The isothermal section of the Ti–Co–Zr ternary system at 773 K

The phase equilibria of the Ti–Co–Zr ternary system at 773 K have been investigated mainly by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis (EDX). The isothermal section consists of 16 single-phase regions, 31 two-phase regions and 16 three-phase regions. There are 11 binary compounds, i.e. CoZr₃, CoZr₂, CoZr, Co₂Zr, Co₂₃Zr₆, Co₁₁Zr₂, TiCo₃, h-TiCo₂, c-TiCo₂, TiCo, Ti₂Co in the system. The existence of two ternary compounds Co₁₀Ti₇Zr₃ and Co₆₆Ti₁₇Zr₁₇ has been confirmed at 773 K. Co₂Zr, CoZr₃ and TiCo have a range of homogeneity. The solubilities of Ti in CoZr was determined to be up to 8.1 at.% Ti.     

Experimental study of Ti–Sn–Y system phase equilibria at 473 K

The phase equilibria of the Ti–Sn–Y ternary system at 473 K have been investigated mainly by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The existences of 10 binary compounds, Ti₃Sn, Ti₂Sn, Ti₅Sn₃, Ti₆Sn₅, Ti₂Sn₃, Sn₃Y, Sn₂Y, Sn₁₀Y₁₁, Sn₄Y₅ and Sn₃Y₅ were confirmed. The 473 K isothermal section was found to consist of 13 single-phase regions, 23 two-phase regions and 11 three-phase regions. There is no new ternary compound found in the work. None of the phases in this system reveals a remarkable homogeneity range at 473 K.     

Experimental phase diagram of the Ti-Si-Sn ternary system at 473 K

The phase diagram of the ternary system Ti-Si-Sn system at 473 K was investigated by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive analysis (EDX). The isothermal section consists of 14 single phase regions, 26 binary phase regions and 13 ternary phase regions. The 10 binary compounds, namely Ti₃Si, Ti₅Si₃, Ti₅Si₄, TiSi, TiSi₂, Ti₃Sn, Ti₂Sn, Ti₅Sn₃, Ti₆Sn₅, Ti₂Sn₃, have been confirmed at 473 K. Moreover, a ternary phase with the crystal structure of tetragonal W₅Si₃ structure type and I4/mcm space group is confirmed in the Ti-Si-Sn system. The combined results of both EDX and XRD show that the composition of this ternary phase is 60.25-61.03 at.% Ti, 15.01-21.77 at.% Si and balance Sn.     

Isothermal section of the Al-Dy-Zr ternary system at 773 K

The phase relations in the Al-Dy-Zr ternary system at 773 K have been investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) in backscattered electron imaging (BSE) modes. The isothermal section at this temperature is featured with 17 single-phase regions, 32 two-phase regions and 16 three-phase regions. Besides, the ternary compound Al₃₀Dy₇Zr₃ has been confirmed to be existed. The maximum solid solubility of Zr in AlDy₂, Al₂Dy₃, AlDy, Al₂Dy and Al₃Dy at 773 K is determined to be 11.5 at.%, 7.8 at.%, 2.4 at.%, 22.5 at.% and 2.5 at.%, respectively.     

The isothermal section of the Gd–Ni–V ternary system at 773 K

The phase equilibria of the Gd–Ni–V system at 773 K were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The experimental results show no existence of ternary compounds at 773 K. The existence of 14 single-phase regions, 25 two-phase regions and 12 three-phase regions was determined. The maximum solubility of V in (Ni), Gd₂Ni₁₇, GdNi₅ and GdNi₂ was measured to be about 16 at.%, 2 at.%, 3 at.% and 2.5 at.%, respectively, while that of Gd in (Ni), Ni₃V, Ni₂V, Ni₂V₃, NiV₃ and (V) was less than 1 at.%. An isothermal section of the Gd–Ni–V system at 773 K has been presented according to the present work.     

The phase equilibria in the Pr-Si-Zr ternary system at 773 K

The phase relationships in the Pr-Si-Zr ternary system at 773 K have been investigated mainly by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). 9 binary compounds, i.e. Pr₅Si₃, Pr₅Si₄, PrSi, PrSi₂, ZrSi₂, ZrSi, Zr₅Si₄, Zr₃Si₂ and Zr₂Si were confirmed. The isothermal section of the Pr-Si-Zr ternary system at 773 K consists of 12 single-phase regions, 21 two-phase regions and 10 three-phase regions. None of the intermediate compound phases in this system exhibits a remarkable solid solution range at 773 K.     

Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Fe–Nb–V ternary system

The phase equilibria in the Fe–Nb–V ternary system were investigated by means of optical microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. Four isothermal sections in the Fe–Nb–V ternary system at 1000 °C, 1100 °C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C were firstly experimentally established. Present experimental results indicate that: (1) there is a large (Nb, V) continuous bcc solid solution; (2) there are the larger solubilities of V in the FeNb and Fe₂Nb phases. The newly determined phase equilibria in this system will provide important support for the development of hydrogen storage materials and microalloyed steels.     

The Ag–Cu–Ge ternary phase diagram

The Ag–Cu–Ge phase diagram is not very well elaborated. In this work an attempt is made to validate the phase diagram in the area of the ternary eutectic and to decide whether it is a suitable model system for solidification experiments. The different steps in the solidification sequence are separately discussed and analysed. It is shown that an optimization of the system is necessary. The experiments in this work demonstrate that the transition reaction Ge is located closer to the ternary eutectic than assumed in earlier work.     

The 773 K isothermal section of the Nd–Ni–V ternary system

The 773 K isothermal section of the phase diagram of Nd–Ni–V ternary system was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. There are in total 14 single-phase regions, 25 two-phase regions and 12 three-phase regions in the 773 K isothermal section. The maximum solid solubilities of V in Ni, NdNi₅, Nd₂Ni₇ and NdNi₂, is about 16.5 at.% V, 2.0 at.% V, 1.0 at.% V and 3.0 at.% V at 773 K, respectively, and that of Nd in Ni, Ni₃V, Ni₂V, Ni₂V₃, NiV₃ and V does not exceed 1 at.% Nd. No ternary compounds have been observed in this work.     

Isothermal section of the Y-Co-V ternary system at 500 °C

The isothermal section of the Y-Co-V system at 500 °C has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Only one ternary compound YV_xCo_12−x with a homogeneity range of 1.30 ≤ x ≤3.64 was found in this system. The maximum solid solubilities of V in Y₂Co₁₇, Y₂Co₇, YCo₃, YCo₂ and Y₃Co are about 10.0, 1.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 4.0 at.% V, respectively. The compounds VCo and VCo₃ have a homogeneity range of 46-66 at.% V and 22-30 at.% V, respectively. The maximum solid solubility of Y in VCo is about 2.0 at.% Y.     

Corrosion of aluminium and aluminium alloy in ethylene glycol–water mixtures

Samples of pure aluminium and aluminium alloy were heated at 150 kPa and 130 °C in ethylene glycol (EG)–water mixture (volume ratio 1:1) for 172 h (8–12 h heating, 12–16 h pause). The corrosion of the metals was characterised by the transfer of Al into solution, changes in the surface morphology of the samples and their electrochemical behaviour. Formation of a white crystalline aluminium-organic precipitate was found during the heating of metals and some of its characteristics were determined. The effect of the addition of glycolic, citric and sebacic acid to the EG–water mixture on the metal corrosion behaviour was investigated. A significant corrosive action of glycolic acid and a protective effect of sebacic acid were found.     

Preparation of Ti–Al–Si alloys by reactive sintering

The isothermal section of the Dy–Co–Ti system at 500 °C has been investigated in the whole composition range by means of X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The only ternary phase DyTi_xCo_12−x is of ThMn₁₂-type structure, space group I4/mmm, and shows a small homogeneity range of 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.6. The lattice parameters for DyTi_xCo_12−x with 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.56 are a = 0.8336(4)–0.8402(1) nm and c = 0.4691(3)–0.4727(1) nm. Along a constant Dy concentration, the solid solubilities of Ti in the compounds Dy₂Co₁₇, DyCo₃, DyCo₂ and Dy₃Co are about 2.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 at.%, respectively. The TiCo phase has a homogeneity range of 50–54 at.% Co at 500 °C and dissolves up to 2.0 at.% Dy.     

The isothermal section of the Er–Fe–Sb ternary system at 773 K

The phase relation of the Er–Fe–Sb ternary system at 773 K has been investigated mainly by means of X-ray powder diffraction with the aid of optical microscopy and differential thermal analysis. This section consists of 12 single-phase regions, 22 two-phase regions and 11 three-phase regions. A ternary compound Er₆FeSb₂ has been confirmed.     

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic calculation of the phase equilibria in the Co-Nb-Ta ternary system

The isothermal sections of the Co-Nb-Ta ternary system at 900 °C, 1000 °C, 1100 °C, 1200 °C, 1300 °C have been experimentally determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques on the equilibrated alloys. On the basis of the experimental data investigated in the present work, the phase equilibria in the Co-Nb-Ta system has been thermodynamically assessed by using CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method, and a consistent set of the thermodynamic parameters leading to reasonable agreement between the calculated results and experimental data was obtained.     

Experimental investigation of phase equilibria in the Co-W-V ternary system

The phase equilibria in the Co-W-V ternary system were experimentally investigated by optical microscopy (OM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on the equilibrated alloys. Three isothermal sections of the Co-W-V ternary system at 1100 °C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C were determined, and no ternary compound was found in this system. In addition, a novel phenomena induced by the liquid phase separation in the Co-W-V alloys was firstly discovered, suggesting that a stable liquid miscibility gap exists in the Co-W-V ternary system. The newly determined phase equilibria and firstly discovered phase separation phenomena in the Co-W-V system will provide important information for the development of Co-W based alloys.     

The Yb–Zn–In system at 400 °C: Partial isothermal section with 0–33.3 at.% Yb

The phase relations in the ternary system Yb–Zn–In have been established for the partial isothermal section in the 0–33.3 at.% ytterbium concentration range at 400 °C, by researching of more than forty alloys. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), complemented with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), were used to study the microstructures, identify the phases and characterize their crystal structures and compositions. The phase equilibria of this Yb–Zn–In partial section at 400 °C are characterized by the presence of three extended homogeneity ranges, indium solubility in Yb₁₃Zn₅₈ and YbZn₂ and of zinc solubility in YbIn₂, and the existence of one ternary intermetallic compound, YbZn_1−xIn_1+x, x = 0.3. This new compound crystallizes in the UHg₂ structure type (space group P6/mmm), with a = 4.7933(5) Å, c = 3.6954(5) Å. The studied partial isothermal section has eight ternary phase fields at 400 °C.     

Phase transformation and microstructural changes during ageing process of an Ag–Pd–Cu–Au alloy

Age-hardening behaviour and the related phase transformation and microstructural changes during isothermal ageing process were studied to elucidate the age-hardening mechanism of an Ag-based dental casting alloy composed of Ag–Pd–Cu–Au–Zn, Ir and In by means of hardness test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations and energy dispersive spectroscopic microanalysis (EDS). In the hardness test at 350 and 400 °C, the hardness of the solution-treated specimen began to increase and reached a maximum value with increasing ageing time, and subsequently the hardness decreased gradually. By considering XRD results and SEM observations together, the solution-treated specimen consisted of three phases, the Ag-rich α₁ phase as a matrix, the Cu–Pd α₂ phase and the CuPd β phase with a CsCl-type as particle-like structures. By ageing the solution-treated specimen, the Ag-rich α₁ and Cu–Pd α₂ phases were transformed into the Ag-rich α^′₁ and Cu₃Pd α^′₂ phases, respectively. The CuPd β phase with a CsCl-type was not changed apparently during the ageing process. From the results of the hardness test, XRD study, SEM observations and EDS analysis, it could be derived that the hardness increased by the diffusion and precipitation of the Cu-rich phase from the Ag-rich matrix during the early stage of phase transformation of α₁ into α^′₁ and that the progress of coarsening of the Cu-rich precipitates with an entanglement structure caused the hardness decrease during the later stage of phase transformation of α₁ into α^′₁. The particle-like structures composed of the Cu–Pd α₂ and the CuPd β phase with a CsCl-type contributed little to the hardness increase which occurred in the early stage of aging process.     

Al–Ti–C–Sr master alloy—A melt inoculant for simultaneous grain refinement and modification of hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys

Present article is focused on the microstructural features of Al–Ti–C–Sr master alloy, an inoculant for simultaneous grain refinement and modification of hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys. This master alloy is basically a metal matrix composite consisting of TiC and Al₄Sr phases formed in situ in the Al-matrix. TiC particles initiate the refinement of primary α-Al through heterogeneous nucleation in molten hypoeutectic Al–Si alloy, while Al₄Sr phase dissolves in molten Al–7Si alloy enriching the melt with Sr, which eventually leads to modification of eutectic silicon during solidification of the Al–7Si alloy casting. Thus present master alloy serves in both ways, as a grain refiner and a modifier for hypoeutectic Al–Si alloys.     

Phase relationships of the Pr-Co-Fe system at 773 K

The Phase equilibrium of the ternary Pr-Co-Fe system at 773 K was investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Rietveld method and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Nine binary compounds, i.e., Pr₂Co₁₇, PrCo₅, Pr₂Co₇, PrCo₃, PrCo₂, Pr₄Co₃, Pr₅Co₂, Pr₃Co and Pr₂Fe₁₇ was confirmed to exist, The maximum solubility of Fe in binary compounds Pr₂Co_17, PrCo₅, Pr₂Co₇, PrCo₃, PrCo₂, Pr₄Co₃ and Pr₃Co was determined to be 76.3, 14.1, 15.5, 20.7, 37.5, 2.3 and 2.9 at.%, respectively. No ternary compound was found.     

The isothermal section of the phase diagram of Ce-Mg-Zn ternary system at 470 K

The isothermal section of the phase diagram of Ce-Mg-Zn ternary system at 470 K in a full concentration range was built, and a formation of seven ternary compounds was observed. For five ternary compounds: τ₁ - Ce₃(Zn_0.863Mg_0.137)₁₁ (Immm space group, La₃Al₁₁ structure type), τ₃ - CeMg_1+xZn_2−x (Fm-3m, MnCu₂Al), τ₄ - CeMg_2.5Zn_4.5 (P6/mmm, TbCu₇), τ₅ - Ce₃Mg₁₃Zn₃₀ (P6₃/mmc, Sm₃Mg₁₃Zn₃₀) and τ₇ - Ce₂₀Mg₁₉Zn₈₁ (F-43m, own structure type) the crystal structures were investigated. The crystal structures of CeMg_1−xZn_x continuous solid solution and of CeMg_12-xZn_x and CeMg_3-xZn_x limited solid solutions were studied more precisely by the X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction, and also using the WDS and EPMA techniques. The Ce-Mg-Zn ternary phases are structurally related to the binary phases of RE-Mg and RE-Zn (RE - rare-earth metals) systems.