基于可靠度分析的不同极限平衡法安全系数取值研究

在不考虑岩土体的不确定性因素和不区分不同的计算方法差异的前提下,现行规范主要根据工程等级和计算工况来确定边坡安全系数致使取值偏于保守。以猴子石滑坡为例,应用可靠度分析理论,利用MATLAB软件编制了基于传递系数法、改进的传递系数法、美国陆军工程师团法、罗厄法和简化简布法的蒙特卡洛法程序,研究了不同方法可靠度指标与安全系数之间的关系,探讨了在同一可靠度(失效概率)条件下,不同方法安全系数取值的差别。结果表明,相同方法在c、φ值的变异系数不同时、不同方法在c、φ值的变异系数相同时,边坡的安全系数取值均有差异。     

基于盲数理论的关键块体稳定性分析研究

针对运用块体理论分析岩质边坡稳定性问题存在多种不确定性的混合体,提出用盲数表达具有不确定性的计算参数,将盲数理论引入楔形关键块体稳定计算方法中,给出了一种安全系数的计算方法.通过盲数运算可得到安全系数在不同取值区间内的可信度,较好地减少了因取单一值计算结果中主观因素的影响.实例研究结果表明,该方法方便灵活、有效、实用、计算结果较为可靠、合理.     

单滑动面岩质边坡数值计算影响因素分析

介绍了确定边坡稳定安全系数和判别边坡临界稳定状态的方法.为便于强度折减法与刚体极限平衡法进行比较,以典型单滑动面边坡数值计算为例,比较分析了滑动面材料屈服准则、自重应力场施加方法、计算模型单元网格尺寸和边界范围对边坡稳定安全系数的影响规律,提出了数值模拟建议,以提高已知滑动面岩质边坡数值计算的精度.结果表明,强度折减法较为合理,超载法在特殊情况下可能无法得到安全系数.     

软土边坡开挖变形特征与临界破坏范围数值模拟

由于软弱夹层边坡塑性剪切变形是软化参量,在分析边坡临界破坏范围时受到不稳定安全因子影响,无法充分考虑应变软化过程,导致临界破坏范围分析结果不精准。为了解决这个问题,采用了数值模拟方法。通过多点观测方式对巷道断面地质剖面进行观测,统计边坡注浆前后拱顶累计沉降值,分析边坡开挖变形特征。在FLAC3D软件支持下构建应变软化临界破坏数值模型,通过建立Mohr-Coulomb （摩尔-库仑）屈服判据与软化参量之间的关系,反映塑性剪切变形参量的软化特性。计算斜坡安全系数与斜坡滑面间距,以极限均衡理论为基础,结合Geo-slope法获取边坡极限失稳安全系数,以安全系数作为评价指标,对边坡的极限稳定状况进行了研究,并得出了临界失稳范围。以山西省一地质工程为研究对象,由算例分析结果可知,该方法剪应变增量较高,与临界破坏范围三维分析方法一致,且塑性安全系数达到最大值8.0,与实际值一致。     

不同极限平衡法确定边坡安全系数的比较与分析

现行规范中关于安全系数的取值主要是根据工程等级和计算工况确定,对计算方法的区分过于笼统。为分析按不同极限平衡法分别确定的边坡安全系数值,结合30个均质边坡算例,通过统计分析不同极限平衡法稳定系数计算结果之间的关系,确定了不同方法安全系数取值之间应满足的关系。结果表明,不同极限平衡方法的稳定系数计算结果之间基本呈线性关系,各自安全系数的取值应满足相应的线性比例关系。     

基于极限平衡及蒙特卡罗法的含软弱夹层边坡降雨失效概率研究

鉴于软弱夹层物理力学参数的空间变异性对降雨条件下边坡的渗流特性、稳定性及失效概率的影响,利用Geostudio软件中的SEEP/W和SLOPE/W模块,分析了不同类型降雨条件下含软弱夹层边坡的不同监测面的孔隙水压力变化、体积含水率变化、确定性安全系数变化及失效概率。结果表明,边坡上部孔压与体积含水率在一定高程内保持不变,而在深部呈线性增大,下部孔压则呈持续线性增大趋势,在软弱夹层处孔压与体积含水率呈现突变,不同类型降雨影响了边坡表层孔压的变化幅度,在停雨后趋于一致。安全系数总体上呈先下降后上升的规律,在停雨时刻安全系数达最小值,后锋型降雨对边坡安全系数影响最大,其次是平均型降雨,再次是中锋型降雨,最后是前锋型降雨。不同类型降雨(平均型降雨,前锋型降雨,中锋型降雨及后锋型降雨)的失效概率分别为8.3%、9.1%、4.2%、3.6%,可见不同类型降雨条件下含软弱夹层边坡失效概率排序为前锋型降雨平均型降雨中锋型降雨后锋型降雨。     

基于滑面正应力修正的极限平衡法的锚固边坡稳定性分析

为研究滑面正应力分布对极限平衡法计算边坡安全系数的影响,针对预应力锚索加固边坡,利用滑面正应力修正的极限平衡法建立了含安全系数和两个待定参数的三个方程组,通过公式推导获得了安全系数的显示解答。工程实例应用结果表明,采用该方法分析边坡的稳定性合理有效。     

基于数值流形元法的异步强度折减边坡稳定性分析

鉴于传统强度折减法中强度参数c、φ采用同一折减系数进行分析时无法反映不同强度参数的安全储备,同时考虑到数值流形元法具有很好的处理连续与非连续问题的优势,基于数值流形元法并结合异步强度折减法,采用位移突变和位移变化最大曲率判别准则编制相关数值流形分析程序,实现异步强度折减模拟边坡的失稳过程,并应用于边坡实例分析中。结果表明,边坡安全系数与折减系数比值之间存在相关性,随着折减系数比值K的增大,粘聚力c对应的安全系数Fc逐渐减小,而内摩擦角φ对应的安全系数Fφ逐渐增大。可见在数值流形元中考虑岩土体材料破坏过程的异步强度折减法能有效模拟边坡的失稳过程。     

岩体边坡形态对安全系数的影响

以双折线滑动面边坡为例,将FLAC3D软件作为数值计算工具,采用基于强度折减法的数值计算方法计算了不同滑动面几何形态下的边坡稳定安全系数,并与刚体极限平衡法的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明,滑动面上折线倾角和下折线倾角的变化对安全系数影响较大,而滑动面上折线高度的变化对安全系数的影响不太明显。     

重力坝深层抗滑稳定计算中各参数的敏感性分析

采用传统的刚体极限平衡法导出了第二滑裂面为倾斜的双滑面深层抗滑稳定计算公式,针对重力坝深层抗滑稳定计算中各参数φ、θ、β的不确定性问题,以某重力坝为例对其参数进行了敏感性分析,并评价了各参数在抗滑稳定计算中对安全系数K的影响.结果表明,参数φ、θ、β对安全系数K均有一定影响,在实际工程中应充分考虑这些影响,以便使工程达到既安全又经济的目的.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.