土工格栅拉拔特性及加筋土剪胀性试验研究

土工格栅通过筋土界面相互作用能起到很好的加筋效果,在许多工程中得到了广泛运用。拉拔试验是研究筋土界面相互作用的重要手段之一。通过室内拉拔试验,对竖向荷载、填料密实度以及试验类型对格栅拉拔力的影响规律开展研究,试验结果表明:在高密实度的填料中,随着筋-土界面位移的发展,填料的剪胀现象越明显;填料密实度小,竖向压力大时,剪胀趋势不明显;填料密实度越大,土体剪胀趋势越明显;土体的密实度将直接影响到格栅的加筋效果;对于土体的剪胀,存在一临界点,当格栅拉拔位移大于此临界点时,土体的剪胀趋势将显著发生。     

土工格栅纵横肋的筋土承载特性分析

为研究土工格栅纵横肋与砂土的界面受力特性,进行了不同法向压力的格栅拉拔试验,分别设计了横向与纵向剪除横肋的6种拉拔试验工况,研究横肋减少对格栅受力、拉拔阻力峰值和位移及似摩擦系数的影响,并分别对比了整体剪切和刺入剪切破坏模式下的格栅拉拔阻力,揭示格栅筋土界面的相互作用机理。结果表明,随着横肋的减少,格栅拉拔阻力和似摩擦系数不断地变小;横肋沿横向减少的格栅最大拉拔阻力大于横肋沿纵向减少的最大拉拔阻力,完整横肋有助于筋土界面的加筋作用的充分发挥。理论计算格栅界面摩擦力约为18%~19%的试验拉拔阻力,而试验获得的格栅界面摩擦力与试验拉拔阻力的比值为29%~33%,横肋与土体挤压咬合产生的承载力分量占了总拉拔阻力的67%~71%,横肋极大提高了土工格栅的拉拔阻力。     

土工格栅界面摩擦特性试验研究

土工格栅与土的界面作用特性直接影响着加筋土挡墙的安全与稳定性。因此,土工格栅与填料的界面技术指标在加筋土挡墙的设计中至关重要。本文在从试验方法、加载方式、试验箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度、压实度以及筋材夹持状况等几方面分析土工格栅界面摩擦特性影响因素基础上,进行了土工格栅在砂砾料和粘性土中的拉拔试验和直剪试验。试验结果表明:土工格栅与砂砾料接触面抗剪强度较高,而与粘土接触面抗剪强度很低;对于加筋土挡墙拉拔力较大的层位,应选用刚度大的土工格栅和砂砾料为填料。直剪摩擦试验不适合确定土工格栅接触面的抗剪强度。该试验结果对土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

土工格栅与铜矿尾矿界面作用特性的实验研究

钢塑复合土工格栅的加筋效果好于其它筋材的原因在于其表面结构特性,在生产过程中塑料表面处理时,肋条压制成粗糙的花纹,以增强格栅表面的粗糙程度,提高CATT钢塑复合土工格栅与土体的摩擦系数。它与土之间不仅存在表面摩擦力,而且还存在镶嵌咬合力,从而增强加筋土体的稳定性。文中以不同规格的钢塑复合土工格栅作为加筋材料,以有色金属铜矿的尾矿作为填料土,通过拉拔实验,研究钢塑复合土工格栅与铜矿尾矿填料土的界面作用特性,获得了筋——土之间的剪切强度系数（C、ψ）、似摩擦系数f^＊等结果,并对它们的影响因素进行了分析与探讨。     

压实度对红层泥岩土中土工格栅拉拔性能影响的试验研究

通过室内拉拔试验,研究压实度对土工格栅与红层泥岩界面拉拔性状的影响,试验结果表明,土工格栅在红层泥岩中主要表现为拔出破坏。随着压实度的增大,在一定程度上提高筋土界面的峰值剪应力;在压实度一定的情况下,随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面剪应力峰值增大,其对应的剪切位移减小。由于土与土工格栅接触面的剪胀造成该类接触面的界面剪应力峰值与竖向应力不再是线性关系。     

基于黏聚力模型的土工格栅筋土界面作用模拟方法

黏聚力模型被广泛应用于金属构件断裂过程的数值模拟。为深入分析土工格栅筋土界面关系,在格栅纵肋处采用罚函数法,在格栅横肋处采用黏聚力模型,并基于土工格栅横、纵肋条拉拔试验数据确定相关模型参数,进而对土工格栅整体拉拔试验进行了数值模拟。结果表明:黏聚力模型能有效地模拟格栅横肋的被动阻抗作用;格栅横肋前的土体破坏模式与Jewell提出的冲剪破坏模式相吻合;格栅横肋发挥的被动阻抗作用约占整体拉拔力的71%;采用黏聚力模型的筋土界面模拟方法与传统界面模拟方法相比更加准确。     

加筋土的拉拔摩擦试验研究

本文通过筋土之间的拉拔摩擦试验研究,分析了四种筋材在同一填料以及一种筋材在三种不同填料中的筋土界面摩擦系数的变化情况,并分析了筋材摩阻强度的变化规律。试验结果表明:在同种填料中,土工网和土工格栅较土工布、土工带界面摩擦系数高;同种筋材在粗颗粒填料中界面摩擦系数较细颗粒填料中大。拉拔试验的剪切应力与剪切位移具有明显的非线性特征,在开始阶段剪切应力有明显的增加,然后达到峰值并趋于稳定;随着法向应力的增加,界面的剪切应力的峰值以及对应的拉拔位移量也相应的增加。研究结果可为今后加筋土的研究及应用提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

大型数控拉拔试验系统的研制及应用

跟踪国内外研发现状,结合交通部西部膨胀土项目的开展,研制了CS-LB01大型数控土工合成材料拉拔试验系统。该系统具有试件尺寸大、可采用恒力或恒速两种控制方式实现土工合成材料在不同填料中的拉拔试验、较真实模拟实际工况的特点。加载方式也因上下箱体顶(底)面设置气囊并辅以稳压伺服控制系统、设法消除填土受上下盒侧壁的摩阻影响而更加科学合理。此外,采用高精度拉力和位移传感器、自行开发数据采集分析系统并配套填料压实和起吊辅助设备,使整个系统的人工智能化水平大大提高。试验表明,该系统能较好模拟土工格栅在膨胀土中的工作状态,准确提供筋土界面间的受力、变形及变化规律,从而方便试验参数的采集及对土中加筋作用机理的研究。     

双向土工格栅与中砂界面作用特性试验研究

筋材与填料土(筋土)的界面作用特性是影响加筋土工程的重要因素.以中砂为填料土,以聚丙烯双向土工格栅为筋材,通过直剪与拉拔试验,研究了不同中砂含水率、试验盒尺寸、试验类型对筋土界面作用特性的影响.引入黏聚力对比参数λc与内摩擦角对比参数λφ,进行了不同影响因素下加筋土黏聚力c与内摩擦角φ的定量对比,结果表明:不同因素对黏聚力c的影响均大于对内摩擦角φ的影响,加筋对复合土体的贡献主要体现在黏聚力上.各因素对筋土界面作用特性影响的顺序为:试验类型＞含水率＞试验盒尺寸.     

土工格栅拉拔试验影响因素分析

土工格栅以其良好的工程特性常用作加筋土结构筋材。本文从试验加载方式、拉拔箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度和压实度以及筋材夹持情况等几方面分析了影响拉拔试验的主要因素 ,目的是指导如何正确进行拉拔试验以分析土工格栅与填料的作用机理     

影响格栅加筋膨胀土拉拔试验的新因素分析

不少学者开展过土中加筋拉拔试验,受测试仪器所限,大多通过改变填土含水率、厚度(上覆法向压力)、类型(粗、细粒土)及拉拔速度等因素来研究对试验结果的影响,除考虑筋材类型(土工格栅、带、网或布)外,对筋土中另一重要影响因素—筋材的初始张拉状态少有研究。本文采用长沙理工大学自行研发的大型数控拉拔试验系统,发挥其尺寸大、双向气囊加载、消除侧壁摩擦等优势,开展膨胀土中格栅加筋拉拔试验,探究筋材尺寸、初始张拉状态、温度、界面残余强度及拉拔方式等新因素对测试值的影响。结果表明:格栅尺寸有一定影响,尤其宽度影响较大;对最大拉拔力而言,格栅应力释放的影响近8.8%;拉拔方式的影响约12.1%;温度的影响为15.9%;残余强度的影响占23.6%。研究结果可供加筋膨胀土工程设计参考。     

新型加筋结构界面的特性试验研究

通过室内筋材拉拔模型试验,对筋材与土介质的界面摩擦特性进行了详细分析。深入分析了试验中影响界面摩擦特性的主要因素,并深入探讨了土工格栅与红砂岩粗粒土之间的筋土界面特性,为实体工程设计提供必要的数据。     

Displacement and load transfer mechanisms of geogrids under pullout condition

Reinforcing elements embedded within soil mass improve stabilization through a load transfer mechanism between the soil and the reinforcement. Geogrids are a type of geosynthetic frequently used for soil reinforcement, consisting of equally spaced longitudinal and transverse ribs. Under pullout conditions, the longitudinal ribs are responsible for tensile resistance, while transverse ribs contribute to a passive resistance. This paper describes a new analytical model capable of reproducing both load transfer and displacement mechanisms on the geogrid length, under pullout conditions. The model subdivides the geogrid into rheological units, composed by friction/adhesion and spring elements, mounted in line. Friction/adhesion elements respond to the shear component mobilized at the soil–geogrid interface. Spring elements respond to the geogrid's tensile elongation. Model parameters are obtained through tensile strength tests on geogrids and conventional direct shear tests on soil specimens. The need for instrumented pullout tests becomes therefore eliminated. Results predicted from this new model were compared to instrumented pullout test data from two types of geogrids, under various confining stress levels. The results revealed that the new model is capable of reasonably predicting load and displacement distributions along the geogrid.     

A new approach to evaluate soil-geosynthetic interaction using a novel pullout test apparatus and transparent granular soil

Geosynthetic reinforced soil walls and slopes are now a mature technology in geotechnical engineering. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of soil-geosynthetic interaction are not fully understood for pullout of a geogrid material in the anchorage zone of a reinforced structure. It is also difficult to quantify the interactions between the geogrid and the soil. A new strategy to overcome these difficulties is to use a pullout box with a transparent glass bottom, a transparent soil, and non-contact measurement technology. This paper describes such a pullout box apparatus which is used in combination with a recently developed transparent granular soil. Embedded geogrid specimens are visible through the transparent bottom of the box and the surrounding soil. The displacements of the geogrid and seed (target) particles placed in the transparent soil are tracked using digital images captured by a row of synchronized cameras located below the apparatus. Digital processing is carried out using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique to quantify the in-situ displacement of the geogrid specimen and surrounding soil. The displacements are used to compute continuous longitudinal strain profiles in the geogrid specimen over the duration of each pullout test and relative shear displacements between the geogrid and the soil. Also reported are lessons learned to improve the method of clamping geogrid specimens at the front of the pullout box which are also applicable to conventional pullout box equipment.     

Influence of cyclic tensile loading on pullout resistance of geogrids embedded in a compacted granular soil

This paper deals with some results of a wide experimental research carried out in order to study factors affecting cyclic and post-cyclic pullout behaviour of different geogrids embedded in a granular soil. The new test procedure developed (multistage pullout test) and the relative results are described. In particular, test results obtained using the constant rate of displacement (CRD) and the multistage pullout tests highlighted the influence of the different factors involved in the research (cyclic load amplitude and frequency, vertical confining stress, geogrid tensile stiffness and structure) both on the peak pullout resistance and on the peak apparent coefficient of friction mobilized at the interface.     

Effects of transverse members on geogrid pullout behavior considering rigid and flexible top boundaries

Geogrid pullout tests have been regarded as the most direct and effective way to describe the interfacial behavior between geogrid and soil. To investigate the coupled effects of geogrid transverse members and top-loading boundaries on the geogrid-soil interaction, numerical simulations of geogrid pullout tests using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) were carried out in this study. The rigid top boundary was simulated by a rigid wall, while the flexible top boundary was modeled with a string of bonded particles that could rotate and move up and down freely. The coupled effects of geogrid transverse members and top boundary conditions on the geogrid-soil interaction under pullout loads were visualized not only by the force distributions along the geogrids and in the specimens but also by the displacements of soil particles and geogrids. Additionally, the quantitative geogrid force and strain distributions along the geogrids, the lateral force distributions on the front walls, and the vertical displacements of top boundaries also showed the influence of transverse members on the geogrid pullout behavior considering the rigid and flexible top boundaries. The DEM investigation results of this study may provide helpful guidelines for regulating the geogrid pullout test apparatus and methods.     

Geogrid-soil interaction: A new conceptual model and testing apparatus

This paper provides a more realistic representation of the soil-geogrid interface in indirectly activated geogrids. A new testing apparatus is designed using transparent soil that allows an unobstructed observation of the interface to investigate the interaction occurring along the reinforcement. In this investigation, the reinforcement is indirectly activated by the deformations of the surrounding soil. Deformations were determined by digital image correlation (DIC) using a dot pattern attached to the geogrid and a laser speckle plane within the transparent soil. The interaction is derived from relative soil-geogrid displacements, deflections of geogrid transverse members, geogrid strain and force distributions as well as shear stresses acting at the interface. Three zones were identified corresponding to the distinct modes of interaction: pushout, pullout and interlocking, whereby a micro-mechanical conceptual model was validated. The geogrid force reaches its maximum at the intersection of the critical slip plane with the reinforcement. The results indicate that the pushout, pullout and interlocking areas cover 15%, 49% and 36% of the total geogrid length respectively. In this study, a transition area between the pushout and pullout zones was observed where the mobilised interface shear stress increases to a maximum value.     

柔性与硬性地工格网在砂土与风化泥岩围压下之力学特性

地工格网（以下称格网）用於加劲土壤时，除考虑无围压下的张力行为之外，围压下之力学性质更是设计考量的重点。实际工程应用而言，基於经济考虑，期以现地土壤作为回填材料。本研究分别以拉出、围压抗张与直剪三种试验来探讨格网放土壤中之力学行为；并利用凝聚性泥岩与非凝聚性细砂作为回填材料，评估两种回填材料对加劲成效之影响。结果显示，柔性格网之肋条在拉出过程中易扭曲，造成主应力面旋转的现象，以致拉出阻抗大放硬性格网；围压下格网抗张的应力-应变行为可分为三阶段，即束制阻抗期、张力发展期与破坏期。束制阻抗期大都於3％应变内即已完成；在低围压情况拉出阻抗达20％～60％之拉出强度（相同应变），在高围压下达150％。由直接剪力试验结果可以预测：（a）格网／泥岩加劲结构-低围压时，剪力破坏面应通过格网／泥岩之界面；而高围压时，剪力破坏面应通过泥岩上体。（b）格网／细砂加劲结构-低围压与高围压下剪力破坏面应通过格网／细砂之界面。     

Pullout resistance of geogrid and steel reinforcement embedded in lightweight cellular concrete backfill

Lightweight Cellular Concrete (LCC) has been increasingly used as backfill material for retaining walls, ground improvement, and pavements due to its low self-weight, quick installation, and high compressive strength as compared with soils. This paper presents a series of pullout tests performed in the laboratory to investigate the pullout resistance of geogrid (extensible reinforcement) and steel strip (inextensible reinforcement) embedded in LCC. Pullout displacements and pullout forces were monitored using displacement transducers (DT) and a load cell during the pullout process. This study investigated the effects of age, normal stress, fly ash, the presence of a cold joint, and re-pullout on the pullout resistance and calculated the pullout resistance factors F* for geogrid and steel strip embedded in LCC. Test results show that for the geogrid embedded in LCC, the maximum pullout force increased as the normal stress increased. For the steel strip embedded in LCC, the maximum pullout force was independent of the normal stress and increased as the age and the cement to fly ash ratio increased. Test results also show that the presence of a cold joint did not reduce the pullout resistance, while the re-pullout test had lower pullout resistance compared to the original pullout test for the same specimen. The pullout resistance factors F* for steel strips were greater than those for geogrids and these factors decreased as the normal stress increased.