Temperature and duration effects on microstructure evolution during copper wafer bonding

Interfacial morphologies during Cu wafer bonding at bonding temperatures of 300–400°C for 30 min followed by an optional 30-min or 60-min nitrogen anneal were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that increased bonding temperature or increased annealing duration improved the bonding quality. Wafers bonded at 400°C for 30 min followed by nitrogen annealing at 400°C for 30 min, and wafers bonded at 350°C for 30 min followed by nitrogen annealing at 350°C for 60 min achieve the same excellent bonding quality.     

Copper plating for 3D interconnects

In this paper we report on Cu plating of through-silicon-vias (TSV-s) using in-house made acidic Cu bath with model additives (SPS, PEG, and JGB). Although the model additives might not be as potent as commercial additives, they have been studied in detail, and their role in Cu plating has been described extensively in scientific literature. This in turn allows deeper insight into how changes in bath composition affect the plating mechanism and Cu via-fill.     

基于跨航向稀疏阵列的机载下视MIMO 3D-SAR三维成像算法

基于阵列天线的SAR 3维成像技术是实现SAR 3维高分辨成像的重要方式之一。该文通过沿飞行平台跨航向稀疏地布置多个收发天线阵列单元,构造了跨航向稀疏下视阵列天线构型的MIMO(多发多收)机载3D-SAR,并分析了跨航向稀疏下视阵列MIMO机载3D-SAR的成像几何、3维回波信号模型,提出了适用于跨航向稀疏下视阵列MIMO机载3D-SAR的3维成像算法,最后通过仿真实验验证了算法的有效性并对结果进行了分析。     

Through silicon via: From the CMOS imager sensor wafer level package to the 3D integration

A wide range of requests coming from customer appears to demonstrate the feasibility of the TSV for a large range of via size and via AR either for process point of view or for performances point of view. The main application in the market is the CMOS image sensor with the integration of via at AR1. Now based on this first wafer level package of CMOS Image Sensor (CIS), the integration on the z axe will continue by the wafer lens integration for a continuous form factor and low cost module.First 3Di applications with TSV is entering the market with the via-last approach, more simply to be developed in semiconductor manufacturing in order to secure the 3Di technologies and to promote the 3Di to customers. Then specific design and electrical models will be developed and optimized allowing a fast and prosperous development of the via-first approach.A challenge in the modelisation of the TSV is the understanding of the mechanical impact of the trench and the metal filling on the behavior of the CMOS components and the reliability. These types of researches are progressing in various institutes and are essential for an increasing integration of TSV.Because actually, the technology continues to drive the 3D roadmap, the mechanical and thermal modelisation and 3D design tool need to be more activated to be developed faster in order to optimize the 3D module. Then the electrical testing will be a real challenge to be able to distinguish drift in the right strata, to be able to isolate a via within more than 10000 via in a module. The electrical testing will be strictly linked to mechanical and electrical failure analysis to get feed-back in technology, actual drawback of the 3D development.The cost of the 3Di and the TSV integration is more and more important and looks as a primary driver even if the functionalities increase faster than cost! Some steps have been already identified to be more costly steps: bonding and via filling. Indeed, throughput and material used have a direct impact on the final price.Continuous perspectives of TSV integration are progressing in order to optimise actual applications or to develop new integration. First challenging integration is the interposers with 3D interconnection allowing devices mounting on both side, like passive device integration or building of micro-cooling channels. The main interest of the 3D silicon interposer is the fact that it can connect chips at different locations and sizes, as example memory over digital IC. The usage of silicon as an interposer leads to an increase in the cost, but it will boost performances and reduce power consumption. One other advantage of the introduction of 3D interposer is the simplification of the required substrate implying a better mismatch of CTE lowering the packaging failure.In the wafer level package, TSV is now introduced to reduce the package footprint and mainly simplify the capping of device, similar to that for the MEMS. Indeed by integrating TSV, the capping must only protect the device against external environment, and not also take into account the electrical path in the bond layer degrading the hermiticity performance.To finish this paper, the sentence of Yann Guillou is the right situation: “The (3D) roadmaps need to be based on application requirements and not driven by technology ONLY. 3D Integration with TSV is not a scaling based concept Does it make sense today to think about submicron via diameter or dice thinner than 30 μm for example?” Applications need to take a risk by using 3D TSV technology!     

3DIC集成与硅通孔(TSV)互连

介绍了3维封装及其互连技术的研究与开发现状,重点讨论了垂直互连的硅通孔（TSV）互连工艺的关键技术及其加工设备面临的挑战．提出了工艺和设备开发商的应对措施并探讨了3DTSV封装技术的应用前景。     

Fabrication of low defect density 3C-SiC on SiO2 structures using wafer bonding techniques

This paper reports on a process to fabricate single-crystal 3C-SiC on SiO₂ structures using a wafer bonding technique. The process uses the bonding of two polished polysilicon surfaces as a means to transfer a heteroepitaxial 3C-SiC film grown on a Si wafer to a thermally oxidized Si wafer. Transfer yields of up to 80% for 4 inch diameter 3C-SiC films have been achieved. Homoepitaxial 3C-SiC films grown on the 3C-SiC on SiO₂ structures have a much lower defect density than conventional 3C-SiC on Si films.     

用面对面叠加法实现芯片的3D集成

面对面芯片叠加使一颗芯片置于另一颗芯片的倒装凸块阵列中,从而极大减小了封装厚度。POSSUMTM封装是指两颗或多颗芯片用面对面的方式叠加,其中较小的芯片置于较大芯片上没有互联倒装凸块的区域。较小的芯片在薄化后通过铜柱微块组装到较大的芯片上。因此,薄化了的较小芯片和它的铜柱微块的总体高度就比其附着的较大芯片的倒装凸块经回流后的高度要低很多。一旦组装完毕,较小芯片就被有效地夹在上面的较大芯片和下面的基板中,同时被一环或多环倒装锡凸块包围。底部填充剂的使用同时保证了铜柱和无铅锡凸块在测试和使用中的可靠性要求。因为信号在两颗芯片的表面运行,所以互连线极短,可以实现近距离信号匹配,和小电感的信号传输。这种面对面芯片叠加方式保证了很好的芯片间信号传输的完整性,是穿硅孔(TSV)封装技术的低成本的有效替代。     

大尺寸硅片背面磨削技术的应用与发展

集成电路芯片不断向高密度、高性能和轻薄短小方向发展，为满足IC封装要求，图形硅片的背面减薄成为半导体后半制程中的重要工序。随着大直径硅片的应用，硅片的厚度相应增大，而先进的封装技术则要求更薄的芯片，超精密磨削作为硅片背面减薄主要工艺得到广泛应用。本文分析了几种常用的硅片背面减薄技术，论述了的基于自旋转磨削法的硅片背面磨削的加工原理、工艺特点和关键技术，介绍了硅片背面磨削技术面临的挑战和取得的新进展。     

新型的3D堆叠封装制备工艺及其实验测试

为了满足超大规模集成电路(VLSI)芯片高性能、多功能、小尺寸和低功耗的需求,采用了一种基于贯穿硅通孔(TSV)技术的3D堆叠式封装模型.先用深反应离子刻蚀法(DRIE)形成通孔,然后利用离子化金属电浆(IMP)溅镀法填充通孔,最后用Cu/Sn混合凸点互连芯片和基板,从而形成了3D堆叠式封装的制备工艺样本.对该样本的接触电阻进行了实验测试,结果表明,100 μm2Cu/Sn混合凸点接触电阻约为6.7 mΩ高90 μm的斜通孔电阻在20～30mΩ该模型在高达10 GHz的频率下具有良好的机械和电气性能.     

High mobility electron heterostructure wafer fused onto LiNbO3

An (Al,Ga)As heterostructure consisting of a 10 nm wide GaAs single quantum well and an optimized AlAs/GaAs type-II-superlattice barrier is fused onto a new LiNbO₃ substrate by epitaxial lift-off and subsequent wafer bonding. X-electrons formed in the superlattice barrier effectively screen the high mobility electrons in the single quantum well from electronic defects arising at the new hybrid interface. Thus, the electron density as well as its high electron mobility can be preserved in the hybrid system.     

A geometric approach to chip-scale TSV shield placement for the reduction of TSV coupling in 3D-ICs

In 3D ICs, through-silicon-vias (TSVs) can suffer from cross coupling if signal integrity is not considered during the design process. In this paper, coupling between TSVs is modeled, and a chip-scale TSV shielding scheme is presented. A geometric model is developed to estimate TSV coupling. The low complexity of the geometric model makes it practical for chip-scale shield placement optimization. Two shield placement algorithms are presented and compared to standard shield placement techniques that use a high complexity circuit model of coupling. Results show that our algorithms are able to reduce the total cross coupling in a layout on average 111%/129% more than standard methods.     

应用于三维封装中的硅通孔技术

随着集成电路日新月异的发展,当半导体器件工艺进展到纳米级别后,传统的二维领域封装已渐渐不能满足电路高性能、低功耗与高可靠性的要求。为解决这一问题,三维封装成为了未来封装发展的主流。文章简要介绍了三维封装的工艺流程,并重点介绍了硅通孔技术的现阶段在CSP领域的应用,以及其未来的发展方向。     

三维集成封装中的TSV互连工艺研究进展

为顺应摩尔定律的增长趋势,芯片技术已来到超越"摩尔定律"的三维集成时代。电子系统进一步小型化和性能提高,越来越需要使用三维集成方案,在此需求推动下,穿透硅通孔(TSV)互连技术应运而生,成为三维集成和晶圆级封装的关键技术之一。TSV集成与传统组装方式相比较,具有独特的优势,如减少互连长度、提高电性能并为异质集成提供了更宽的选择范围。三维集成技术可使诸如RF器件、存储器、逻辑器件和MEMS等难以兼容的多个系列元器件集成到一个系统里面。文章结合近两年的国外文献,总结了用于三维集成封装的TSV的互连技术和工艺,探讨了其未来发展方向。     

三维互连中光刻及晶圆级键合技术的挑战、趋势和解决方案

基于它的技术优势三维集成技术正在不断地被应用到新的产品中,也包括被应用到消费电子产品里。N时也对许多工艺提出了新的要求,其中也包括光刻和晶圆级键合。三维集成技术还是需要光刻工艺来完成图形的转换．为此．讨论了三维集成工艺对工艺设备和技术提出的挑战。介绍了SUSS公司与三维技术相关的产品。着重讨论与三维集成工艺相关的光刻和键合工艺。描述了三维集成对它们提出的挑战以及目前已有的解决方案和前景。并介绍一款新的具有0．25汕m对准精度的接近接触式光刻机。     

弱热释电效应黑色铌酸锂、钽酸锂晶体研究

采用化学还原工艺，在CO2与H2混合气氛下对LN和LT晶片分别进行700℃和450℃退火处理，成功地制备了LN和LT黑色晶片。静电位差、光透过率测量结果表明，还原处理后LN和LT晶片的热释电现象基本消失，其光透过率也显著降低。居里温度测试表明，还原处理对晶体的居里温度没有影响。     

基于三维集成的红外焦平面阵列技术

随着像素单元越来越小、阵列规模越来越大、帧频越来越快,传统的IRFPA面临很大的集成技术发展瓶颈。基于三维集成的红外焦平面阵列(3D-IRFPA)通过堆叠芯片集成了A/D转换器、数字信号处理器、存储器等模块,可突破像元面积、阵列规模、帧频等瓶颈,实现探测器更强大的功能和更高的性能。本文介绍了3D-IRFPA技术的结构原理、优势、面临的挑战,以及最新技术进展。     

Integration challenges of copper Through Silicon Via (TSV) metallization for 3D-stacked IC integration

In this paper we will highlight key integration issues that were encountered during the development of the 3D-stacked IC Through Silicon Via (TSV) module and present solutions to achieve a robust copper TSV. Electrical performance of the obtained TSV module is discussed based on a lumped RC model for 3D ring oscillators containing TSVs between bottom and top tiers.     

Characterization and modeling of RF substrate coupling effects in 3D integrated circuit stacking

This work addresses parasitic substrate coupling effects in 3D integrated circuits due to Through Silicon Vias (TSV). Electrical characterizations have been performed on dedicated test structures in order to extract electrical models of substrate coupling phenomena when RF signals are propagated in TSV. A good compatibility between RF measurements and RF simulations allows validating modeling tools for predictive studies. Next, parametric studies are performed in order to study impact of TSV design and materials on substrate coupling noise.     

PrBa2Cu3O6.3和YBa2Cu3O6.3材料的红外声子谱的比较

报道了ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ６．３和ＰｒＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ６．３多晶陶瓷ｃ抽取向薄膜中的红外光谱，在ＰｒＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ６．３中以９个声子模，对应于５Ｅｕ＋４Ａ２ｕ振动。在ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ６．３材料中观察到１０个声子模，对应于６Ｅｕ＋４Ａ２ｕ振动，其中Ｐｒ的Ｅｕ和Ａ２ｕ模分别为位于１７０ｃｍ＾－１和１９８ｃｍ＾－１，Ｙ和Ｅｕ和Ａ２ｕ模分别位于１９１ｃｍ＾－１和２１７ｃｍ＾－１ＰｒＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ６．３和ＹＢａ２     

三维叠层DRAM封装中硅通孔开路缺陷的模拟

采用硅通孔(TSV)技术的三维堆叠封装,是一种很有前途的解决方案,可提供微处理器低延迟,高带宽的DRAM通道.然而,在3D DRAM电路中,大量的TSV互连结构,很容易产生开路缺陷和耦合噪声,从而导致了新的测试挑战.通过大量的模拟研究.本文模拟了在三维DRAM电路的字线与位线中出现的TSV开路缺陷的故障行为,它作为有效...