空对地雷达精确定位的电波折射误差修正方法

要利用空中飞行器上武器来攻击地面目标,首先必须对地面目标进行精确定位,然后才能实施精确打击.大气介质的不均匀性使得雷达测量定位产生折射误差,从而影响雷达的定位精度.因此对高精度的雷达系统,必须进行电波折射误差修正.这里采用空中雷达处的大气折射率来预测空中雷达电波传播的大气剖面,再经过电波射线描迹方法推出了一种实用于空中雷达对地面目标精确定位的电波折射误差修正方法.仿真计算表明:俯视雷达与同一传播路径上地基雷达的计算结果很吻合.随着俯视角度的增大,电波折射引起的误差逐渐减小,反之,俯视角度愈小,电波折射误差愈大.当雷达在10 km高度时,5°以下俯角的电波折射误差达10 m以上.     

海面反射对一维相控阵天线影响的研究

海面反射引起的多径干涉效应,会造成宽波束雷达天线的俯仰波束分裂,导致雷达观测的盲区和目标跟踪丢失.文中从天线和电波传播的观点出发,分析了海面上单脉冲二次雷达询问天线的三维方向图特性,阐述了天线波束干涉的原理.详细分析海基一维相控阵雷达天线在姿态倾斜后的方位面和俯仰面干涉方向图,讨论了由于方向图变化引起的系统测角偏差,总结了降低多径影响的方法.     

海上湍流效应对大气波导传播的影响

海上的湍流大气会引起海上大气波导传播中能量的严重泄漏,进而影响雷达对目标回波信号的正确判断。文中通过利用微波测距机进行连续测距,反算出海面上大气折射率的起伏变化,继而得到能够反映湍流特征的折射率随机扰动项,再将折射率扰动项分别加入到抛物方程模型和射线追踪技术中进行了湍流环境下的传播损耗和射线轨迹计算。计算结果表明,在海上波导传播计算模型中考虑折射率扰动项,可以更加合理地进行雷达系统效应评估,准确地反映大气湍流对海上电波传播的影响。     

基于蒸发波导传播的雷达定位误差研究

大气参数满足一定条件(修正折射率梯度小于0)时会形成大气波导,利用大气波导可实现雷达的超视距探测。由于近海面易形成蒸发波导,利用蒸发波导实现雷达的超视距探测已成为目前舰船雷达最实用的方法之一。雷达电波射线在不均匀大气中传播时会产生折射误差,为提高舰船雷达的定位精度,必须研究雷达在蒸发波导中超视距探测时的大气折射误差。根据电波传播理论,利用电波射线描迹技术,建立了舰船雷达在蒸发波导中实现超视距探测时的大气折射误差模型。仿真实验表明,蒸发波导条件下雷达超视距探测目标时的大气折射误差较大,且计算时不能采用常规的折射误差计算方法。     

俯视电波折射修正及其在俯视雷达信号接收中的应用

针对海洋上空大气折射环境影响下岸基俯视雷达信号的舰载机动接收有效方法进行了系统研究.根据实际需求,建立俯视雷达信号在海洋上空传播的物理模型,通过射线追踪法结合Hopfield折射率剖面模型,仿真计算获得了大气折射影响下的电波实际传播路径,并与Ray-VT射线追踪软件的计算结果进行比对,四种发射参数下的水平距离相对偏差分别为-0.002%、-0.041%、-0.029%、-0.007%,初步说明了电波传播路径仿真的准确性.经过仿真,发现海洋上空大气折射环境对岸基俯视雷达信号的舰载接收有很大影响,必须对接收位置和接收仰角加以修正.     

多径条件下雷达到达角的估算及仿真

雷达在低角跟踪目标时,必然存在地面或海面反射,从而形成多径干涉效应,在此情况下的雷达电波的到达角就会发生变化,从而影响雷达的测量精度.本文首先从雷达接收信号出发,推导了雷达参数与达到角的关系,然后给出了用最大似然法估算到达角的方法,并且对它进行了仿真计算.     

大气折射引起的中近程雷达测角测距误差分析

本文回顾了大气折射引起的电波传播射线弯曲特性,通过采用我国大气折射率的统计模型和高精度的电波折射误差修正方法—射线描迹法,进行目标定位误差分析,针对中近程雷达的应用背景,计算了一些可为高精度中近程雷达的俯仰测角修正提供参考的数据。     

舰船雷达超视距探测中的定位方法研究

蒸发波导是海洋大气环境中出现概率最高的一种大气波导,当舰船雷达工作在蒸发波导环境下时,在一定的条件下雷达电波被陷获在蒸发波导内传播,如果采用雷达常用的定位方法就会产生很大的定位误差。根据电波传播理论和蒸发波导特征,基于射线追踪技术,提出了蒸发波导环境中舰船雷达电波传播路径的计算方法和雷达对目标的精确定位方法。仿真结果表明,满足蒸发波导传播条件情况下,舰船雷达采用常用方法对目标定位时在水平方向的误差较小,在垂直方向上的误差很大。采用蒸发波导环境下的舰船雷达定位方法可以实现在蒸发波导条件下对目标精确定位,从而提高舰船雷达的作用效果和精度。     

射线跟踪技术用于分析波导环境下电波异常折射误差

海洋大气环境中电磁波传播受大气波导影响常呈现出复杂的折射特征,本文通过构建基于射线跟踪技术的电波传播轨迹微分计算方法,研究了电波受蒸发波导和表面波导环境影响所形成的电波折射误差(仰角和高度误差)的异常特性,并对雷达试验的实际测量数据的误差进行了分析验证。     

基于分形的粗糙海面三维抛物方程模型及其应用

风驱海浪随机起伏变化是海面环境的典型特征之一, 而较大的风浪通常会给海面无线通信带来重要的影响.传统的抛物方程(Parabolic Equationmethod, PE)模型在预测粗糙海面的电波传播时, 未能充分考虑海浪的电磁散射以及阴影效应等.针对以上不足, 文中基于三维抛物方程, 引入动力学分形方法, 对传统的抛物方程模型进行了改进研究.相比传统的Miller-Brown近似方法, 改进后的预测模型能更好地反映出海浪几何特征对电磁波传播的影响.最后以舰载雷达的有效探测范围为计算背景, 对粗糙海面的电波传播特性进行了仿真分析, 结果表明了该模型在区域级海面环境电波预测的可行性.     

Electromagnetic fields near a concave perfectly conducting cylindrical surface

Although no shadowing or diffraction effects occur, the surface fields excited by a high frequency source located on a perfectly conducting concave cylindrical boundary cannot be analyzed by geometrical optics since the caustics for rays, which have experienced many reflections, accumulate. In a previous study, alternative field representations in terms of whispering gallery (WG) modes, canonical integrals, and hybrid ray-mode combinations have been explored to compensate for the failure of geometrical optics. As the source and/or observation points move off the boundary, the number of relevant multiply reflected rays decreases, and the caustics eventually become separated sufficiently to be treated as isolated. Ray optics is then expected to apply provided that uniform corrections near caustics and their endpoints are included. This conjecture is confirmed in the present investigation, which tracks the field continuously from the "boundary layer" near the concave surface, where ray optics is invalid, to off-surface points where it applies, by generalizing the alternative field representations used previously. A rich variety of hybrid ray-mode combinations exists for off-surface source and observation points. Especially intriguing is the possibility of choosing a hybrid mix that completely avoids the need for the caustic (and endpoint) correction functions in a purely ray-optical formulation. The utility, accuracy, and range of validity of the various field representations is assessed by numerical comparison with a reference solution in terms of WG modes plus a continuous spectrum.     

基于高斯光束与射线追踪的短波波场计算算法

短波通信中几何光学理论难以计算焦散波场的传播问题,提出一种基于高斯光束的短波传播计算算法.首先,采用高斯光束法将产生高频波场的波源分解为若干个高斯光束;然后,通过射线追踪法与拉格朗日公式计算每个高斯光束,通过沿光束中心射线的ODE(常微分方程)计算曲率与光束宽度等定量;最终,采用泰勒展开式决定中心射线附近光束的贡献度,将接收点附近的高斯光束进行加权求和,获得接收端的波场.实验结果表明,本算法可有效地计算焦散的短波传播,并且与几何光学法的误差极为接近.     

部件分解法／高频混合法在复杂目标散射近场预估中的应用

本文结合物理光学（PO）法、几何绕射理论（GTD）、弹跳射线法（SBR）等高频方法和部件分解法,研究了电大尺寸复杂目标的近场散射特性。     

A new method to compensate clutter range dependence for forward looking airborne radars

The clutter direction-Doppler curves are not aligned on the near range bins for forward looking airborne radar. As a result, the performance of clutter suppression by Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) degrades greatly because of the clutter range dependence. To deal with this problem, a new compensated method is proposed in this paper. The method rebuilds the clutter covariance matrix based on spatial high resolution Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) spectrum, and then finds a matrix to transform the covariance matrix of short-range gate to the referred far-range gate. The method can compensate the clutter range dependence well. The simulation results show validity of the method.     

Shooting and bouncing rays: calculating the RCS of an arbitrarilyshaped cavity

A ray-shooting approach is presented for calculating the interior radar cross section (RCS) from a partially open cavity. In the problem considered, a dense grid of rays is launched into the cavity through the opening. The rays bounce from the cavity walls based on the laws of geometrical optics and eventually exit the cavity via the aperture. The ray-bouncing method is based on tracking a large number of rays launched into the cavity through the opening and determining the geometrical optics field associated with each ray by taking into consideration: (1) the geometrical divergence factor, (2) polarization, and (3) material loading of the cavity walls. A physical optics scheme is then applied to compute the backscattered field from the exit rays. This method is so simple in concept that there is virtually no restriction on the shape or material loading of the cavity. Numerical results obtained by this method are compared with those for the modal analysis for a circular cylinder terminated by a PEC plate. RCS results for an S-bend circular cylinder generated on the Cray X-MP supercomputer show significant RCS reduction. Some of the limitations and possible extensions of this technique are discussed     

Computerized ray optics method of calculating average value radar cross section

In attempting to estimate the radar cross section of airborne vehicles, it is often only necessary to consider average values of the radar returns. A method of providing a quick estimate of the average bistatic radar cross section of the vehicle components would be useful. Ray optics provides a method of predicting the radar cross section of electrically large, perfectly conducting, simply curved, convex bodies such as spheres, ogives, ellipsoids, etc. This paper extends the method of ray optics to the case of an arbitrary body, which may be concave and/or convex, on which doable reflection and depolarization can occur. The incident radiation on the scattering body is represented by a large number(10^{5}-10^{6})of rays. The rays reflected in a given direction with a given polarization are collected at infinity and combined by phasor addition. For the bodies investigated, this method yields results withinpm2dB of measured results except in small angular regions where trapped waves contribute significantly to the radar return.     

The application of FDTD in hybrid methods for cavity scatteringanalysis

In a previous paper (see ibid., vol.41, p.1560-1569, no.11, 1993), we presented the hybrid ray-FDTD method for analyzing the electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional cavities with complex terminations. In this paper, we present three hybrid methods for analyzing the scattering from three-dimensional (3-D) inlet cavities. In these hybrid methods, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to determine the reflection matrix associated with the termination. Modal analysis, physical optics (PO), or rays are used to analyze the remaining front section of the cavity. Representative results are presented     

基于衍射/反射光束整形系统的高密度泵浦源

利用二元光学元件微型化和对波面进行任意整形的特点,将二元光学衍射器件用于高功率激光二极管阵列光束的快、慢轴准直,并结合空心导管设计一种衍射/反射混合型光束整形系统,用于实现高密度、高均匀性LD泵浦源.应用时域有限差分法(FDTD)的严格矢量分析表明:所设计的二元光学准直器性能优良,准直后光束发散角在误差范围内接近衍射极限,慢轴方向衍射效率为82.21%,快轴方向为75.76%.模拟设计的结果表明:采用这种衍射/反射光束整形技术的高密度泵浦源能获得高功率密度和高均匀性的抽运光束,在空心导管出射端面附近光强起伏RMS<1%,并且在光束的准直性能和系统紧凑性方面优于传统整形方法.     

Lateral wave contribution to the radiation from a dielectric halfmedium

Two methods are presented for the computation of the radiation at microwave frequencies in a thin dielectric medium from a source located in a dense dielectric medium. One is based on geometrical optics and the other on physical optics. The geometrical optics approach encounters some difficulties in the evaluation of the radiation in the thin dielectric medium near grazing-incidence condition, due to excitation of a lateral wave, which is not taken in consideration by this approach. The physical optics method, which considers the lateral wave contribution, approaches this problem successfully and gives a better approximation of the radiated field near grazing. Numerical results, which compare the two methods, and experimental data are offered to validate the theoretical approach     

基于俯仰维信息的机载雷达非均匀杂波抑制方法

 针对机载雷达天线非正侧放置导致的非均匀杂波抑制问题,从利用阵面俯仰维信息的角度出发给出了一类解决方法.本文首先分析了机载雷达阵面非正侧放置情况下待检测距离单元的杂波构成,得到由俯仰副瓣引入的近程杂波是导致杂波非均匀的关键因素这一结论;然后给出了利用俯仰自适应波束形成级联两维空时自适应处理(2D STAP)方法来抑制非均匀杂波,同时从本质上阐述了俯仰-方位-多普勒3D STAP方法在非均匀杂波环境下具有良好杂波抑制性能的内在机理.最后通过仿真验证表明,利用俯仰维信息类STAP方法在非正侧阵导致的非均匀杂波环境下具有良好的杂波抑制性能.