基于移动设备的D类放大器前置放大器的设计

基于SMIC 0.18μm工艺,设计了一款低功耗、低噪声的D类前置放大器。通过对常用运放的结构进行比较,选择了一种开关电容共模反馈电路的两级运放,并加入斩波结构降低噪声。用Cadence/Spectre仿真器进行仿真,仿真结果表明,该全差分运放的直流开环增益为65 dB,单位增益带宽为259.7 MHz,相位裕度为70°,转换速率为98 V/μs,静态功耗为1 mW。适合于现代的便携产品应用中。     

一种低压、恒增益Rail-to-rail运算放大器的设计

文章设计了一种低压、恒定增益、Rail-to-rail的CMOS运算放大器。该放大器采用直接交迭工作区的互补并联输入对作为输入级,在2V单电源下,负载电容为25pF时,静态功耗为0.9mW,直流开环增益、单位增益带宽、相位裕度分别为74dB、2.7MHz、60°。     

220GHz低噪声放大器研究

基于IHP锗硅BiCMOS工艺,研究和实现了两种220 GHz低噪声放大器电路,并将其应用于220 GHz太赫兹无线高速通信收发机电路。一种是220 GHz四级单端共基极低噪声放大电路,每级电路采用了共基极（Common Base, CB）电路结构,利用传输线和金属-绝缘体-金属(Metal-Insulator-Metal, MIM)电容等无源电路元器件构成输入、输出和级间匹配网络。该低噪放电源的电压为1.8 V,功耗为25 mW,在220 GHz频点处实现了16 dB的增益,3 dB带宽达到了27 GHz。另一种是220 GHz四级共射共基差分低噪声放大电路,每级都采用共射共基的电路结构,放大器利用微带传输线和MIM电容构成每级的负载、Marchand-Balun、输入、输出和级间匹配网络等。该低噪放电源的电压为3 V,功耗为234 mW,在224 GHz频点实现了22 dB的增益,3 dB带宽超过6 GHz。这两个低噪声放大器可应用于220 GHz太赫兹无线高速通信收发机电路。     

恒电压增益的低电压Rail—to—Rail运算放大器

基于 Alcatel的 0 .3 5μm标准 CMOS工艺 (VT=0 .6 5 V) ,模拟实现了工作电压低达 1 .8V、电压增益偏差仅为 3 % (整个输入共模偏置电压范围内 )的运算放大器 ;电路的设计也避免了差分输入对中 PMOS管和 NMOS管的 W/L的严格匹配 ,增强了电路对工艺的坚固性。对输入差分对偏置电流的控制电路、差分输入对的有源负载和 AB类 Rail- to- Rail输出级进行了整体考虑 ,确保电压增益恒定的新型结构 ,使该运放在 2 V电源电压下 ,电压增益达到 80 d B(1 0 kΩ 电阻和 1 0p F电容并联负载 ) ,单位增益带宽为 1 2 MHz,相位裕量 72°     

一种轨至轨CMOS运算放大器的设计

采用华虹NEC0．35μml P2M工艺，设计了一种利用比例电流镜控制的恒跨导R2R输入级及AB类控制输出级的运放结构。仿真结果表明，在2．5V共模输入电压，10pF负载电容和1M负载电阻并联时取得了56dB开环电压增益，60°相位裕度和2．4MHz的单位增益带宽。     

超高增益低噪声红外焦平面读出电路研究

高增益探测对InGaAs焦平面探测器在微光夜视条件下成像有重要意义。设计了一款InGaAs焦平面用的高增益低噪声64×64元读出电路。读出电路输入级采用CTIA模式(电容负反馈放大),通过计算发现输入级运算放大器热噪声是主要噪声源,采用单端替代差分运放将输入级噪声降低26%。同时,研究积分电容和增益、满阱容量、噪声的关系,将积分电容降低到1 fF,实现了超高增益和低噪声探测。读出电路采用0.18mm工艺设计,像元中心距为30mm。经过PEX(寄生参数提取)参数提取,实际积分电容为0.94 fF,经过测试芯片整体功耗低至24.1 m W,电路噪声电子数为4.37e。     

适用于全差分运算放大器的两级共模反馈结构

针对两级全差分运算放大器对输入级和输出级不同的性能要求,设计了连续时间共模反馈电路和开关电容共模反馈电路,使运放在稳定电路直流工作点的同时提高输出摆幅.基于0.13μm CMOS混合信号工艺对电路进行仿真,结果表明,该运放两级共模反馈瞬态输出的波动范围分别为1.06 mV和2.21 mV,在2.5 V电源电压下具有91.6 dB直流开环增益,负载电容为1.5 pF 时单位增益带宽为1.163 GHz.     

一种低失调高压大电流集成运算放大器

基于结型场效应晶体管(JFET)和双极型晶体管(BJT)兼容工艺,设计了一种低失调高压大电流集成运算放大器。电路输入级采用p沟道JFET (p-JFET)差分对共源共栅结构;中间级以BJT作为放大管,采用复合有源负载结构;输出级采用复合npn达林顿管阵列,与常规推挽输出结构相比,在输出相同电流的情况下,节省了大量芯片面积。基于Cadence Spectre软件对该运算放大器电路进行了仿真分析和优化设计,在±35 V电源供电下,最小负载电阻为6Ω时的电压增益为95 dB,输入失调电压为0.224 5 mV,输入偏置电流为31.34 pA,输入失调电流为3.3 pA,单位增益带宽为9.6 MHz,具有输出9 A峰值大电流能力。     

一种高性能可编程增益运放电路设计

设计了一种应用于双电源系统的可编程增益运放电路。主要结构包括:偏置电路、控制缓冲电路、主运放电路以及增益控制电路。控制缓冲电路调节电路的工作状态,并且加入传输门模拟开关增加隔离度;偏置电路为控制缓冲电路提供恒定的电流,增强整个电路的稳定性;主运放电路为两级跨导差分结构,采用CSMC 0.5μm ST3000CMOS工艺进行设计,并对电路进行了仿真,其结果显示:开环增益为79 dB,增益带宽为130 MHz,相位裕度为78°,压摆率为756 V·μs~(-1)。基于这种高性能的运放电路,通过接入负反馈电阻分压来实现AV=1或AV=2的增益切换。     

一种恒跨导轨对轨CMOS运算放大器的设计

设计了一种新颖的恒跨导轨对轨CMOS运算放大器结构。输入级采用轨对轨的结构,在输入级采用4个虚拟差分对管来对输入差分对的电流进行限制,使运放的输入级跨导在工作范围内保持恒定。输出级采用前馈式AB类输出结构,以使输出达到全摆幅。仿真结果显示,在5 V电源电压和带有10 pF电容与10 kΩ电阻并联的负载下,该运放在共模输入范围内实现了恒跨导,在整个共模输入范围内跨导变化率仅为3%,输出摆幅也达到了轨对轨全摆幅,运放的开环增益为108.5 dB,增益带宽积为26.7 MHz,相位裕度为76.3°。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.