基于矩生成函数的协同中继传输误符号率性能分析

多中继协同分集技术在慢衰落无线环境下可以提供巨大的性能增益。该文从接收端平均误符号率的角度,分析了独立的瑞利衰落信道下,采用放大转发的多中继协同最大比合并检测方案和多节点侦听,单中继转发的机会中继方案的性能;并基于矩生成函数推导出两种方案下M-PSK和M-QAM调制信号平均误符号率的闭合表达式。经蒙特卡罗仿真验证,该表达式在中高信噪比下与仿真的实际结果非常吻合。同时也可以看出机会中继的分集增益与协同侦听的节点数成正比,误符号率性能优于使用最大比合并检测的多中继协同方案。     

基于最小路由数的多节点合作MRC系统的性能分析

提出了适用于多跳无线网络的基于最小路由数的多节点合作MRC ( Maximum Ratio Combining)系统.在Nakagami衰落下研究了MRC合作方案和所提方案再生系统互信息的中断性能,运用矩生函数的方法推导了中断率的闭式解.仿真和理论分析表明MRC合作方案实现了全路由分集增益,其分集度为所有路由可能分集和的最小值,而所提合作系统实现了系统性能与目的节点的处理能力的良好折中,对降低目的节点接收机的信号处理功耗和复杂度很有好处.     

A Novel Adaptive and Cooperative Scheme to Save Energy for Wireless Sensor Network

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a novel cooperative adaptive relaying scheme called ISDF (Incremental Selective Decode and Forward). We compare the energy efficiency of this underlying scheme with direct transmission (DT), Fixed and adaptive relaying schemes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The system is constrained by a minimum value of Signal-to- Noise Ratio (SNR) and the end-to-end throughput. We consider a three-node cooperative system. The relay is equidistant to the source and destination, and then we study different positions of the latter. The destination receives two copies of the message: one from the source and the other from the relay. Then it combines them by using maximal ratio combining (MRC). The proposed scheme differs from other schemes by the combination of the selective decode and forward scheme with the incremental scheme which requires the presence of a feed-back from the destination. The analysis reveals that the proposed ISDF provides good energy efficiency compared to DT and other cooperative schemes. It also shows that DF cooperative scheme (decode and forward , either with feedback or no, is outperformed by AF (amplify and forward) scheme especially when the relay is placed near the destination.

     

多节点协作通信技术研究

为了解决用户节点无法安装多个天线的问题,提出了多节点协作通信技术来形成虚拟的多天线阵列。多节点协作是一种新的空间分集方法,不同节点彼此共享天线并相互转发信息来得到分集增益。通过研究多节点协作通信的关键技术,分析多节点协作的性能增益,指明了多节点协作的发展与应用方向。     

一种基于源端网络编码和交替传输的中继协作方案

针对源节点通过两个中继向目的节点发送数据的无线通信系统,为了减小传统中继协作方案的复用损失,提出了一种将源端网络编码和交替传输有效结合起来的新方案,称为交替源端网络编码(SSNC)。该方案在源端每三个时隙对发送数据进行一次网络编码,并且两个中继在相邻的时隙中交替的发送和接收数据,每个时隙中,一个中继接收源端数据的同时另一个中继转发上一个时隙其接收到的数据给目的端。通过对该方案的中断概率和分集复用折中性能的推导和分析,发现该方案相对于传统的重复编码和分布式空时码方案在获得相同分集阶数的情况下有更高的传输效率,在实际的通信系统中可以兼顾性能和效率。仿真结果证实了我们的结论。      

Performance analysis of spectrally efficient amplify‐and‐forward opportunistic relaying scheme for adaptive cooperative wireless systems

In this paper, we propose an adaptive amplify‐and‐forward (AF) relaying scheme that selects the best relay among the available relay nodes opportunistically to cooperate with a source node for improvement of the spectral efficiency. This improvement can be achieved by introducing a policy that gives the useful cooperative regions and defines a switching threshold signal‐to‐noise ratio that guarantees the bit error rate (BER) of cooperative transmission is below the target. We model all links as independent non‐identically distributed Rayleigh fading channels. We then derive closed‐form expressions for the average spectral efficiency, average BER, and outage probability when an upper bound for the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the end‐to‐end relay path is applied and adaptive discrete rate is considered. Numerical and simulation results show that the proposed scheme, compared with the outage‐based AF incremental relaying, AF fixed relaying, and the conventional direct transmission, can achieve the maximum average spectral efficiency while maintaining the average BER and outage probability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exact analysis of the multihop multibranch hybrid AF/DF relaying networks

In this paper, the exact analysis of a multihop multibranch (MHMB) relaying network is investigated wherein each relay can operate in amplify‐and‐forward (AF) or decode‐and‐forward (DF) modes depending upon the decoding result of its received signal. If a relay decodes the received signal correctly, it works in DF mode; otherwise, the relay operates in AF mode. Therefore, we name such relaying network as hybrid amplify‐and‐forward and decode‐and‐forward (hybrid AF/DF) relaying network. We first investigate the signal transmission from source to destination node via n number of relays in a hybrid AF/DF MHMB mode. Then, we obtained the statistical features and analyze the end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Finally, a comprehensive performance analysis is conducted by using maximal ratio combining (MRC) scheme at the destination node. For comparison, we also obtained the results using selection combining (SC) scheme at the destination node. To the best of our knowledge, very few works in the literature have considered a general system model of MHMB relaying network wherein each relay can operate in AF or DF modes, that is, a hybrid AF/DF relaying network. Accordingly, the analysis of our system model is not only novel and exact, but also is comprehensive and can be employed in the future works.     

Nakagami-m信道下放大转发增量中继性能分析

针对放大转发(AF)协同分集网络在独立同分布(i.i.d.)平坦Nakagami-m衰落信道上的增量中继进行了端到端性能分析,给出了误码率(BER)的最小下界解析解以及信噪比(SNR)的中断概率。数值模拟显示分析结果与仿真结果完全匹配,同时,还针对不同信噪比检测门限条件下的系统误码率和中断概率的性能进行了评估和比较。     

Joint selection of adaptive relaying mode in cooperative transmission

Relay is a promising technology in wireless communications. There are several relaying modes for different channel conditions. In this article, an adaptive relaying mode selection scheme by destination and relay is proposed. The proposed scheme changes the signal forwarding mode at the relay station. It adaptively chooses among amplify-and-forward (AF), decode-and-forward (DF) and direct mode according to cyclic redundancy check (CRC) detection at relay and destination. Moreover, block error rate (BLER) and throughput are adopted to evaluate system performance. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms other existing relaying mode selection schemes.     

Asymptotic analysis of amplify-and-forward relaying in Nakagami-fading environments

Amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying strategies are studied for Nakagami-fading channels in an (N + 2)-terminal wireless cooperative system where a source terminal transmits information to a destination terminal with the assistance of N relay terminals. The asymptotic outage behavior is investigated in terms of coding and diversity gains for channel-state information (CSI)-assisted AF relaying and semi-blind AF relaying in various channel profiles. It is shown that semi-blind AF relaying system achieves strictly higher average SNRs. Further, when there exists fading severity difference between the source-to-relay and relay-to-destination links, both AF strategies achieve the same diversity gain whereas semi-blind AF achieves strictly lower coding.     

Relaying methods with high coding rate for wireless communications

A cooperative wireless relaying communication system usually consists of a source node, a destination node and one or more relay nodes. In this work Amplify-and-Forward/Decode-and-Forward relaying techniques are discussed in order to improve the performance of a wireless relaying communication system under the case of high code rate. As a performance metric, the outage probability of the proposed Amplify- and-Forward/Decode-and-Forward relaying structure is compared with and without coding issue. Results from the proposed modeling and simulations illustrate that our Amplify-and-Forward/Decode-and-Forward relaying method with high code rating enables robust cooperative wireless communication.     

Cooperative HARQ protocol and diversity analysis of systems with multiple incremental relays

Wireless networks contain an inherent distributed spatial diversity that can be exploited by relays. Relay networks can take advantage of the broadcast-oriented nature of wireless transmission, but require more radio resource to transmit data for their multi-hop traits. Fortunately, incremental relaying technique, which can choose direct or multi-hop transmission adaptively, can efficiently utilize resource. In this article, the incremental transmission with amplify-and-forward (AF) relays is focused on. A practical hybrid-automatic retransmission request (HARQ) protocol is designed, and the related optimal relay selection strategy is proposed. To analyze the cooperative diversity of system with the proposed protocol, the capacity lower bound is deduced. Simulation and analytical results indicate that by adopting the optimal relay selection strategy, the system with the proposed HARQ protocol can achieve an order of cooperative diversity that equals the aggregated number of the relay and source nodes.     

A Threshold-Free LLR-Based Scheme to Minimize the BER for Decode-and-Forward Relaying

In cooperative communications, the problem of error propagation has a detrimental effect on the diversity order of the wireless system. To mitigate such an effect, we present a relaying scheme that is based on the absolute value of the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of the received message signals at both the relay node and the destination node. The calculated LLR values are then compared to each other and based on the result of the comparison, a decision is made on whether or not to activate the relay node. The proposed scheme does not rely on any threshold, and is thus simple in nature. A closed-form expression is derived for the bit-error-rate (BER) of the proposed scheme. The theoretical developments are validated by simulations. As a means for performance measurement, the proposed scheme is compared to its counterparts and is shown to provide a better BER performance at a much lower complexity. Furthermore, a closed-form expression of the outage probability is also derived.     

On the Diversity Order of a General Cooperative Relaying Communication System

Cooperative communication technology exploiting distributed spatial diversity is a promising solution for the future high data-rate cellular and ad-hoc wireless communications. To characterize the performance of a cooperative network, the cooperative diversity is commonly used. In this paper, we revisit the concept of diversity and look into the essence of cooperative diversity. We analyze the diversity performance of a general cooperative relaying system with multiple branches. Moreover, each branch consists of one or more hops. Unlike in other analyses, the assumptions that each node being only equipped with a single antenna and that all channel characteristics belonging to the same family are NOT required in our study. Using the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocol as an illustration, we provide analytical results on the diversity gain and the coding gain. The results also encompass most of the existing results as special cases. We further show the relationship between the diversity order of a branch and those of the constituent links; and the relationship between the diversity order of the network and those of the constituent branches. In particular, we show that for the uncoded DF protocol, the full diversity order can be achieved by using simple hard-decision detection at the destination. The requirement is to set appropriate signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) thresholds for the multi-hop branches. To improve the bandwidth efficiency, we also randomly select one branch, among those branches satisfying the SNR-threshold requirement, for the transmission. We show that such a scheme accomplishes the full diversity order and produces a good error performance.     

一种用于AdHoc网络的协同MAC协议

基于IEEE802．11 DCF模型,利用协同分集技术,提出了一种适用于AdHoc网络的协同MAC协议。此协议在目的节点实时选择传输模式和协同节点,可有效减小节点移动和信道变化对网络性能产生的影响。同时,利用分集技术,对源节点和协同节点的数据信号进行最大比合并（MRC）,可有效提高系统的可靠性。仿真结果表明,在文中的仿真条件下,和传统IEEE802．11DCF协议相比,该协议在系统分组递交率和延迟性能上分别提高了20％和50％。     

Exact SEP and performance bounds for orthogonal space‐time block codes in cooperative multiantenna AF relaying networks

In this paper, we derive a moment generating function (MGF) for dual‐hop (DH) amplify‐and‐forward (AF) relaying networks, in which all nodes have an arbitrary number of antennas, with orthogonal space‐time block code (OSTBC) transmissions over Rayleigh fading channels. We present an exact error rate expression based on the derived MGF and another analytical approach to derive achievable performance bounds as closed‐forms of symbol error rate, outage probability, and normalized channel capacity. Furthermore, we derive the asymptotic behavior of symbol error rate and outage probability. From this asymptotic behavior, it is shown that the diversity order and its dependence on antenna configurations can be explicitly determined. Simulation results are also presented to verify their accuracy by comparing with numerical results and to provide an insight to the relationship between relaying networks' antenna configuration and diversity order. It is confirmed that the transmit antenna gain of the source node and the receive antenna gain of the relay node can be obtained only when the relay is close to the destination, and then, the transmit antenna gain of the relay node and the receive antenna gain of the destination node can be obtained only when the relay is close to the source.     

Opportunistic user cooperative relaying in TDMA‐based wireless networks

This paper proposes a novel protocol based on cooperative relaying between users. The protocol takes advantage of the fact that data traffic is bursty and silent periods exist between data bursts. Rather than wasting these idle time slots, users can take advantage of them to perform cooperative relaying, obviating the need for dedicated system resources for relaying, hence using the spectrum more efficiently. The benefit of this user cooperation for the higher network layers is analyzed. The system was modeled in terms of the maximum stability region and the maximum stable throughput. Our results show that our proposed protocol provides significant performance gains compared to conventional time‐division multiple‐access (TDMA) systems, as well as cooperative relaying protocols, namely selection relaying and incremental relaying. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of Implicit Feedback Channel in Cooperative Relay Networks

In a multi-node network, cooperation among nodes is an effective means to enhance coverage and potentially increase the capacity. For such systems, schemes based on incremental relaying have great potential to improve the spectral efficiency by adapting the transmission to time varying channel conditions. The performance enhancement brought about by the presence of relays in such incremental relaying based cooperative systems is dependent on the level of cooperation (based on the relay information quality) and on coordination among the nodes. Coordination is achieved through the use of feedback channels, which incurs significant bandwidth penalty and brings down the spectral efficiency. In order to mitigate this, one can exploit an implicit feedback channel available due to broadcast nature of relay transmissions. Instead of using dedicated feedback channels, the implicit feedback channel is used to measure the relay information quality. Based on this information, the transmitter (source/relay) for the additional coded (redundancy) bits is determined. Such a mechanism enhances the reliability as it ensures the availability of correct information at the destination node for decoding. This paper studies the impact of such an implicit feedback channel by employing powerful codes which exhibit inherent incremental redundancy features, such as rate-compatible codes (rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes and punctured low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes) and rateless codes (Luby Transform (LT) codes). Theoretical analyses of the proposed scheme are presented, and supported with results from extensive simulation studies.     

基于多中继导频频分复用的协同通信系统信道估计算法

本文针对频率选择性衰落环境下结合正交频分复用技术的放大转发多中继协同通信系统,提出了基于导频频分复用的频域信道估计算法,包括最小二乘（LS）估计算法和线性最小均方误差（LMMSE）估计算法。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法不仅成功分辨了多中继协同通信系统的所有频域信道衰落系数,避免了各中继节点转发的导频符号在目的节点上的混叠干扰,而且减少了频域信道估计所需的导频符号数量和时隙周期长度,提高了协同通信系统的传输效率和频谱利用率,同时显著提高了信道估计的精度,降低了算法的复杂度,具有较高的实用价值。      

Diversity Analysis of Smart Relaying

It has been known that relaying can provide spatial diversity while satisfying the size-limited constraint of the users' devices in wireless communications systems. For a practically attractive decode-and-forward (DF) relaying system with maximal-ratio combining at the destination, spatial diversity is lost, except when the source–relay link is reliable. To deal with the problem and inspired by the work of Wang , this paper considers and analyzes an adaptive transmission scheme, which is referred to as smart relaying, when only the average relay–destination (R–D) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is available at the relay. In the system under consideration, the source continuously transmits the information to the destination. The relay adaptively scales its transmitted power to changes in the channel condition but never exceeds the total power that the conventional relaying used. Performance analysis proves that a diversity order of 2 is always obtained for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK). A diversity order of 2 is also observed for higher order rectangular quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations through numerical results. The result on diversity order does not depend on how perfect the R–D feedback channel and how exact the quantization of the power scaling are. All the corresponding results of Wang are subsumed in our analysis.