涂层刀具切削马氏体不锈钢的磨损机理研究

采用Al Ti N涂层硬质合金刀具对1Cr11Ni2W2MoV以及2Cr13两种型号的不锈钢进行车削试验,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察刀具的前、后刀面磨损形貌,对刀具的主要磨损机理及磨损形式进行分析。研究结果表明:1Cr11Ni2W2MoV的加工难度大于2Cr13;硬质合金刀具切削1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢时,刀具主要的磨损形式为月牙洼磨损以及边界磨损,失效形式主要为崩刃;切削2Cr13不锈钢时,刀具的主要磨损机理为粘结磨损。     

难加工材料车削中精密内冷却对刀具寿命的影响

针对GH901高温合金材料、06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢材料和20Cr1Mo1VNbTiB合金钢材料在精密内冷却和外冷却方式下进行的刀具失效形式及刀具寿命对比车削试验发现,相较于常规外冷却车削,精密内冷方式的刀具寿命有较大幅度提升,车削GH901材料可以提升48.93%刀具寿命,车削06Cr19Ni10材料能提升34.73%刀具寿命,车削20Cr1Mo1VNbTiB材料能提升28.57%刀具寿命;在连续切削工况下进行车削试验,刀具失效方式为后刀面磨损。     

高强度钢的切削

高强度不锈钢OCr13Ni6Mo,属于难加工材料,用普通硬质合金刀具粗车铸件毛坯时,前刀面常常“粘刀”,后刀面磨损很快,经常产生崩刃、打刀现象。半精车和精车时,刀具后刀面磨损较快,刀具耐用度低,加工表面粗糙度高。在加工中,经过多次切削试验,终于掌握了它的切削加工性能,保证了加工     

车削0Cr18Ni9不锈耐热钢的刀具优选试验

分别采用YT15、YW2、YG6X硬质合金刀具和Fe-Al/Al2O3金属陶瓷刀具进行0Cr18Ni9不锈耐热钢的车削试验,进行刀具材料的优选。试验结果显示:切削速度较低时,YG6X和YW2刀具的耐用度和表面质量较好;切削速度较高时,Fe-Al/Al2O3陶瓷刀具的耐用度较好。     

Al2O3/La2O3/(W,Mo)C硬质合金刀具表面微织构参数优化

通过水热法制备粒度均匀的Al2O3/La2O3/(W,Mo)C纳米复合粉体,采用放电等离子烧结技术制备Al2O3/La2O3/(W,Mo)C无黏结相硬质合金刀具,利用激光加工技术在刀具表面制备不同沟槽参数的表面微织构,采用正交试验法研究不同沟槽参数的刀具对钛合金干切削性能的影响。结果表明：沟槽间距对切削力和粗糙度影响最大,沟槽深度次之,沟槽宽度影响最小;Al2O3/La2O3/(W,Mo)C无黏结相刀具在沟槽深度为10 μm、沟槽间距为100 μm、沟槽宽度为30 μm时,对TC4钛合金切削性能最好,且刀具前刀面无磨损,后刀面为边界磨损,沟槽织构有效抑制了月牙洼磨损,提高了刀具寿命。     

微织构自润滑刀具干切削0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢的切削性能

采用激光加工方法在硬质合金刀具的前刀面加工出微织构,并在微织构中填充固体润滑剂制成微织构自润滑刀具;使用微织构自润滑刀具、微织构刀具以及传统硬质合金刀具分别对0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢进行干切削试验,并对比了它们的切削性能。结果表明:与传统刀具相比,微织构自润滑刀具能有效提高切削性能(主切削力减小了8%~16%,切削温度降低了15%~24%),增加切屑的曲卷,改善刀具的粘着磨损现象。     

车削ZG30Cr20Ni10零件表面粗糙度试验研究

用YG6X、YW2、Fe-Al/Al2O3陶瓷刀具对ZG30Cr20Ni10奥氏体耐热钢进行了车削试验研究,得出了切削用量对加工表面粗糙度的影响规律。     

高速铣削69111不锈钢的硬质合金刀具磨损机理研究

使用硬质合金刀具进行69111不锈钢的高速干铣削试验.通过采用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观察刀具的磨损形貌和能谱分析仪(EDS)分析磨损表面及磨损边缘处的元素分布,对刀具的前、后刀面的主要磨损机理进行了分析.研究结果表明:使用硬质合金刀具高速干铣削69111不锈钢时,刀具的前、后刀面的主要磨损机理均为粘结磨损、氧化磨损和扩散磨损;并且由于铣削过程中,刀具前刀面的铣削温度明显高于后刀面的铣削温度,导致前刀面的磨损程度较后刀面严重.     

车削加工陶瓷材料时刀具磨损表面形态的研究

分别使用硬质合金刀具、金刚石刀具、立方氮化硼刀具对氟金云母陶瓷及二硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷材料进行车削试验。利用显微镜观察刀具磨损形貌,通过能谱分析研究了刀具的磨损机理。试验结果表明,刀具磨损部位主要集中在刀尖和后刀面,刀具磨损形式主要为磨料磨损和粘结磨损。用硬质合金刀具车削氟金云母陶瓷时,切削深度越小,磨料磨损越严重。     

高合金不锈钢的干车削和近干车削研究

高合金不锈钢具有强度高、韧性好、耐腐蚀等优良性能而得到日益广泛的应用,但是其难加工性同时也对切削技术提出了更高的要求.干切削因具有对环境和人体无害、经济性好等优点成为金属加工技术的主要发展方向之一.文中对高合金不锈钢Y12Cr17和16Cr17Ni3的干车削和近干车削中,切削参数和切削材料对刀具磨损和工件表面质量的影响进行了深入研究.结果表明,通过选择适当的切削参数、刀具材料以及刀具涂层,可以很好地实现高合金不锈钢的干车削加工,并能获得比传统乳化剂加工更小的磨损值和更好的工件表面质量.     

Effect of work material hardness and cutting parameters on performance of coated carbide tool when turning hardened steel: An optimization approach

In present work performance of coated carbide tool was investigated considering the effect of work material hardness and cutting parameters during turning of hardened AISI 4340 steel at different levels of hardness. The correlations between the cutting parameters and performance measures like cutting forces, surface roughness and tool life, were established by multiple linear regression models. The correlation coefficients found close to 0.9, showed that the developed models are reliable and could be used effectively for predicting the responses within the domain of the cutting parameters. Highly significant parameters were determined by performing an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Experimental observations show that higher cutting forces are required for machining harder work material. These cutting forces get affected mostly by depth of cut followed by feed. Cutting speed, feed and depth of cut having an interaction effect on surface roughness. Cutting speed followed by depth of cut become the most influencing factors on tool life; especially in case of harder workpiece. Optimum cutting conditions are determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and the desirability function approach. It was found that, the use of lower feed value, lower depth of cut and by limiting the cutting speed to 235 and 144 m/min; while turning 35 and 45 HRC work material, respectively, ensures minimum cutting forces, surface roughness and better tool life.     

Measuring procedures of cutting edge preparation when hard turning with coated ceramics tool inserts

In this paper, the authors introduce the methodology of combined studies on cutting edge preparation and tool performance testing. Five main fields of research on cutting edge preparation are identified in this study of cutting edge preparation while cutting edge microgeometry consists of data associated with tool edge and rake face. Uncoated and TiN coated mixed oxide ceramics inserts have been tested concerning their microgeometry and wear resistance and there is presented a sequence of measuring to identify cutting edge preparation and properties of coating. Authors propose the sequence which considers cutting edge preparation as a factor controlling performance of cutting edge in hard turning operations. Four steps in the sequence of performance testing include measurements with effects of wear criterion and machining time. Measured results show that combined effects of both preparation and coating reduce considerably friction forces in scratch tests and there is very negligible change of microhardness of uncoated and coated ceramics. Relationships between cutting edge microgeometry and acceptable machined surface roughness which results from the sequence in tool performance testing have been identified. Finally, tool performance indices are based on units which characterize machined surface roughness, tool edge wear and forces when hard turning.     

Surface Integrity and Machineability in Intermittent Hard Turning

Despite the large amount of research on hard turning, there are few results on intermittent hard turning. In this paper, the feasibility of internal intermittent hard turning has been investigated. First, the cutting tools with different cubic boron nitride (CBN) contents were evaluated, based on machineability: tool wear, surface roughness, and cutting forces. In the case of intermittent turning, low CBN content tools had better machineability than high CBN content tools. The depth of the machining damaged layer and the magnitude and distribution of residual stress were evaluated. The experimental results showed that intermittent hard turning can produce surface integrity which is good enough for replacing the grinding process.     

Machinability of Elongated Coarse Grain Fe-Based Superalloys

□ In conventional metal cutting process, materials are assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic structure. However, some materials with a single crystal or coarse elongated polycrystalline demonstrate strong anisotropic behavior in physical and mechanical properties in machining of some superalloy materials. The anisotropic structure always leads to variation at machinability properties of the material. In this study, machinability properties of ferritic superalloy PM2000, which had elongated a few coarse grains, were investigated. These properties were determined by investigation of chip formation, cutting forces and surface roughness. Machinability was assessed by single-point turning on a CNC lathe and turning forces were measured by using a Kistler Lathe Dynamometer. The chip formation mechanisms in machining of PM2000 at various cutting speeds were determined by using a quick-stop device (QSD). Chip roots and machined surfaces were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the machinability properties of the PM2000 were changed by orientated coarse grain structure. Three types chip formation mechanism were determined at the same cutting conditions. Also, surface roughness on the machined each grain changed with changing the grain to be cut. Surface roughness and force fluctuations decreased with increasing the cutting speed; however, tool wearing increased.     

Analysis and prediction of tool wear, surface roughness and cutting forces in hard turning with CBN tool

The main of the present study is to investigate the effects of process parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) on performance characteristics (tool life, surface roughness and cutting forces) in finish hard turning of AISI 52100 bearing steel with CBN tool. The cutting forces and surface roughness are measured at the end of useful tool life. The combined effects of the process parameters on performance characteristics are investigated using ANOVA. The composite desirability optimization technique associated with the RSM quadratic models is used as multi-objective optimization approach. The results show that feed rate and cutting speed strongly influence surface roughness and tool life. However, the depth of cut exhibits maximum influence on cutting forces. The proposed experimental and statistical approaches bring reliable methodologies to model, to optimize and to improve the hard turning process. They can be extended efficiently to study other machining processes.     

精密干式硬态车削淬硬工具钢时表面粗糙度的参数优化

使用PCBN刀具对不同淬硬状态工具钢Cr12MoV进行了精密干式硬态车削试验,运用正交实验法分析了切削速度、试件硬度、刀具前角、切削深度4个因素间的交互作用,并得到了最优车削参数.试验表明:影响表面粗糙度最显著的因素是切削速度与淬火硬度,切削深度影响最小.     

Effects of cutting edge geometry, workpiece hardness, feed rate and cutting speed on surface roughness and forces in finish turning of hardened AISI H13 steel

In this study, the effects of cutting edge geometry, workpiece hardness, feed rate and cutting speed on surface roughness and resultant forces in the finish hard turning of AISI H13 steel were experimentally investigated. Cubic boron nitrite inserts with two distinct edge preparations and through-hardened AISI H13 steel bars were used. Four-factor (hardness, edge geometry, feed rate and cutting speed) two-level fractional experiments were conducted and statistical analysis of variance was performed. During hard turning experiments, three components of tool forces and roughness of the machined surface were measured. This study shows that the effects of workpiece hardness, cutting edge geometry, feed rate and cutting speed on surface roughness are statistically significant. The effects of two-factor interactions of the edge geometry and the workpiece hardness, the edge geometry and the feed rate, and the cutting speed and feed rate also appeared to be important. Especially honed edge geometry and lower workpiece surface hardness resulted in better surface roughness. Cutting-edge geometry, workpiece hardness and cutting speed are found to be affecting force components. The lower workpiece surface hardness and honed edge geometry resulted in lower tangential and radial forces.     

Machinability aspects concerning micro-turning of PA66-GF30-reinforced polyamide

This paper aims to study the behavior of machining forces and machined surface finish when micro-turning PA66-GF30-reinforced polyamide with various tool materials under distinct cutting conditions. The performance of polycrystalline diamond (PCD), CVD diamond coated carbide and plain cemented carbide tools (K15-KF and K15) were investigated in addition to the influence of feed rate on cutting forces, surface roughness and chip formation. The results indicated that the radial force was the highest force component because of the reduction in the effective cutting edge angle. Moreover, the cutting force increased almost linearly with feed, whereas the feed and radial forces remained unaltered. The cutting tools possessing lower edge radius promoted lower surface finish and turning forces, i.e., the best results were provided by the PCD tool, followed by the uncoated carbide inserts and finally by the CVD diamond-coated carbide tool.     

INDUCTION-HEATED TOOL MACHINING OF ELASTOMERS—PART 2: CHIP MORPHOLOGY, CUTTING FORCES, AND MACHINED SURFACES

The induction-heated tool and cryogenically cooled workpiece are investigated for end milling of elastomers to generate desirable shape and surface roughness. Elastomer end milling experiments are conducted to study effects of the cutting speed, tool heating, and workpiece cooling on the chip formation, cutting forces, groove width, and surface roughness. At high cutting speed, smoke is generated and becomes an environmental hazard. At low cutting speeds, induction heated tool, if properly utilized, has demonstrated to be beneficial for the precision machining of elastomer with better surface roughness and dimensional control. Frequency analysis of cutting forces shows that the soft elastomer workpiece has low frequency vibration, which can be correlated to the surface machining marks. The width of end-milled grooves is only 68 to 78% of the tool diameter. The correlation between the machined groove width and cutting force reveals the importance of the workpiece compliance to precision machining of elastomer. This study also explores the use of both contact profilometer and non-contact confocal microscope to measure the roughness of machined elastomer surfaces. The comparison of measurement results shows the advantages and limitations of both measurement methods.     

Experimental investigations on machinability aspects in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using uncoated and multilayer coated carbide inserts

The present work deals with some machinability studies on flank wear, surface roughness, chip morphology and cutting forces in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using uncoated and multilayer TiN and ZrCN coated carbide inserts at higher cutting speed range. The process has also been justified economically for its effective application in hard turning. Experimental results revealed that multilayer TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN coated insert performed better than uncoated and TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/ZrCN coated carbide insert being steady growth of flank wear and surface roughness. The tool life for TiN and ZrCN coated carbide inserts was found to be approximately 19 min and 8 min at the extreme cutting conditions tested. Uncoated carbide insert used to cut hardened steel fractured prematurely. Abrasion, chipping and catastrophic failure are the principal wear mechanisms observed during machining. The turning forces (cutting force, thrust force and feed force) are observed to be lower using multilayer coated carbide insert in hard turning compared to uncoated carbide insert. From 1st and 2nd order regression model, 2nd order model explains about 98.3% and 86.3% of the variability of responses (flank wear and surface roughness) in predicting new observations compared to 1st order model and indicates the better fitting of the model with the data for multilayer TiN coated carbide insert. For ZrCN coated carbide insert, 2nd order flank wear model fits well compared to surface roughness model as observed from ANOVA study. The savings in machining costs using multilayer TiN coated insert is 93.4% compared to uncoated carbide and 40% to ZrCN coated carbide inserts respectively in hard machining taking flank wear criteria of 0.3 mm. This shows the economical feasibility of utilizing multilayer TiN coated carbide insert in finish hard turning.