405不锈钢高温组织转变研究

通过热膨胀法以及Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件对SA240-405不锈钢铁素体向奥氏体转变的温度进行了测量和计算。进一步结合淬火与回火热处理,分析了405不锈钢在高温下组织随温度与时间的变化关系。研究结果表明,405不锈钢铁素体向奥氏体开始转变的温度为795~832℃,转变终了温度为910~925℃。温度高于1 050℃,随温度升高,奥氏体逐渐向铁素体转变,淬火后的马氏体含量降低。在950及980℃淬火,得到的组织为马氏体与铁素体的双相组织,淬火时间为30~60 min得到的硬度较高;进一步延长淬火时间,硬度逐渐降低。在730℃回火后得到的组织为铁素体与回火马氏体,无明显残余奥氏体,回火后组织的硬度随时间延长逐渐降低。     

热老化对核电主管道Z3CN20.09M不锈钢点蚀性能的影响

采用极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗法研究了400℃长期热老化对压水堆核电站一回路主管道用Z3CN20.09M铸造奥氏体不锈钢点蚀性能的影响.结果显示,材料的点蚀击破电位和电荷转移电阻随着热老化时间的延长而降低.热老化材料经550℃退火处理1 h后的点蚀击破电位和电荷转移电阻值均恢复到未老化材料的水平.研究表明此时α'相已经回溶,G相仍然存在,导致热老化试样点蚀性能下降的主要原因是α'相的析出.      

Microstructural evolution of 405 stainless steel under high temperature

The ferrite-to-austenite phase transformation temperature of SA240-405 stainless steel was measured using the thermodilatometry method and calculated using Thermo-Calc. In addition,the effect of temperature and the soaking time on the microstructural evolution was investigated for various quenching and tempering treatments. The results indicated that the ferrite-to-austenite transformation of this steel started between 795 ℃and 832 ℃ and finished between 910 ℃ and 925 ℃. W hen the specimens were annealed above 1050 ℃,the austenite gradually transformed into ferrite; consequently,the content of as-quenched martensite decreased with increasing temperature. M oreover,when the specimens were quenched between 950 ℃ and 980 ℃,a microstructure of duplex phases comprising ferrite and martensite was obtained. Relatively high B-scale of Rockwell hardness( HRB) values were observed for quenching times of 30-60 minutes; then,the hardness gradually decreased with increasing quenching time. Tempering at 730 ℃ resulted in ferrite and tempered martensite,and no obvious residual austenite was observed. In addition,the hardness gradually decreased with increasing tempering time.     

退火温度对冷轧中锰钢组织性能和断裂行为的影响

 为了系统研究临界区退火和全奥氏体区退火对中锰钢性能的影响,为中锰钢的实际应用提供理论基础,在650~900 ℃范围内系统研究了冷轧中锰钢的显微组织和力学性能,并通过断口形貌观察分析了试验钢的断裂特性。结果表明,试验钢在临界区退火的综合力学性能明显优于全奥氏体区退火。650~750 ℃退火时,抗拉强度在1 000 MPa左右,强塑积超过30 GPa·%,发生韧性断裂,宏观上可以观察到明显的层状裂纹,微观下为大量韧窝;在800~900 ℃退火时,抗拉强度在743~1 154 MPa范围内波动较大,强塑积不足10 GPa·%,断口平整,发生脆性沿晶断裂;退火温度为650 ℃时,组织为片层状和等轴状的奥氏体、铁素体双相及大量渗碳体;随着退火温度的升高,渗碳体逐渐溶解消失,等轴状组织所占体积分数明显增加,奥氏体体积分数也不断增加,在750 ℃时达到52.2%;退火温度为800 ℃时,有马氏体产生,奥氏体体积分数下降;退火温度为900 ℃时,组织基本为马氏体,残留奥氏体体积分数仅为14.6%。     

Thermal aging effect on 2205 duplex stainless steel

The effect of isothermal aging treatment on the mechanical and corrosion properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel was investigated by means of impact toughness test and micro-hardness measurement in combination with the critical pitting temperature( CPT) technique. The corresponding fractography of the steel was then observed after the impact toughness test. The results demonstrated that,at the critical temperature for precipitation of the sigma( σ) phase,e. g.,850 ℃,the impact toughness decreased rapidly and the micro-hardness increased gradually with increasing aging time. The CPT decreased from 61 to 15 ℃ as the aging time increased from 4 min to 8 h. In addition,optical microscopy,transmission electron microscope( TEM) and X-ray diffraction studies showed that the ferrite in the steel transformed into secondary austenite and σ phase.     

The effect of intercritical annealing temperature on the structure of niobium microalloyed dualphase steel

The structures produced in a Nb-microalloyed steel by oil quenching after intercritical anneals at 760 and 810 °C have been examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. After both anneals, the periphery of the austenite pool transforms on cooling to ferrite in the same orientation as the ferrite retained during intercritical annealing. Thus the ferrite forms by an epitaxial growth mechanism without the formation of a new interface or grain boundary. The new ferrite is precipitate-free in contrast to the retained ferrite which develops a very dense precipitate dispersion during intercritical annealing. In the carbonenriched interior of the austenite pool beyond the epitaxial ferrite only martensite forms in specimens annealed at 760 °C but various mixtures of ferrite and cementite form in specimens annealed at 810 °C. The latter structures include lamellar pearlite, a degenerate pearlite, and cementite interphase precipitation. All Nb is in solution in the austenite formed at 810 °C, and therefore the low hardenability of the specimens annealed at that temperature is best explained by the effect of low austenite carbon content.     

固溶温度对00Cr22Ni5Mo3N钢组织及耐点蚀性能的影响

 研究了固溶温度对00Cr22Ni5Mo3N钢相比例及耐点蚀性能的影响。结果表明,在1 000~1 300 ℃,随着固溶温度的提高,00Cr22Ni5Mo3N钢组织中的铁素体含量逐渐增加,钢的耐点蚀性能呈曲线变化。本试验条件下,在1 000~1 150 ℃固溶处理时,该钢具有较好的耐点蚀性能,这与其化学成分、相析出、相比例及化学元素在两相中的分配比有直接的关系。     

退火温度对0.2C-1.5Si-1.5Mn-(0.5Cu)TRIP 钢组织的影响

用彩色金相法、X 射线衍射、扫描电镜研究了成分(%)为 0.2C-1.5Si-1.5Mn和0.2C-1.5Si-1.5Mn-0.5Cu TRIP钢 750～780℃不同退火温度对组织的影响。结果表明,含0.5 %Cu TRIP钢750℃、760℃、780℃退火的残余奥氏体体积含量为15.2 %～17.2 % ,770℃退火为15.2 %～15.7% ;不含CuTRIP钢760℃和770℃退火的残余奥氏体体积含量分别为12.5 %～12.9%和14.6 %～15.1% ,低于750℃和780℃退火的奥氏体量分别为17.0 %～17.5%和16.0 %～16.4%。随退火温度由750℃提高至780℃ ,两种钢中的铁素体量由～70%降至～5 0% ,贝氏体量由～10%增至～30%     

固溶处理对超级双相不锈钢S32750组织和性能的影响

研究了950～1 200℃60 min水冷的固溶处理对超级双相不锈钢S32750(/%:0.02C、0.49Si、1.03Mn、0.026S、0.001P、25.01 Cr、7.03Ni、3.80Mo、0.29N)12 mm板的组织、力学性能和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,随固溶温度升高,钢中铁素体相增加,奥氏体相减少;在950℃加热时铁素体中析出大量σ-相,使钢的性能恶化,在1 050～1 100℃固溶处理后,钢中铁素体相和奥氏体相各占50%, S32750钢具有较好的综合力学性能和优良的耐蚀性能。     

双相变回温温度对钢组织及其热塑性的影响

含铌钢连铸过程极易产生铸坯角部横裂纹。对连铸坯角部实施γ→α→γ双相变控冷工艺,可提高其组织的高温热塑性而减少裂纹产生。其中,α→γ相变阶段的回温温度是影响双相变控冷工艺实施效果的重要参数。通过Gleeble热模拟与金相观察、析出物透射以及断口扫描相结合的检测手段,研究分析了双相变过程回温温度对Q345D-Nb钢组织演变及其热塑性的影响规律。结果表明,回温温度为850℃时的奥氏体晶粒相比传统冷却工艺下的晶粒尺寸未产生细化,平均晶粒尺寸为502.2μm;回温温度升至900℃时,回温奥氏体出现了明显的混晶现象;当回温温度达到950℃时,晶粒细化至61.2μm;当回温温度达到1 000℃时,回温奥氏体晶粒出现了一定程度粗化,相比950℃回温温度下的奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸增加了38.07%。传统冷却工艺和不同回温温度时的双相变控冷工艺(回温温度为850、900、950、1 000℃),钢组织在700～900℃温度区内的断面收缩率最低值分别为29.6%、45.0%、56.3%、68.2%、63.2%。在传统冷却工艺下,钢组织在750℃时晶界铁素体膜的厚度为20～25μm,且碳氮化物呈大尺寸链状分布,...     

临界退火中锰钢的组织性能和变形行为

 为了研究临界退火中锰钢的微观组织演变规律以及组织对力学性能和变形行为的影响,对冷轧中锰钢(0.1C-7Mn-0.35Si)在570～650 ℃范围内进行了临界退火处理。研究结果表明,随着退火温度升高,双相“奥氏体+铁素体”组织逐步趋于等轴化且晶粒有粗化的趋势,并且在650 ℃时出现了马氏体组织;试验钢的抗拉强度随温度升高而增加,而伸长率和屈服强度均呈下降趋势,局部不均匀变形带随着退火温度升高逐步弱化,在620和650 ℃时完全消失;在相对较高的退火温度下,粗化的等轴奥氏体晶粒中形变诱导马氏体相变的增强和大尺寸的铁素体晶粒中动态回复的减弱,以及更高温度时马氏体的引入等,均改善了屈服阶段的加工硬化能力,从而有效减弱或抑制吕德斯带的扩展。     

超细晶钒微合金化双相钢性能

研究了钒微合金化对高强双相钢微观组织及性能的影响。与Fe-0.186C-1.5Mn-0.3Si-0.008N参照钢相比,加入0.14%V带来如下效果:(1)在冷轧及退火状态铁素体晶粒高度细化;(2)严重推迟在连续退火过程中铁素体向奥氏体转变的初始动力学;(3)慢冷条件下铁素体开始转变温度稍微提高,但珠光体和贝氏体转变被抑制,导致淬透性提高;(4)在临界退火温度≤740℃时观察到未溶渗碳体;(5)750℃/180 s退火后铁素体相中发现大量V(C,N)析出(平均直径7.4 nm),而马氏体(奥氏体)中析出物稀少,尺寸更大(平均直径13.4 nm);(6)不含钒参照钢抗拉强度随马氏体体积分数增量为~16 MPa/%,而含钒钢由于晶粒细化和铁素体选择强化,强度随马氏体含量变化增量相当低(~4 MPa/%),在马氏体体积分数45%变软。     

Effects of Silicon Content and Intercritical Annealing on Manganese Partitioning in Dual Phase Steels

Steels of constant manganese and carbon contents with silicon content of 0.34%-2.26% were cast.The as-cast steels were then hot rolled at 1100 ℃ in five passes to reduce the cast ingot thickness from 80 to 4 mm, air cooled to room temperature and cold rolled to 2 mm in thickness. Dual phase microstructures with different volume fraction of martensite were obtained through the intercritical annealing of the steels at different temperatures for 15 min followed by water quenching. In addition to intercritical annealing temperature, silicon content also altered the volume fraction of martensite in dual phase steels. The partitioning of manganese in dual phase silicon steels was investigated using energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The partitioning coefficient, defined as the ratio of the amounts of alloying element in the austenite to that in the adjacent ferrite, for manganese increased with increasing intercritical annealing temperature and silicon content of steels. It was also found that the solubility of manganese in ferrite and austenite decreased with increasing intercritical temperature. The results were discussed by the diffusivity and the solubility of manganese in ferrite and austenite existed in dual phase silicon steels.     

奥氏体形变对50CrV4钢相变行为的影响

利用Thermecmastor-Z型热模拟试验机,结合金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、维氏硬度计等,系统研究了奥氏体区变形对50CrV4钢连续冷却相变和等温相变规律的影响。建立了试验钢动态CCT曲线。研究结果表明,奥氏体变形能促进连续冷却转变过程中铁素体-珠光体、贝氏体转变,但亦可提高奥氏体的机械稳定性,进而抑制马氏体转变,Ms点由331.6℃(奥氏体未变形)降低至291℃(950℃下变形50%+890℃下变形50%,变形速率均为5s-1,变形后冷速为20℃/s)。当轧后冷速小于0.5℃/s时,试验钢中可获得铁素体+珠光体组织。此外,在研究不同变形量对试验钢等温相变规律影响时发现,650℃等温时,试验钢中发生铁素体-珠光体相变。随着变形量的增加(由30%增加至50%),其等温相变动力学加快(相变完成时间由197.6s减小至136.5s),铁素体体晶粒尺寸、珠光体片层间距减小,硬度增加。     

热处理对S32003经济型双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响

 就不同热处理制度对S32003双相不锈钢的力学性能、金相组织、耐蚀性的影响规律进行研究。结果表明,在850~1100℃之间,随着温度的升高,强度、硬度逐渐降低,而伸长率逐渐增大;在850～900℃热处理,铁素体晶内及铁素体-奥氏体相界锯齿形析出高铬的点状第二相,对耐蚀性能不利。在高于950 ℃热处理的过程中,第二相可以溶解。经对析出相的结构分析,可以确认为Cr2N。     

Fe-12Mn-7Al-0.6C-(V)轻质钢力学行为

为减轻汽车用钢的质量，实现汽车轻量化设计，研究了冷轧Fe 12Mn 7Al 0.6C (V)轻质钢在不同温度下退火的组织和力学行为。结果表明，随着退火温度的升高，奥氏体体积分数增加，晶粒尺寸增大；合金的强度下降，塑性先增加后下降。材料的应变硬化行为呈现3阶段硬化。在变形过程中，奥氏体中发生平面滑移，铁素体中发生波状滑移。随着变形量的增加，在奥氏体中形成不同方向的滑移带，铁素体中形成胞状结构。钒的添加可同时提高材料的强度和塑性。     

Chi Phase after Short-term Aging and Corrosion Behavior in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

Correlation between pitting corrosion behavior and chi( χ )phase formed after a short-term aging(5,10 and 15 min)at 850 ℃ of 2205 duplex stainless steel(DSS)was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization tests,optical microscopy,and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectrum system.Results showed that after aging for 5min,the χ phase initially precipitated at ferrite grain boundaries,developed and then became linked with prolonging aging time.The χ phase was rich in Cr and Mo,resulting in formation of depleted zones nearby.The χ phase could reduce corrosion resistance of DSS and slightly influence its stability,but the specimens still displayed the capacity for repassivation.Some lines of evidence showed that stable pitting corrosion initiated at the boundaries of precipitates.The χ phase was selectively corroded during the first stage of corrosion and then the depleted zones nearby were attacked.In addition,the grain size and volume of precipitates also affected pit nucleation and progress,and suitable size and distribution of χ phase could aggravate pit initiation at precipitate boundaries.The χ phase with considerably low volume fraction and small size was not sensitive position for pit initiation.     

退火温度对441铁素体不锈钢组织性能的影响

为探索超纯铁素体不锈钢热轧板材在退火过程中组织和力学性能的演变,对441进行了900～1 050 ℃的退火试验,利用OM、SEM和TEM表征了441在退火过程中显微组织的变化规律,并通过拉伸试验和冲击试验研究了退火温度对力学性能的影响.结果表明,随着退火温度升高,轧制组织发生再结晶,且晶粒逐渐长大.退火后441热轧板材...     

Ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation in cold-rolled intercritically annealed steel

The recrystallization of ferrite and austenite formation during intercritical annealing were studied in a 0.08C-1.45Mn-0.21Si steel by light and transmission electron microscopy. Normalized specimens were cold rolled 25 and 50 pct and annealed between 650 °C and 760 °C. Recrystallization of the 50 pct deformed ferrite was complete within 30 seconds at 760 °C. Austenite formation initiated concurrently with the ferrite recrystallization and continued beyond complete recrystallization of the ferrite matrix. The recrystallization of the deformed ferrite and the spheroidization of the cementite in the deformed pearlite strongly influence the formation and distribution of austenite produced by intercritical annealing. Austenite forms first at the grain boundaries of unrecrystallized and elongated ferrite grains and the spheroidized cementite colonies associated with ferrite grain boundaries. Spheroidized cementite particles dispersed within recrystallized ferrite grains by deformation and annealing phenomena were the sites for later austenite formation.     

Effect of intercritical annealing on phosphorus segregation in hot- rolled medium- manganese TRIP steel

Field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope combined with energy dispersive spectrometer were used to observe the phosphorus segregation behavior in hot- rolled medium- manganese TRIP steel. The samples were annealed at different temperatures, followed by the same aging process at 560?? for 50h. The results show that particle- like phosphorus is dispersively distributed in the samples annealed at 650??, while the sample annealed at 750?? shows uneven narrow- band- like phosphorus distribution. The entire phosphorus segregation zone overlaps with carbides precipitation. Both 650 and 750?? are intercritical region (ferrite + austenite) temperatures. The segregation usually occurs at ferrite grain boundaries. At the same temperature, the diffusion coefficient of phosphorus in ferrite is 26 times than in austenite. However, it is insufficient to explain the effect of annealing temperature on phosphorus segregation by diffusion coefficient. According to the Kikuchi line analysis in the electron backscatter diffraction, the phosphorus- containing precipitate phase is mainly FeP in orthogonal crystal system and MnxFe1-xP solid solution, which is in accord with the calculation results in Fe- Mn- C- P system by Factsage software.