双基地合成孔径雷达

当SAR的发射和接收在同一平台上时,称为单基地SAR。近5～6年来,有多篇论文讨论了发和收分开的双基地SAR,双基地比之单基地有其他缺点和优点,由于总体技术和处理技术的进步,优点已远胜缺点,文中汇集了9篇双基地SAR,其中一篇为实验成像,其余均属理论探讨和今后5～10年内实现的打算。     

机载串行双站斜视合成孔径雷达ELBF-CS成像算法

在机载串行双站斜视合成孔径雷达模型基础上,用收发载机多普勒贡献比为加权系数推导了点目标回波的扩展Loffeld频谱公式（ELBF）。以场景中心点目标双站扭曲项近似场景中各点目标双站扭曲项,再对频谱公式中剩余相位项做Taylor展开推导距离变标因子,构建了基于ELBF的串行机载双站斜视SAR的chirp scaling (CS)成像算法。算法在二维频域内补偿双站扭曲项,利用CS方法校正点目标距离徙动得到成像结果。考虑到双站回波距离空变性的影响,分析了宽场景成像数据距离向分块的准则。算法基于更高精度的点目标二维频谱公式,用CS方法提高成像效率,成像处理过程更简捷高效,最后通过仿真验证了算法在处理串行机载双站斜视SAR数据的有效性。      

A Two-Dimensional Spectrum Model for General Bistatic SAR

This paper derives a 2-D spectrum model for general bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR). By introducing some new parameters such as equivalent monostatic parameters, bistatic factor, and weighted-equivalent range, the 2-D spectrum of general bistatic SAR can be expressed in the form of monostatic SAR even when the transmitter and receiver move along unparallel trajectories with different velocities. The result formulates bistatic SAR into an equivalent monostatic SAR model and would be useful for developing efficient bistatic SAR algorithms in frequency-domain or hybrid-domain processing. Simulation results are given to validate the performance of the model. For special bistatic SAR configurations, the model can be simplified. Compared to other similar models, the proposed model is clearer and much more concise.      

一种基于距离补偿的分布式小卫星双基SAR成像方法

在一定条件下,分布式小卫星双基SAR可近似认为是一种信号发射器与接收器平行运动的双基SAR系统。针对其结构特点,该文提出一种基于距离补偿的成像方法。通过该方法可把双基SAR的相位信息以单基SAR 的形式表示,这样就可利用单基SAR的成像算法对双基SAR进行研究。本文结合波数域算法对这一方法进行了阐述,并给出了仿真结果。仿真结果表明,该方法可有效应用于分布式小卫星双基SAR的成像中。     

双基地合成孔径雷达的扩展ETF成像算法

本文详细研究了双基地合成孔径雷达的等效单基地成像模型,在此基础上提出了一种适用于双基地SAR的扩展ETF(Exact Transfer Function)成像算法.在原有单基地ETF算法的基础上,新算法采用由双基地成像几何关系所确定出的新的方位聚焦相位函数,算法的计算流程及效率和单基地SAR的ETF成像算法相同,优点是不需要任何的插值计算,论文同时讨论了算法的适用条件.最后通过点目标仿真验证了算法的有效性.     

Conceptual performance of bistatic Doppler radar for vehicle speed determination

A monostatic Doppler radar can yield accurate vehicle speed measurements over a very limited angular extent. When applied to a multilane superhighway geometry, the area within which the vehicle must be confined for accurate measurement becomes quite small. A much larger area yielding accurate measurement can be achieved by designing the radar system for bistatic operation. In this geometry the transmitter and receiver are on opposite sides of the multilane highway and both transmitting and receiving antenna beams are oriented towards the vehicle. A radiation leakage link is required between transmitter and receiver to provide a reference frequency signal. Examples are given to show the conceptual advantage of a bistatic radar compared to a monostatic radar.     

Terahertz Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar for 1-D Near-Field High-Resolution Imaging

Considering the difficult transceiver-isolation problem of the monostatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in the terahertz (THz) band, this paper proposes a compact THz bistatic SAR (BiSAR) geometry. The system allows the separately distributed transmitter and receivers. At the receiving end, there are a direct-wave receiver and an echo receiver, both operating at the heterodyne and in-phase mode. The echo receiver runs along a linear rail to fulfill the scene scanning, while the direct-wave one is fixed as a reference. Furthermore, assuming that the receivers are synchronized, both the problem of synchronization between the separated transmitter and receivers and the problem of timing at the signal acquisition would be solved by utilizing the high coherence between the echo and the direct wave. Based on such a system, the application of THz BiSAR for one-dimensional imaging is taken into consideration. Then, a high-resolution imaging algorithm is proposed benefitting from the total least squares estimating signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (TLS-ESPRIT) and the spatial smoothing process (SSP). The imaging performance is then demonstrated by both simulations and the experiments in the 0.183 THz.     

机载双站SAR运动补偿研究

与单站SAR相比,双站SAR的几何关系更复杂,运动误差来源更多,因而运动补偿难度更大.本文提出了一种有效的双站SAR运动误差的估计和补偿方法.文中首先根据双站SAR运动误差的几何模型,推导出径向运动误差随距离变化的解析式,接着利用从回波数据估计的多普勒调频率和图像对比度来估计运动参数,最后利用估计的运动参数对数据分别进行径向和沿航向运动补偿.该方法可有效校正收发平台的三维运动误差,并可降低双站SAR系统对惯导的要求.仿真和实测数据的实验结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于最小熵DCFT的双基地SAR多普勒参数估计

多普勒参数估计是SAR成像技术研究中的一项关键技术,多普勒参数估计精度将直接影响机载双基地SAR系统成像质量,为了实现对感兴趣目标区域有效地成像,需要对回波信号的参数进行准确估计。本文提出基于最小熵的离散调频傅里叶法(DCFT),该方法基于线性调频信号,可同时估计多普勒质心和多普勒斜率,并用RD算法对双基地SAR仿真数据成像,通过仿真验证了该方法的性能。     

星/机双站SAR成像处理技术研究

针对发射机为卫星、接收机为载机且飞行航迹平行模式下的双站SAR,本文建立了回波信号的模型,分析了多普勒调频率、多普勒中心、目标位置、距离弯曲等参数的变化;采用单站SAR等效法推导了回波信号二维频谱,并对单站SAR等效法与距离历程泰勒级数展开法所产生的相位误差进行了比较,进而采用Nonlinear Chirp Scaling(NCS)算法进行成像处理。通过插值校正目标沿方位向出现的几何拉伸形变,采用距离频谱搬移校正目标沿距离向的几何偏差。最后,采用仿真数据验证了本文方法的正确性。      

双基地雷达抗欺骗式干扰分析

双基地雷达由于收发分置，在抗欺骗式干扰方面具有与单基地雷达不同的特性。本文对几种特定干扰情况计算子双基地雷达抗欺骗式干扰的性能，并与单基地雷达情况进行了比较，得出了有价值的结论。     

双基地雷达的主要性能分析与试验方法研究

双基地雷达的主要性能指标均与收/发两站的布站方式及目标所处的空间位置有关,这与单基地雷达有很大的差异,不能直接采用单基地雷达的试验方法来检验双基地雷达的主要性能指标。为解决双基地雷达的试验与性能评估问题,重点围绕双基地雷达的探测范围、测量精度、分辨力等主要性能进行了理论分析与计算,据此提出了合理可行的双基地雷达主要性能试验方法,有关研究成果已经在一个实用双基地雷达中得到了成功的应用。     

机载平行等速双基SAR的极坐标格式成像算法

平行等速双基SAR是指收发平台速度大小和方向均相同的双基SAR系统,该构型具有广阔的应用前景。在此将传统适用于单基地SAR成像的极坐标格式算法（PFA）加以改进,使之适用于平行等速双基SAR成像处理。由于收发异置,回波信号在接收平面和发射平面的斜距几何关系比较复杂。为了便于后续的二维插值操作,用一个新的几何模型来描述收发平面上斜距的关系。该算法具有传统PFA算法的操作简单,易于实现的特点。最后通过仿真数据的成像处理对该方法进行了验证。     

TerraSAR-X Instrument Calibration Results and Extension for TanDEM-X

Spaceborne remote sensing with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has become an essential source of high-resolution and continuous Earth observation. Modern satellites like the German TerraSAR-X system provide state-of-the-art radar images with respect to operating flexibility and imaging quality. The outstanding performance of TerraSAR-X image products is achieved by an innovative calibration approach that minimizes systematic antenna and instrument characteristics. The active phased array X-band antenna is fed by 384 transmit/receive modules for electronic beam steering and shaping in the azimuth and elevation direction. The flexible radar instrument hosts an internal calibration system which guarantees the high radiometric stability of all SAR products. New techniques for antenna performance control have been successfully implemented, setting a high standard for next-generation SAR missions. This paper summarizes all essential calibration results of TerraSAR-X that cover internal instrument behavior. Furthermore, we give an outlook on the required bistatic calibration techniques for the future TanDEM-X mission that faces additional performance challenges when calibrating two TerraSAR-X satellites flying in close formation.      

Comparison of monostatic and bistatic radar images

Relationships between monostatic and bistatic radar images are reviewed and discussed, both from the point of view of identical receiver locations, and from the conventional point of view where the monostatic radar is located at the angular bisector between the bistatic transmitter and receiver. Example images are computed using scattered fields from two three-dimensional (3D) body-of-revolution (BOR) geometries. A Method-of-Moments solution is used to calculate scattered fields so that no scattering interactions are neglected. In the conventional comparison, sample bistatic images show direct-scattering mechanisms similar to those of monostatic images as expected, although significant differences are observed in higher-order scattering effects. With identical. receiver locations, the sample bistatic images generated are very different from the monostatic images, and illustrate the practically important fact that geometries designed to minimize monostatic scattering can produce large bistatic returns.     

一种特殊构型的双站SAR的CS实现

针对发射机位于地球同步卫星的双站SAR这种新型成像雷达体制,建立了信号的回波模型,并推导了在这一模型下的Chirp Scaling算法实现.通过大场景点阵目标的仿真证明,该算法处理速度快,无需插值即可实现对SAR原始数据的二维匹配滤波操作进而实现良好的SAR图像效果,可适用于高精度发射机位于同步卫星的双站SAR的成像处理.     

机载双站合成孔径雷达Chirp Scaling成像算法

该文在分析机载双站SAR回波模型的基础上,结合常规单站SAR的Chirp scaling成像算法思想,推导出了双站SAR的Chirp scaling成像算法。对双站SAR的Chirp scaling成像算法进行了误差分析。最后通过仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

FMICW用于单基机载SAR的成像研究

针对调频连续波合成孔径雷达(FMCW SAR)用于单基机载平台时无法实现发射和接收隔离的难题,提出了基于中断连续波(FMICW)的单基机载SAR成像研究。基于FMICW的信号特点,详细讨论了FMICW用于SAR成像时门控脉冲宽度、门控脉冲重复频率、门控脉冲周期数、扫频频率等参数的制约关系,给出了FMICW SAR的系统结构,并有针对性地分析了信号处理模块。最后结合距离多普勒(RD)算法对FMICW SAR进行成像仿真试验,对模型进行了验证。结果表明机载FMICW SAR不但可以有效解决收发隔离,并且可以实现对目标的精确成像。     

机载并行双站大斜视SAR两步式成像算法

该文提出了机载并行双站大斜视SAR的两步式成像算法。针对双站大斜视回波信号的距离-方位强耦合,在距离频域-方位时域校正收、发载机大斜视引起的大距离走动,然后推导改进点目标频谱公式,并用Chirp Scaling方法校正残余距离徙动得到成像结果。针对成像结果中出现的点目标位置偏移的问题,推导了成像场景到地面场景的目标位置校正方法。最后,通过仿真验证了所提的两步式成像算法和目标位置校正方法的有效性。     

双基地高频地波雷达系统布站研究

由发射机(T)和接收机(Rm)共站的单基地高频地波雷达增设分置的接收系统(Rb)构成的T/Rm-Rb双基地高频地波雷达系统用于海洋环境监测时,既可测得矢量流速度,又可消除风向模糊性,是目前高频地波雷达的发展趋势之一。该文首次从T/Rm-Rb系统的探测能力与海流测量误差两方面分析最佳基线长度和最佳双基地角范围,从而确定其布站原则,即:在确定T/Rm单基地雷达的位置后,先根据T-Rb双基地雷达设计指标中的最大探测距离和确定基线长度,然后根据T/Rm-Rb系统海流测量误差最小的原则确定最佳双基地角范围,从而确定T-Rb双基地雷达接收站Rb的位置。该布站原则可为双(多)基地高频地波雷达的海洋环境监测应用提供参考和依据。