紫外线杀菌技术处理大庆油田注水的试验研究

应用紫外线杀菌技术对大庆油田废水深度处理站废水进行了现场杀菌试验,水量为300 m3/h,杀菌装置安装在废水处理站出水管道上。试验结果表明,紫外线杀菌后,水中硫酸盐还原菌、腐生菌和铁细菌的杀灭率均在99%以上,对硫酸盐还原菌的杀灭效果好于对腐生菌及铁细菌的杀灭效果,细菌指标达到了油田回注水标准,处理成本仅为0.024元/m3。     

油田采出水中硫酸盐还原菌的臭氧杀灭动力学及试验研究

油田采出水中的硫酸盐还原菌 (SRB)可造成油田注水系统注水管材、设备的腐蚀、结垢乃至油层的堵塞等严重危害。通过臭氧对SRB的灭菌试验 ,确定适宜的控制条件为 :臭氧投量C =0 4～ 0 6mg/L ,接触反应时间t >2 5min ,Ct>2 0mg·min/L ;对杀菌机理进行了探讨 ,建立了动力学模型 ,验证结果表明该模型可较好地描述臭氧杀灭SRB的动力学过程 ;研究成果可为今后油田采出水回注处理提供技术参考和理论依据。     

油田采出水中硫酸盐还原菌的臭氧杀灭动力学及试验研究

油田采出水中的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)可造成油田注水系统注水管材、设备的腐蚀、结垢乃至油层的堵塞等严重危害。通过臭氧对SRB的灭菌试验，确定适宜的控制条件为臭氧投量C＝0.4～0.6mg/L，接触反应时间t＞2.5min，Ct＞2.0mg     

再生水补水的工业循环冷却系统氯锭灭菌技术研究

针对再生水补水工业循环冷却水系统,氯锭灭菌技术成熟运行参数不足的现状,结合动态与静态试验,开展了氯锭对悬浮和固定态细菌总数、铁细菌、硫酸盐还原菌的有效作用时间以及缓蚀阻垢药剂对氯锭杀菌效果的影响研究,提出了缓蚀阻垢杀菌药剂的协同控制技术方案:氯锭150mg/L,碳钢缓蚀剂6mg/L,黄铜缓蚀剂6mg/L,阻垢缓蚀剂8mg/L;间歇投加氯锭,投加周期为3d;其他药剂为连续投加。试验结果表明,该技术方案可有效控制微生物的生长繁殖,同时系统污垢热阻和金属腐蚀率也满足规范要求。     

减缓油田回注水中硫化物腐蚀性危害的充氧试验研究

为减少油田回注水中硫化物引起的腐蚀危害,在油田注水站进行了回注水射流曝气充氧现场试验,研究了充氧对油田回注水各指标的影响.结果表明,当回注水中的DO保持在约0.9 mg/L时,能够降低硫化物含量,减轻硫化物引起的腐蚀危害,对金属铁的缓蚀率可以达到60%以上.充氧使回注水中的硫酸盐还原菌的数量明显减少,减少的幅度与其原有的硫酸盐还原菌数量水平有关.充氧后回注水中的好氧及兼性微生物数量增加2～3个数量级.充氧也能在一定程度上降低水的浊度,对水的pH、碱度、CODCr和SO42-无明显影响.     

臭氧处理中央空调冷却水的试验研究

针对空调冷却水循环系统的水质存在沉积物附着、设备腐蚀以及微生物大量滋生等问题,进行了不同臭氧投加量下臭氧的缓蚀、阻垢和杀菌试验研究.结果表明,臭氧对碳钢的缓蚀效果与水中臭氧浓度有关,当水中臭氧浓度小于0.5 mg/L时,缓蚀率随着臭氧浓度的增加而增加,但当水中臭氧浓度大于0.5 mg/L时,缓蚀率反而下降;投加臭氧的阻垢率在17%～25%,并且臭氧的投加量对阻垢效果影响不大,阻垢效率不明显;臭氧的杀菌效果很好,臭氧浓度为0.25 mg/L时灭菌率可达到99%以上.     

硫酸盐还原作用对废水厌氧生物处理影响的研究

本文以含硫酸盐的蔗糖人工配水作为进水,研究了半连续流厌氧反应器和单相上流式污泥床(UASB)反应器中硫酸盐还原作用对厌氧生物处理的影响以及投加铁盐对克服这种影响的作用,并初步探讨了单相上流式污泥床(UASB)反应器中的铁盐投加量.试验结果表明:(1)比值COD/SO_4~(2-)可以作为控制厌氧运行过程的参数之一.对于半连续流厌氧反应器,在进水COD浓度为5000mg/L时,COD/SO_4~(2-)值的变化对COD去除率没有影响,而对反应器的pH值、出水硫化物浓度和沼气组分则有影响.(2)硫酸盐还原菌有较强的还原能力,进水COD浓度相同时,随比值COD/SO_4~(2-)的     

微电解水处理器的杀菌作用研究

研究了微电解方法对工业循环水中厌氧或兼性厌氧细菌的杀灭作用 ,结果显示 ,杀菌率的大小与施加的电流密度和处理时间成正比。在适宜的电流密度和适当的处理时间下 ,对硝酸盐还原菌、铁细菌的杀菌率可以达到 99%以上 ,并初步证实 ,微电解时水体中产生的·OH自由基是主要的杀菌因子。     

硫酸盐还原菌处理重金属铬离子废水的实验研究

以静态试验的方式,研究了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理不同浓度的重金属铬离子废水,以及研究了对不同浓度铬离子废水处理不同时间后的各自处理效率,从而得到处理效率最佳的初始铬离子浓度和处理时间。结果表明:当铬(Ⅵ)离子废水初始浓度为50 mg/L到100 mg/L时,SRB菌对铬(Ⅵ)离子废水的处理效率最好,达到99.62%和99.74%;并且较为经济的最佳处理时间为1 h。     

采用活性炭强化常规处理原水突发油类污染的研究

中试研究表明,常规处理(混凝—沉淀—过滤)可以将含油约为10mg/L的原水处理达标,并且除油率不受混凝剂投加量的影响。油污染浓度为7.2～18mg/L的原水经混凝沉淀去除的效率基本相同。20mg/L的油污染仅通过常规处理无法达标,需采用投加粉末活性炭(PAC)的强化混凝或颗粒活性炭(GAC)的强化过滤,即投加40mg/L的PAC,或在过滤阶段铺40cmGAC层的炭砂滤柱。KMnO4和Cl2的预氧化对除油效果无影响。     

净水工艺中剑水蚤的二次繁殖及控制

为解决净水工艺中剑水蚤的二次繁殖问题,进行了生产性试验,考察了二氧化氯与常规工艺协同对剑水蚤的去除效果.指出滤池滞水区停留时间长、流速低是造成剑水蚤二次繁殖的主要原因.二氧化氯预氧化可以强化常规处理工艺对剑水蚤的去除,当二氧化氯投加量为2 mg/L时,可以有效控制剑水蚤的二次繁殖.     

Particle size distribution and property of bacteria attached to carbon fines in drinking water treatment

The quantitative change and size distribution of particles in the effluents from a sand filter and a granular activated carbon （GAC） filter in a drinking water treatment plant were investigated. The average total concentration of particles in the sand filter effluent during a filter cycle was 148 particles/mL, 27 of which were larger than 2 μm in size. The concentration in the GAC effluent （561 particles/mL） was significantly greater than that in the sand filter effluent. The concentration of particles larger than 2 μm in the GAC filter effluent reached 201 particles/mL, with the amount of particles with sizes between 2 μm and 15 μm increasing. The most probable number （MPN） of carbon fines reached 43 unit/L after six hours and fines between 0.45 μm and 8.0 μm accounted for more than 50%. The total concentration of outflowing bacteria in the GAC filter effluent, 350 CFU （colony-forming units） /mL, was greater than that in the sand filter effluent, 210 CFU/mL. The desorbed bacteria concentration reached an average of 310 CFU/mg fines. The disinfection efficiency of desorbed bacteria was lower than 40% with 1.5 mg/L of chlorine. The disinfection effect showed that the inactivation rate with 2.0 mg/L of chloramine （90%） was higher than that with chlorine （70%）. Experimental results indicated that the high particle concentration in raw water and sedimentation effluent led to high levels of outflowing particles in the sand filter effluent. The activated carbon fines in the effluent accounted for a small proportion of the total particle amount, but the existing bacteria attached to carbon fines may influence the drinking water safety. The disinfection efficiency of desorbed bacteria was lower than that of free bacteria with chlorine, and the disinfection effect on bacteria attached to carbon fines with chloramine was better than that with only chlorine.     

不同条件对高效菌去除污水中氨氮效果影响研究

本文研究了pH值、温度、曝气时间、茵投入量（体积比）、溶解氧、水力停留时间、进水碳氮比、冲击负荷等影响因素对氨氮去除率的影响,对项目参数进行了优化。研究结果如下：在高效菌处理氨氮废水时,为了得到较好的去除效果,pH值应控制在7．0到8．O之间;温度应控制在25℃到35℃之间;曝气时间应保持在5h到6h之间;茵投入量（体积比）应保持在0．004到0．006之间;溶解氧浓度应保持在2mg／L到3mg／L之间：水力停留时间为16h．高效茵对污水中氨氮的去除效果最佳。     

Estrogenic personal care products in a greywater reuse system.

The occurrence and fate of parabens in a greywater system was assessed. The potential for removal of residual paraben concentrations in effluent greywater with chlorine dioxide was also investigated. The influent to the greywater plant was characterised by considerable variation, with concentrations from below the detection limit to 40 microg/L and the five commonly used parabens in consumer products were frequently detected. After the biological treatment only two paraben were detected with concentration from 65-120 ng/L. Chlorine dioxide treatment of the biologically treated effluent with dosages down to 0.75 mg/L resulted in more than 97% reduction of all parabens. Formation of the by-product chloroform was insignificant from the chlorine dioxide treatment.     

Relationship of nutrient and residual chlorine concentration in treated wastewater with periphytic algae grown in a stream receiving treated wastewater.

The ratio of the amount of treated wastewater to river water is increasing in urban areas due to the spread of sewage systems. Treated wastewater is also sometimes extensively used to create streams and other water environments in urban areas. Rivers, streams and other water environments provide valuable habitats for all kinds of aquatic species, but the relationship between such aquatic species and the quality of treated wastewater they inhabit is not clearly understood. This study was carried out to clarify the effect of the water quality of treated wastewater such as nutrients and residual chlorine on periphytic algae grown in a stream receiving treated wastewater using laboratory-scale experimental channels. The following results were obtained. (1) When the range of phosphate (PO4-P) concentration was 0.04 to 0.09 mg/L, the higher the PO4-P concentration, the higher the biomass of periphytic algae and the more dominant the Chlorophyceae. (2) When the range of total residual chlorine (TRC) concentration was 0.07 to 5.8 mg/L, the higher the TRC concentration, the lower the biomass of periphytic algae. When the range of TRC concentration was 0.93 to 5.8 mg/L, this tendency was more pronounced.     

Electrochemical oxidation of ammonia-containing wastewater using Ti/RuO2-Pt electrode

The electrochemical oxidation degradation processes for artificial and actual wastewater containing ammonia were carried out with a Ti/RuO2-Pt anode and a Ti plate cathode. We studied the effects of different current densities, space sizes between the two electrodes, and amounts of added NaCl on ammonia-containing wastewater treatment. It was shown that, after a 30-min treatment under the optimal conditions, which were a current density of 20 Ma/cm2, a space size between the two electrodes of 1 cm, and an added amount of 0.5 g/L of NaCl, the COD concentration in municipal wastewater was 40 mg/L, a removal rate of 90%; and the NH3-N concentration was 7 mg/L, a removal rate of 88.3%. The effluent of municipal wastewater qualified for Class A of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002).     

Improving chlorine disinfection of wastewater by ultrasound application .

The presence of soluble organic material as well as high concentrations of suspended matter in waters and wastewaters affect the efficiency when chlorine is used as disinfection agent. The objective of our work is to explore to which extend ultrasonic treatment can facilitate wastewater disinfection with chlorine in order to bring down doses of ecologically questionable chlorine and to shorten contact times. Sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents with different concentrations of suspended solids are exposed to sonication in combination with chlorine dosage. We observed that enhancement of chlorine efficiency is better for samples with higher concentrations of suspended matter. For samples with a TSS concentration of 50 mg/L chlorination efficiency (2 mg/L) can be doubled from 0.7 to 1.4 log when treated simultaneously with 20 kHz ultrasound for 5 minutes, i.e. levels of indicator organisms can be brought down to numbers that conventionally require far higher doses of chemical disinfectants. As subsequent sonication/chlorination does not have the same significant effect as simultaneous application of these two means, ultrasound does not just have a declumping effect; it seems that ultrasound application provokes a better chlorine dispersion in the aqueous media which improves the fast chemical and bactericidal reaction.     

Removal of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and its chlorination by-products from water and wastewater using non-imprinted polymer (NIP) particles

Endocrine disrupting compounds and their chlorination by-products are two classes of emerging contaminants. Surface water and wastewater treatment technologies have limitations in removing these contaminants. This study evaluated the ability of non-imprinted polymer particles (NIP) to remove the endocrine disruptor 17beta-estradiol (E2) and its chlorination by-products from water and wastewater. NIP effectively removed 98% of 10 mg/L E2 from wastewater. NIP were also effective in removing chlorination by-products of E2 by 84.9% after 10 mg/L E2 in water was chlorinated at 5 mg/L. In the presence of 5 mg/L humic acid, NIP were able to achieve removal of 10 mg/L E2 by greater than 99.9%. Furthermore, after chlorination of 10 mg/L E2 and 5 mg/L humic acid at 10 mg/L chlorine, NIP were also able to remove the chlorination by-products formed as well as the remaining E2 by greater than 99.9%. The presence of 5 mg/L humic acid did not adversely affect the adsorption efficiency. The results of this research indicate that NIPs have good potential as a final treatment step for surface water and wastewater treatment.     

次氯酸钠与液氯消毒在农村供水中的应用效果对比研究

为明确次氯酸钠消毒在农村供水工程中的实际应用效果,考察了南方某省以同一地表水为水源、水处理工艺相同、分别采用液氯和次氯酸钠消毒的具有一定代表性的两处农村供水工程(T水厂和H水厂)的余氯衰减、消毒效果和副产物生成情况。结果显示:在有效氯投加量分别为1.0 mg/L和2.0 mg/L时,2.4 h后H水厂出厂水的余氯值衰减率比T水厂分别低6.53%和3.30%,两者的消毒效果均较好,H水厂的管网末梢水菌落总数值比T水厂低40.62%,微生物安全性更高;当有效氯投加量由1.0 mg/L增至2.0 mg/L时,T水厂和H水厂出厂水的三氯甲烷生成量分别增长97.36%和59.35%,三卤甲烷分别增长122.64%和91.43%,而二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸生成量增长率相差不大。研究结果表明,次氯酸钠的稳定性及消毒效果略好于液氯,且消毒副产物三氯甲烷和三卤甲烷的生成量较小。由于两水厂在水源类型、水源水质特征、工程规模及水处理工艺方面具有一定代表性,经与其他研究进行对比分析认为,次氯酸钠消毒在农村供水中具有较好的应用前景。     

处理汽水类饮料废水的水解酸化+SBR工艺

介绍了水解酸化+SBR处理汽水类饮料废水的工艺设计和运行效果。指出该工艺具有处理效果好、低能耗、易管理等特点,在进水ρ(CODCr)为2 000~4 000mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为1 000~2 000mg/L的条件下,经过该工艺处理,平均出水ρ(CODCr)保持在130 mg/L以下,ρ(BOD5)保持在25 mg/L以下,出水水质达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的Ⅱ级标准。