骨架镍催化1-环己烯乙腈选择加氢制备1-环己烯乙胺反应动力学研究

1-环己烯乙腈选择加氢是1-环己烯乙胺生产中的关键步骤之一。采用骨架镍催化剂在间歇高压釜中考察1-环己烯乙腈选择加氢制备1-环己烯乙胺的反应动力学。在消除内外扩散影响的条件下,通过测定催化加氢过程中1-环己烯乙腈浓度随时间的变化关系,获得了1-环己烯乙腈催化加氢动力学模型。动力学模型表明,1-环己烯乙腈选择加氢制备1-环己烯乙胺,对1-环己烯乙腈为零级反应而对氢压为一级反应。根据实验数据拟合出动力学参数,其中指前因子k0和活化能Ea分别为23.64和27.96 kJ mol 1。将动力学模型的方程、反应速率和反应物浓度的计算值和实验值进行比较,表明模型具有较高的拟合精度,能准确反映骨架镍催化1-环己烯乙腈选择加氢制备1-环己烯乙胺反应过程及其动力学特征。     

丙烯腈-丁二烯-异戊二烯三元无规共聚物的催化加氢及表征

以三(三苯基膦)氯化铑[RhCl(PPh3)3]为催化剂,甲苯为溶剂,对自制的丙烯腈-丁二烯-异戊二烯三元无规共聚物(NBIR)进行催化加氢,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量对加氢反应的影响,采用核磁共振氢谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析和热重分析等方法对氢化物进行了分析表征。结果表明,在反应温度为145℃、反应压力为3 MPa、催化剂质量分数占原胶的0.46%、反应时间为3 h的条件下,该催化剂对NBIR有最高加氢反应活性,氢化度可达到76.1%,氢化物只有1个玻璃化转变温度(-15.9℃),耐热分解性明显改善。     

大环双核Cu(Ⅱ)催化剂的制备及催化性能

合成了大环双核铜(Ⅱ)催化剂—{[Cu(Ⅱ)aneN5]2(DDS)}(ClO4)4,用元素分析和红外光谱对其结构进行了表征。常压条件下,以制得的催化剂催化分子氧氧化环己烯合成环己烯酮,考察了催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度、溶剂用量等因素对环己烯酮合成的影响。优化得到较佳合成工艺条件为:O2流速大约5 mL/min,以环己烯4 mL计,催化剂2 mg,反应时间12 h,反应温度338 K,乙腈12 mL。环己烯的转化率为65.9%,环己烯酮的选择性为78.3%。     

聚丙烯成核剂双环[2.2.1]-庚烷-2,3-二羧酸钠的合成

以降冰片烯二酸酐为起始原料, 经水解中和和催化加氢制备了双环[2.2.1]-庚烷-2,3-二羧酸钠。通过研究催化加氢步骤中催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应压力等关键因素对双环[2.2.1]-庚烷-2,3-二羧酸钠的收率和纯度的影响, 获得了适宜的反应条件。实验结果表明:催化剂雷尼镍可代替文献报道的价格昂贵的钯/炭催化剂完成催化加氢反应, 在反应温度为60℃、反应压力为5MPa的条件下进行催化加氢, 双环[2.2.1]-庚烷-2,3-二羧酸钠的收率大于95%;红外光谱及核磁共振分析表明, 所得加氢产物与双环[2.2.1]-庚烷-2,3-二羧酸钠结构特征吻合。     

聚苯乙烯负载Salen-Mn（Ⅲ）配合物的制备及其催化空气环氧化烯烃反应

Salen Mn(III)配合物是空气环氧化烯烃的优良均相催化剂.然而,与反应混合物难于分离的缺点限制了其大规模地使用,利用高聚物为载体负载此类配合物有望解决这一问题.因此,通过多步接枝法将一Salen-Mn(Ⅲ)配合物负载在聚苯乙烯(交联度2%)树脂上制备了高分子负载的催化剂. 利用傅立叶变换-红外光谱、原子吸收以及元素分析等方法对该催化剂及其前体进行了表征.分别以环己烯, 苯乙烯, 1-辛烯为底物考察了该负载配合物催化空气环氧化烯烃反应的性能;考察了环氧化反应条件对催化剂性能的影响, 并得出优化的环氧化反应条件.在此条件下环己烯的转化率可达91.4%, 环氧环己烷的选择性达86.3%.同时在优化条件下考察了催化剂的循环使用性能.上述结果表明该负载催化剂对环己烯和苯乙烯的空气环氧化具有很高活性和环氧化物选择性.该催化剂能够循环使用几次,但未达到预期效果.     

水溶性铑配合物催化环己烯加氢反应的研究

合成了水溶性配体三苯基膦间单磺酸（TPPMS）、三苯基膦间三磺酸（TPPTS）、2，2'-联毗啶-5-磺酸及相应的铑系列水溶性金属有机化合物, 并用相关体系进行了常压环己烯催化加氢反应。结果表明在常压下Rh-EDTA、RH-TPPMS、Rh-TPPTS、RH-联吡啶-5-磺酸等对催化环己烯加氢具有一定的活性, 在水/有机两相反应体系中, 由于催化剂在水中有相当的溶解度, 使反应后催化剂分离简单、快捷, 产物中催化剂残留少。由于烯烃的催化加氢反应可能是在水相中进行, 共溶剂及快速搅拌是必需的。     

三苯基膦功能化聚酰胺/铑催化烯烃氢甲酰化

以三(3-氨基苯基)膦与联苯-4,4′-二甲酸为原料合成了一种三苯基膦功能化的聚酰胺有机载体，并通过红外光谱、固体核磁对其结构进行表征。聚酰胺载体与Rh(acac)(CO)₂组成的多相催化体系可以有效地催化1-己烯的氢甲酰化反应。研究表明，该多相催化剂具有较好的化学稳定性和催化效果。在90℃下，甲苯溶剂中，催化剂在15 h内完全催化转化1-己烯生成庚醛和2-己烯，产物中醛的选择性为37.4%。通过离心的方法可以实现催化剂与产物的快速分离及多次利用。催化剂的循环使用研究表明，在使用5次后，对1-己烯的催化活性仍高达100%,醛的选择性在34.9%以上，产物醛的正异构比约为2.5。     

分子氧氧化环己烯气-固催化反应的工艺研究

针对环己烯在气-液-固催化氧化反应中存在的问题,该文采用微分反应器,在自行研制出的催化剂的基础上,于无溶剂、无共还原剂的条件下,对分子氧氧化环己烯的气-固催化氧化反应进行了研究,考察了影响该反应的多种因素,得到较佳的工艺条件为:催化剂用量1.5g,反应温度110℃,环己烯流量0.04mL/min,氧气流量10mL/min。在该条件下,环己烯的一次转化率为20%,目的产物2-环己烯-1-醇和2-环己烯-1-酮的选择性为60%。该文报告工作的新颖性已为河南科学院化学研究所于2008年5月23日出具的第HIC 2008018号《科技查新报告》所证实。     

锡卟啉的合成及其绿色催化氧气氧化环己烯

考察催化剂金属锡次卟啉二甲酯催化氧化环己烯的反应性能。探讨了在催化氧化过程中,反应温度、压力、时间、催化剂用量等因素对环己烯转化率和产物选择性的影响,并结合GC-MS在线分析检测。结果表明,当温度100℃、压力0.8 MPa、时间7 h、催化剂用量0.5 mg(7.6×10-4mmol)、环己烯10 mL(98 mmol)的条件下,环己烯的转化率达84%,相应产物2-环己烯-1-醇和2-环己烯-1-酮的总选择性为94%,并对该反应的催化氧化反应机理进行了初步研究。     

锡卟啉的合成及其绿色催化氧化环己烯

考察催化剂金属锡次卟啉二甲酯催化氧化环己烯的反应性能。探讨了在催化氧化过程中,反应温度、压力、时间、催化剂用量等因素对环己烯转化率和产物选择性的影响,并结合GC-MS在线分析检测。结果表明,当温度100℃、压力0.8 MPa、时间7 h、催化剂用量0.5 mg(7.6×10-4mmol)、环己烯10 mL(98 mmol)的条件下,环己烯的转化率达84%,相应产物2-环己烯-1-醇和2-环己烯-1-酮的总选择性为94%,并对该反应的催化氧化反应机理进行了初步研究。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.