Fluorination of fatty alcohols with 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl diethylamine

Fluorination of fatty alcohols with 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl di-ethylamine (PPDA) was investigated. A mixture of lauryl fluoride (yield 45%) and lauryl 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate (yield 22%) was obtained from the reaction of PPDA and lauryl alcohol. Similar results were obtained from other fatty alcohols.     

降膜式反应器硫酸化饱和高级脂肪醇

Gaussian计算了高级饱和伯醇用降膜式反应器（FFR）硫酸化的反应热,动力学估算了温度对反应速率的影响,得出,改变温度对硫酸化产品的影响是热力学和动力学综合作用的结果,为优化FFR硫酸化高级脂肪醇的生产工艺提供理论依据。最后,指出了脂肪醇硫酸盐产品形态的最新发展。     

Ross-Miles法测定表面活性剂发泡力的影响因素分析

表面活性剂的泡沫性能是实际应用中的一项重要指标。大量的泡沫测定试验发现,影响泡沫测定的因素较多。主要考察了不同温度、恒温时间、溶液浓度、水硬度及添加EDTA对十二烷基硫酸钠（AS）、十二烷基硫酸铵（LSA）和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠（AES）等泡沫测定的影响,并探讨其原因。     

Purification of docosahexaenoic acid by selective esterification of fatty acids from tuna oil with Rhizopus delemar lipase

To purify docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), we attempted the selective esterification of fatty acids originating from tuna oil with lipases. Tuna oil was hydrolyzed in NaOH-ethanol solution, and the resulting fatty acid mixture [DHA, 23.2%; named tuna-free fatty acid (FFA)] was used as a starting material. Rhizopus delemar which acted lightly on DHA, was a suitable catalyst for the selective esterification of tuna-FFA, and lauryl alcohol was the best substrate. The reaction proceeded most effectively when a mixture of 2.4 g lauryl alcohol/tuna-FFA (2:1, mol/mol), 0.6 g water, and 600 U Rhizopus lipase was incubated at 30°C for 20 h with stirring at 500 rpm. Under these conditions 72% of tuna-FFA was esterified, and 84% of DHA was recovered in the unesterified fatty acid fraction. The DHA content in the fatty acid fraction rose from 23 to 73% with this reaction. To further elevate the DHA content, the unesterified fatty acids were extracted, and then esterified again under the same conditions. By this repeated esterification, DHA was purified to 89% with a recovery of 71% of its initial content.     

The effect of homolog distribution on sodium alcohol sulfate solution viscosity

Several compositional factors influence the viscosity of fatty alcohol sulfate solutions. The effects of free oil and inorganic salts on viscosity are known by most sulfators. Each builds viscosity as its level is increased. The relation between viscosity and alkyl sulfate homolog distribution is more subtle and often overlooked. Some synthetic alcohol manufacturers have the flexibility within the coconut alcohol range to vary the lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohol composition. Mixtures containing high lauryl and cetyl alcohol content yielded alkyl sulfates having low viscosities. Mixtures of lauryl and myristyl alcohol gave high viscosity alkyl sulfates. When restricted to compositions containing all three alcohols, the viscosity of the sodium alkyl sulfate derivative was shown to be dependent on the myristyl sulfate content. Solutions having high myristyl sulfate levels had high viscosities. A. limited solubility study of different sodium lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohol sulfate solutions was made.     

月桂酸甲酯加氢制月桂醇Cu/Zn催化剂的失活:甘油和三乙酸甘油酯的影响

脂肪醇是精细化工的重要原料,工业Cu/Zn催化剂易失活,使用寿命较短.在间歇釜高压反应器中考察了甘油和三乙酸甘油酯对Cu/Zn催化剂上月桂酸甲酯加氢制月桂醇催化活性的影响,采用XRD、BET、GC-MS和TG-DTA等分析和表征方法对失活催化剂和反应产物进行了分析.结果表明,甘油和三乙酸甘油酯在催化剂作用下分别得到强疏...     

Behenic acid esters: kinetics and properties

Esterification of commercial behenic acid with fatty alcohols (decanol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol) was studied using n‐butyl benzene as solvent and tetra n‐butyl titanate (TBT) as catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature (165–185 °C) and catalyst loading (0.3–1.2%, wt/wt) on the conversion of behenic acid were studied for all the alcohols. The reaction showed first order dependence with respect to fatty alcohols and behenic acid concentration. The values of activation energy obtained for the catalyzed reaction of behenic acid with decanol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol were found to be 68.1, 69.2, 64.5 and 67.3 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The values of activation energy obtained for the uncatalyzed reaction of behenic acid with decanol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol were found to be 86.2, 79.6, 78.6 and 87.1 kJ mol^?1, respectively. Physical properties such as melting point, viscosity, specific gravity, and refractive index of these esters are reported.     

静态混合器在十二烷基硫酸铵生产中应用

介绍了连续生产十二烷基硫酸铵的生产工艺，并与间歇法生产的工艺及产品质量指标作了对比，叙述了利用静态混合器生产十二烷基硫酸铵的优越性。     

Enzymatic enrichment of arachidonic acid from Mortierella single-cell oil

An attempt was made to enrich arachidonic acid (AA) from Mortierella single-cell oil, which had an AA content of 25%. The first step involved the hydrolysis of the oil with Pseudomonas sp. lipase. A mixture of 2.5 g oil, 2.5 g water, and 4000 units (U) Pseudomonas lipase was incubated at 40°C for 40 h with stirring at 500 rpm. The hydrolysis was 90% complete after 40 h, and the resulting free fatty acids (FFA) were extracted with n-hexane (AA content, 25%; recovery of AA, 91%). The second step involved the selective esterification of the fatty acids with lauryl alcohol and Candida rugosa lipase. A mixture of 3.5 g fatty acids/lauryl alcohol (1:1, mol/mol), 1.5 g water, and 1000 U Candida lipase was incubated at 30°C for 16 h with stirring at 500 rpm. Under these conditions, 55% of the fatty acids were esterified, and the AA content in the FFA fraction was raised to 51% with a 92% yield. The long-chain saturated fatty acids in the FFA fraction were eliminated as urea adducts. This procedure raised the AA content to 63%. To further elevate the AA content, the fatty acids were esterified again in the same manner with Candida lipase. The repeated esterification raised the AA content to 75% with a recovery of 71% of its initial content.     

Purification of ethyl docosahexaenoate by selective alcoholysis of fatty acid ethyl esters with immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase

Ethyl docosahexaenoate (E-DHA) is efficiently enriched by the selective alcoholysis of ethyl esters originating from tuna oil with lauryl alcohol using immobilized lipase. Alcoholysis of ethyl esters by immobilized Rhizopus delemar lipase raised the E-DHA content in the unreacted ethyl ester fraction from 23 to 49 mol% in 90% yield. However, the content of ethyl eicosapentaenoate (E-EPA) was higher than the initial content. Hence we attempted to screen for a suitable lipase to decrease the E-EPA content, and chose Rhizomucor miehei lipase. Several factors affecting the alcoholysis of ethyl esters were investigated, and the reaction conditions were determined. When alcoholysis was performed at 30°C with shaking in a mixture containing ethyl esters/lauryl alcohol (1:3, mol/mol) and 4 wt% of the immobilized R. miehei lipase, the E-DHA content in the ethyl ester fraction was increased and the E-EPA content was decreased. By alcoholyzing ethyl esters in which the E-DHA content was 45 mol% (E-tuna-45) for 26 h, the E-DHA content was increased to 74 mol% in 71% yield and the E-EPA content was decreased from 12 to 6.2 mol%. To investigate the stability of the immobilized lipase, batch reactions were carried out continually by replacing the reaction mixture with fresh E-tuna-45/lauryl alcohol (1:3, mol/mol) every 24 h. The decrease in the alcoholysis extent was only 17% even after 100 cycles of reaction. It was found that increasing the proportion of lauryl alcohol increased the conversion of E-EPA to lauryl-EPA. When an ethyl ester mixture in which the E-DHA content was 60 mol% (E-tuna-60) was alcoholyzed for 24 h with 7 molar equivalents of lauryl alcohol, the E-DHA content was raised to 93 mol% with 74% yield and the E-EPA content was reduced from 8.6 to 2.9 mol%.     

Swollen Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene with Cetyl and/or Lauryl Alcohol as Swelling Agent

The kinetics of swollen emulsion polymerization of styrene was investigated. Two types of fatty alcohol, namely, cetyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol, were used as swelling agents in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate as emulsifier and potassium persulfate as initiator. The polymerizations were carried out in a magnetic-drive, sealed, cylindrical polymerization reactor, in nitrogen atmosphere. The effects of emulsifier concentration and the weight ratio of emulsifier to swelling agent on the variation of total monomer conversion with the polymerization time, average particle size, and the size distribution of the latex were examined. A significant decrease in the polymerization rate was observed at especially lower emulsifier concentrations in the presence of cetyl alcohol. The maximum average diameter of the latex with the sodium dodecyl sulfate-cetyl alcohol system was obtained as 0.30 μm. Lauryl alcohol was tried as a novel swelling agent. It was found that lauryl alcohol was an effective swelling agent without using sodium dodecyl sulfate. The latexes having average diameters of 1.0 μm and 0.67 μm (highly monodisperse) were obtained using 0.6 g and 2.0 g lauryl alcohol, respectively, at 300 mL of reaction volume. If it was used together with sodium dodecyl sulfate, the presence of lauryl alcohol did not cause any significant decrease in the polymerization rate as in the case of sodium dodecyl sulfate-cetyl alcohol system, but the average diameters of the latexes obtained with different sodium dodecyl sulfate-lauryl alcohol combinations were rather small compared to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-cetyl alcohol system at the same polymerization conditions.     

Measurement oftrans and other isomeric unsaturated fatty acids in butterand margarine

A procedure is described for gas liquid chromatographic determination of cis andtrans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids after fractionation of the saturated, monenoic, dienoic, and polyenoic fatty acid methyl esters by argentation thin layer chromatography. To test its reliability, the procedure was used for quantitative measurement of transisomers of unsaturated fatty acids in a known mixture of simple triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids from 4:0 to 24:0 andcis andtrans isomers of 14:1. 16:1, 18:1, and 18:2. Results of the analyses of five margarine and five butter samples are presented, together with results of infrared spectrophotometric analyses fortrans fatty acid concentrations, ultraviolet spectrophotometric analyses for conjugated fatty acid concentrations, and enzymatic analyses forcis-cis-methylene interrupted fatty acid concentrations. The combined argentation thin layer and gas Chromatographic procedure is suitable for determination of the principal fatty acids in complex food lipids such as milk fat.     

Enzymatic enrichment of arachidonic acid from Mortierella single-cell oil

An attempt was made to enrich arachidonic acid (AA) from Mortierella single-cell oil, which had an AA content of 25%. The first step involved the hydrolysis of the oil with Pseudomonas sp. lipase. A mixture of 2.5 g oil, 2.5 g water, and 4000 units (U) Pseudomonas lipase was incubated at 40°C for 40 h with stirring at 500 rpm. The hydrolysis was 90% complete after 40 h, and the resulting free fatty acids (FFA) were extracted with n-hexane (AA content, 25%; recovery of AA, 91%). The second step involved the selective esterification of the fatty acids with lauryl alcohol and Candida rugosa lipase. A mixture of 3.5 g fatty acids/lauryl alcohol (1:1, mol/mol), 1.5 g water, and 1000 U Candida lipase was incubated at 30°C for 16 h with stirring at 500 rpm. Under these conditions, 55% of the fatty acids were esterified, and the AA content in the FFA fraction was raised to 51% with a 92% yield. The long-chain saturated fatty acids in the FFA fraction were eliminated as urea adducts. This procedure raised the AA content to 63%. To further elevate the AA content, the fatty acids were esterified again in the same manner with Candida lipase. The repeated esterification raised the AA content to 75% with a recovery of 71% of its initial content.     

Semimicro determination of total fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter

A semimicro method for determining both total fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter in fats, fatty acids, and soap is presented. The procedure involves saponification and recovery of the total fatty acids (which includes the unsaponifiables), removal of the fatty acids with anion exchange resins, and determination of the unsaponifiable matter by weight. The total fatty acid method was evaluated on seven samples and showed a standard deviation from the mean of 0.21%. The unsaponifiable matter determination gives good reproducibility with a standard deviation from the mean of 0.06%. Since this ion exchange is a direct determination of the nonionic components, the results obtained from it should be more accurate and more nearly the true values than the macro extraction method which is empirical. Presented at the annual spring meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Dallas, Tex., April 4–6, 1960.     

Determination of total and water-insoluble-combined lactic acid in lactic acid modified fatty glycerides

Analytical methods for the determination of total and water insoluble combined lactic acid in lactic acid modified fatty glycerides are described. The acids are liberated from their esters by saponification. Lactic acid is determined by simple acid-base titration after removal of fatty acids via liquid-liquid extraction. Water soluble constituents are extracted from a dichloro-methane solution of the esters with 5% aqueous sodium sulfate prior to determination of water insoluble lactic acid. Methods are rapid, simple, and suitable for use in a plant control laboratory. Extension of the procedure provides for the simultaneous determination of fatty acid and glycerine on a single sample.     

Rapid determination of double-bond positions in monoenoic fatty acids by periodate-permanganate oxidation

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide has been used in the extraction and pyrolysis methylation of the carboxylic acids produced by periodate-permanganate oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. This modification of the von Rudloff procedure allows rapid determination of double-bond positions and analysis of mixtures of positional isomers of monoenoic fatty acids.     

高级脂肪醇的生产和应用

高级脂肪醇是增塑剂和表面活性剂的重要原料。我国应重视开发脂肪醇及其衍生物的应用。本文介绍了高级脂肪醇的生产方法及洗涤剂范围醇的用途。     

Improved method for rosin and fatty acids in tall oil

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society - An analytical procedure is presented for determination of the rosin and fatty acid contents of tall oil products. Rosin acids are determined by...     

Number of double bonds in fatty acids from fats and oils by hplc using pentafluorobenzyl esters

A simple, one-pot procedure for the saponification of fats and oils and the subsequent esterification of the resulting fatty acid salts with pentafluorobenzyl bromide is presented. A normal phase high pressure liquid Chromatographic procedure for the separation of these pentafluorobenzyl esters, primarily on the degree of unsaturation, is also given. Chromatographic detection of the esters can be carried out conveniently at 254 nm, and the procedure should therefore find application in the routine determination of the number of double bonds in fatty acids from fats and oils.     

窄分布醇醚下游衍生产品的差异化

论述了窄分布脂肪醇(聚氧乙烯)醚的研究进展,从物化性能、合成及应用、国内外发展概况等方面重点介绍了脂肪醇醚羧酸盐(AEC)、脂肪醇醚磺基琥珀酸酯二钠盐(AESS)和脂肪醇醚磷酸酯(MAEP),展望了窄分布醇醚下游衍生产品的发展前景。