预处理,在提高玉米秸秆对纤维素酶可及度的同时,玉米秸秆中纤维素、木聚糖和木质素损失分别为4.08%、40.02%和9.91%。里氏木霉以10%的原料制备纤维素酶,并用于降解剩余的90%的原料,滤纸酶活力和纤维素酶水解得率分别为2.27 FPIU/mL和71.3%。初始还原物浓度为43.65 g/L的水解糖液经树干毕赤酵母发酵16 h,还原物利用率和酒精得率分别为87.17%和0.43 g/g(酒精/消耗的糖)。     

玉米秸秆稀酸蒸汽爆破协同作用机制研究

以玉米秸秆原料,进行蒸汽爆破处理,比较了水蒸气蒸爆、稀酸和稀酸蒸爆3种预处理方法,通过对3种预处理过程中米秸秆纤维组分变化、纤维素和半纤维素降解产物和玉米秸秆结构分析以及酶解试验,探讨稀酸蒸汽爆破的协同作用机制.结果表明,稀酸蒸爆协同作用包括稀酸的软化和蒸汽爆破的活化两种机制:一是通过稀酸脱除大部分的半纤维素破坏了半纤...     

Production of fermentable sugars from corn fiber using soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatment and fermentation to succinic acid using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> AFP184

Conversion of corn fiber (CF), a by-product from the corn-to-ethanol conversion process, into fermentable sugar and succinic acid was investigated using soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatment followed by biological conversions, including enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation using genetically engineered E. coli (AFP184). The SAA pretreatment (using a 15% w/w NH₄OH solution at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1: 10 at 60 °C for 24 h) removed 20-38% of lignin and significantly improved the digestibility of the treated solid (85-99% of glucan digestibility). Following the enzymatic hydrolysis, the sugar-rich hydrolysate was subjected to dilute sulfuric acid treatment (1 wt% sulfuric acid and 120 °C for 1 h), which hydrolyzed the oligosaccharides in the hydrolysate into fermentable monomeric sugars. The mixed sugar hydrolysates containing hexose and pentose obtained from the two-step hydrolysis and SAA pretreatment were fermented to succinic acid using a genetically engineered microorganism, Escherichia coli AFP184, for evaluating the fermentability. Engineered E. coli AFP184 effectively converted soluble sugars in the hydrolysate to succinic acid (20.7 g/L), and the production rate and yield were further enhanced with additional nutrients; the highest concentration of succinic acid was 26.3 g/L for 48 h of fermentation.     

Degradation Profiles of Non-lignin Constituents of Corn Stover from Dilute Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment

Corn stover was separated into four derived streams: ethanol extractives (EE), hot water extractives (HWE), extracted cellulose, and extracted hemicelluloses. They were separately treated with 0.75% dilute sulfuric acid at 180°C for 40 minutes. Over 100 degradation products were separated and identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography (LC). These products contained compounds from several chemical classes, including sugars, aromatics, carboxylic acids, furans, alcohols, aldehydes, and cyclenes. Itaconic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, azelaic acid, DL-isoborneol, and 3-methyl-2-furoic acid were detected in the dilute sulfuric acid pretreated corn stover for the first time. Potential microbial fermentation inhibitors and valuable chemical building blocks were evaluated. In an effort to identify and develop inhibitors which are useful for controlling and improving the lignocellulosic biorefinery process, how they originated from the corn stover constituents was examined.     

纤维素酶水解玉米秸秆的影响因素研究

考察了预处理方式、纤维素酶加量、初始葡萄糖含量等因素对玉米秸秆酶解效果的影响。结果表明,经过稀酸和蒸汽爆破预处理玉米秸秆的酶解得率分别为97.0％和91.0％,均高于未经预处理玉米秸秆;对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆,纤维素酶加量与酶液的滤纸酶活不成正比关系,纤维素酶加量越多,平均葡萄糖生成速率(GR)越大;葡萄糖对纤维素酶水解具...     

NaOH/AQ预处理对玉米秸秆脱木质素及酶解性能的影响

对玉米秸秆进行氢氧化钠/蒽醌（NaOH/AQ）去木质化预处理,考察了预处理温度、时间和NaOH用量对玉米秸秆脱木质素程度的影响,并探讨了脱木质素程度对提高预处理后物料酶解性能的影响。L₉（3⁴）正交试验得出较适宜预处理工艺条件为：温度160℃,时间60 min,NaOH用量（以绝干原料质量计）2.8%;其他条件为AQ用量0.05%,固液比1：5（g：mL）,此时木质素脱除率为75%,酶解后聚糖转化率达到73.79%。随着物料脱木质素程度的提高,其酶解效率相应增加;当木质素脱除率达到一定程度后,预处理后的聚糖转化率达到最大值,继续提高木质素脱除率,聚糖转化率反而降低。响应面优化的酶水解工艺条件为纤维素酶用量30 FPU/g,β-葡萄糖苷酶10 IU/g,反应时间72 h,温度50℃,底物质量分数2.5%,此时还原糖得率为85.62%。对酶解液进行HPLC分析,酶解液中的葡萄糖质量浓度为14.83 g/L,木糖质量浓度为4.83 g/L。XRD分析显示,预处理前后纤维素的晶型没有变化,而结晶度由31.40%提高至46.91%,表明物料中木质素和半纤维素发生了不同程度的溶出。