强磁场下Cu-25%Ag合金的凝固行为

研究了强磁场对Cu-25%Ag(质量分数)合金凝固组织的影响,分析了不同磁场条件对合金凝固组织的作用机理.研究发现,均恒磁场和梯度磁场对合金的凝固组织有重要影响,改变了富Cu枝晶形貌和尺寸,无磁场条件下初生富Cu枝晶分布不均匀,一次枝晶比较长且粗大,枝晶主要以柱状枝晶为主;在12T磁场条件下,富Cu枝晶分布比较均匀,一次枝晶变短、粗化,枝晶主要以胞状枝晶为主;在负梯度磁场条件下,富Cu枝晶分布不均匀,在试样下部,树枝晶减少,以小平面方式生长的粗大胞晶为主.通过实验研究表明,利用均恒强磁场控制Cu-Ag合金凝固组织,细化晶粒、减小偏析是具有可行性的.     

锆对急冷凝固FGH96合金粉末显微组织和元素偏析的影响

采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及其附带的能谱仪,对不同Zr含量的急冷凝固FGH96合金粉末的显微组织、热学凝固参数和枝晶间合金元素偏析进行研究。结果表明:通过调整Zr含量,可以改变粉末颗粒内部树枝晶、胞状长大晶和微晶凝固组织的比例;粉末凝固组织形态主要取决于冷却速率T-、固液界面前沿温度梯度G和长大速度R;不同Zr含量的FGH96合金粉末颗粒中,Mo、Nb、Ti、Zr等元素富集于枝晶间,Co、Cr、W和Ni富集于枝晶轴,随Zr含量增加,Ti、Nb、Zr等元素的枝晶偏析程度减小。     

深过冷技术制备均质过偏晶合金及其形成机制的研究

采用熔融玻璃净化和循环过热相结合的方法使Ni 40 % (质量分数 )Pb合金获得 2 92K大过冷度 ,成功制备出大体积均质过偏晶合金。根据BCT模型和组织演化结果分析表明 :过冷粒状晶是在内应力的作用下 ,枝晶发生全面碎断 ,随后在枝晶段表面和应变能的驱动下使晶界移动发生再结晶的结果 ,即枝晶碎断 再结晶机制 ;试样基体上弥散分布的细密铅颗粒是由于快速凝固阶段溶质截留效应而形成的 ,少量较大尺寸铅颗粒的形成主要与慢速凝固阶段分布于枝晶骨架间残余富铅液相的聚合有关。     

电磁搅拌对Cu-Ag合金凝固组织及性能的影响

在不同电磁搅拌条件下,Cu-Ag合金凝固后Ag含量及合金性质是不同的,因此,有必要在不同电磁搅拌条件下对Cu-Ag合金凝固组织及性能进行反复的实验和分析。分析结果表明,电磁搅拌条件对Cu-Ag合金凝固组织及性能有着重要的影响,在初生阶段Cu的枝晶会发生变化,导致整个共晶组织都发生变化,从而影响合金凝固组织的状态及性能。     

含Hf镍基粉末高温合金快速凝固粉末颗粒特性

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜及其附带的能谱仪和碳复型萃取技术等多种手段研究了不同Hf含量的FGH96合金粉末颗粒显微组织、枝晶间合金元素偏析和析出相.发现Hf含量可以改变粉末颗粒内部树枝晶、胞状长大晶和微晶凝固组织的比例,粉末的快速凝固组织形态主要取决于冷却速率和固液界面前沿温度梯度与长大速度的比值.不同Hf含量的FGH96合金粉末颗粒中,Nb、Ti、Zr和Al均富集于枝晶间,Co、Cr、W和Ni均富集于枝晶轴.当Hf质量分数为0.3%时,Ti、Nb、Zr、Hf等强碳化物形成元素的枝晶偏析程度最小.在快速凝固粉末颗粒中,Hf对氧含量比碳含量更敏感,优先形成更稳定的氧化物HfO₂.      

BaZrO3复合型壳定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的微观组织研究

采用BaZrO_3复合型壳定向凝固Ti-46Al-8Nb合金。通过扫描显微镜、金相显微镜和XRD等手段分析了BaZrO_3耐火材料与金属熔体之间的界面情况、熔体通过螺旋选晶器后的晶粒数目和片层变化、晶臂与枝晶干的夹角以及凝固后Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的组织形貌。结果表明,BaZrO_3复合型壳与Ti-46Al-8Nb合金之间存在约为10μm的扩散层;在抽拉速度7.7 mm/min、温度1 550℃条件下,Ti-46Al-8Nb合金的初生相为α相以及β相,经过定向凝固后的微观组织为γ+α_2片层、γ相以及B2相;在定向凝固过程中,螺旋选晶可以明显使晶粒数目减少,但是对片层间距的大小无影响。     

机械合金化对Cu_(60)Cr_(40)合金微波烧结组织的影响

采用机械合金化和冷压微波烧结的方法制备Cu_(60)Cr_(40)合金,研究了球磨时间对粉末粒度及合金显微组织的影响。结果表明:球磨36~60 h时,Cu_(60)Cr_(40)合金粉体呈层片状,随球磨时间延长,合金粉体细化,机械合金化程度提高;500 MPa冷压后,Cu_(60)Cr_(40)合金压坯断口呈典型的冰糖状断裂形貌,塑性变形程度较高;微波烧结Cu_(60)Cr_(40)合金的显微组织逐渐转化为等轴晶,富Cu相和富Cr相分布较为均匀,烧结产生的孔隙显著减少。     

Zn-(0.3～0.9)Cu-0.3Ti合金组织演变与耐蚀性能研究

设计熔炼了Zn-(0.3～0.9)Cu-0.3Ti(%，质量分数)合金，采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学腐蚀测试等研究了不同含量Cu添加对Zn-Cu-0.3Ti合金组织与耐蚀性能的影响。在Zn-Cu-0.3Ti合金的凝固组织中发现析出相有CuZn₅, TiZn₃和TiZn₁₅。CuZn₅纳米颗粒(15～50 nm)弥散分布在Zn基体内部，微米级TiZn₃颗粒(0.8～2.5μm)存在于相界面附近，条状的TiZn₁₅相存在于晶界处。随着Cu含量的增加，Zn基体由不发达枝晶或等轴晶形貌演变为等轴晶形貌，并且析出的CuZn₅纳米颗粒明显增多。通过分析Zn-(0.3～0.9)Cu-0.3Ti合金的极化曲线和交流阻抗(EIS)曲线，讨论了合金的腐蚀机制。     

新型钒基新能源汽车电池合金的储氢性能与电化学研究

对汽车电池用铸造钒基V_3TiNi_(0.56)合金和V_3TiNi_(0.56)Y_(0.1)Co_(0.1)新型合金试样进行了铸造试验,并进行了储氢性能、电化学性能和显微组织的测试与分析。结果表明:与V_3TiNi_(0.56)合金相比,V_3TiNi_(0.56)Y_(0.1)Co_(0.1)新型合金的最大吸氢量从3.13%增大到3.88%,充放电循环20次后放电容量保有率从23%增大到91%,合金的枝晶臂细化、枝晶间距变小,合金的储氢性能和电化学性能得到明显提高。合金元素Y和Co的添加,有利于提高汽车电池用铸造钒基V_3TiNi_(0.56)合金的储氢性能和电化学循环稳定性能。     

回火工艺对AlFeCrCoCu高熵合金组织及耐蚀性能的影响研究

研究了真空电弧熔炼AlFeCrCoCu高熵合金的微观组织及回火工艺对合金组织、硬度和合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,AlFeCrCoCu合金是典型的树枝晶结构,枝晶是富含Al、Fe、Cr、Co元素的BCC相,晶间是富含Cu元素的FCC相。合金熔点在1 380℃左右,1 050℃左右晶间富Cu相开始发生相变。随回火温度的升高,晶粒开始长大,直至1 000℃左右晶粒变得粗大。合金具有较强的抗回火软化能力。电化学测试结果表明,合金的耐蚀性均优于304不锈钢,而800℃回火组织的耐蚀性能最好。     

Effect of the primary phase on grain coarsening in undercooled Fe-Co alloys

Fe-Co alloy melts with Co contents of 10, 30, and 60 at. pct were undercooled to investigate the dependence of the primary phase on grain coarsening. A pronounced characteristic is that the metastable fcc phase in the Fe-10 at. pct Co alloy and the metastable bcc phase in the Fe-30 at. pct Co alloy will primarily nucleate when undercoolings of the melts are larger than the critical undercoolings for the formation of metastable phases in both alloys. No metastable bcc phase can be observed in the Fe-60 at. pct Co alloy, even when solidified at the maximum undercooling of ΔT = 312 K. Microstructural investigation shows that the grain size in Fe-10 and Fe-30 at. pct Co alloys increases with undercoolings when the undercoolings of the melts exceed the critical undercoolings. The grain size of the Fe-60 at. pct Co alloy solidified in the undercooling range of 30 to 312 K, in which no metastable phase can be produced, is much finer than those of the Fe-10 and Fe-30 at. pct Co alloys after the formation of metastable phases. The model for breakage of the primary metastable dendrite at the solid-liquid interface during recalescence and remelting of dendrite cores is suggested on the basis of microstructures observed in the Fe-10 and Fe-30 at. pct Co alloys. The grain coarsening after the formation of metastable phases is analyzed, indicating that the different crystal structures present after the crystallization of the primary phase may play a significant role in determining the final grain size in the undercooled Fe-Co melts.     

快速凝固Cu-30%Fe合金的液相分解行为

液相分解是一些合金在快速凝固时产生的特殊相变行为。研究了不同冷却速度下Cu-30%Fe合金的凝固过程。Cu-30%Fe二元合金铸锭的微观组织是由铜基体和铁枝晶所组成。当过冷度较大时,位于样品自由表面区域比接近冷却铜板区域的冷却速度小,铁枝晶的存在是该区域微观组织的最大特征,它反映了该区域的凝固方式为正常的凝固方式。样品中心层微观组织的最大特征是存在着尺寸较大的铁球形粒子,它反映了在该区域Cu-30%Fe熔体的凝固过程中过冷液相经历了液相分解过程。数量众多的直径约为几微米的铁粒子和铜基体组成了冷却表面的微观组织。这些铁粒子是被细化了的液相分解铁粒子。液相分解会使合金微观组织产生一定程度的粗化,但提高凝固过程的冷却速度可以显著细化液相分解组织。     

Effects of Pb and Cu additives on microstructure and wear corrosion resistance behaviour of PM Al–Si alloys

Abstract

The wear and wear corrosion resistance of Al–20Si–XPb–YCu (X=0–10 wt-%, Y=0–3 wt-%) alloys fabricated using powder metallurgy technique and subsequent heat treatments were evaluated using a block on ring tribotest. The microstructures of all aluminium alloys were observed using an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope and an X-ray energy dispersive spectroscope. The evaluation studied the effects of applied potential and environments of dry air and 3·5 wt-%NaCl aqueous solution. The microstructural analysis showed that Pb was bimodally distributed in Pb containing alloys, and Cu particles formed the intermetallic phase CuAl₂. Additionally, the hardness of both Pb and Cu containing alloys increased significantly. The wear and corrosion results showed that the addition of both lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) increased the wear resistance and the corrosion rate, while heat treatments reduced the corrosion rate of most alloys except the Al–Si alloy. Furthermore, comparison of all alloys following heat treatment shows that the wear corrosion resistance of Al–Si alloy is inferior to that of the other alloys. Therefore, addition of Pb and Cu further improved the wear corrosion resistance. Additionally, at anodic potential, the wear corrosion rate and current density of both Al–Si and Al–Si–Cu alloys containing particle Pb were significantly lower than those of alloys containing no Pb, because the layer produced by corrosion comprised Al, O and Pb elements.     

气雾化Al-Pb系轴瓦合金

采用气雾化技术，制备了应用于工业化ＲＳＰＭ工艺的高质量ＡｌＰｂ系合金粉末。对雾化粉末显微结构的分析表明，第二相（铅相）在基体中分布均匀，其粒径大小取决于凝固过程的冷速；不同粒径的粉末第二相分布随冷速的增加而分布更均匀、细化。对雾化粉末中各元素分布的分析表明，硅、铜等元素在晶界上有富积现象。     

Experiments on the aging of Sn–Ag–Cu solder alloys

Abstract

The microstructural stability of the Sn–3·8%Ag–0·7%Cu solder alloy was investigated by studying microstructural changes caused by heating small samples for various times, up to 1000 h, at 150°C. The first change, evident at high magnification after heating for 1 h, occurred from the as cast lamellar plus fibrous form of the Ag₃Sn and Cu₆Sn₅ interdendritic eutectic phases to a particulate form. With further heating, coarsening of the two compound phases occurred, gradually rendering the Sn dendrite pattern less distinct. Due to the very rapid diffusion of Cu in solid Sn, the Cu₆Sn₅ phase coarsened most rapidly, growing from its originally finely divided (200 nm) size in the ternary eutectic to form many particles up to 3 m m or more in size in a time of 100 h. At that time, nearly 50% of the total Cu was contained in these particles. The Ag₃Sn phase coarsened more slowly. Approximate measurements of average particle size as a function of time suggested that coarsening occurs by Ostwald ripening, controlled by diffusion in the Sn phase.     

The effect of dopants on the heterogeneous nucleation of solidification of Cd and Pb particles embedded in an Al Matrix

The effect of dopant ternary additions of Zn, Ga, Ge, Cu, Mg and Si on the heterogenous nucleation of solidification of Cd and Pb particles embedded in an Al matrix has been investigated in rapidly solidified Al-Cd-X and Al-Pb-X alloys using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. Except for Si, the dopant additions have no effect on the alloy microstructures and remain in solution in the Al matrix and the Cd or Pb particles after rapid solidification and during heat treatment in the calorimeter. In general, the catalytic efficiency of Al as a heterogeneous nucleant for Cd and Pb solidification does not change inversely with changes in lattice disregistry across the nucleating interface in disagreement with Turnbull and Vonnegut's prediction. These results demonstrate the importance of chemical factors in determining the catalytic efficiency of heterogeneous nucleants.     

Microstructural effects on the tensile and fracture behavior of aluminum casting alloys A356/357

The tensile properties and fracture behavior of cast aluminum alloys A356 and A357 strongly depend on secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), Mg content, and, in particular, the size and shape of eutectic silicon particles and Fe-rich intermetallics. In the unmodified alloys, increasing the cooling rate during solidification refines both the dendrites and eutectic particles and increases ductility. Strontium modification reduces the size and aspect ratio of the eutectic silicon particles, leading to a fairly constant particle size and aspect ratio over the range of SDAS studied. In comparison with the unmodified alloys, the Sr-modified alloys show higher ductility, particularly the A356 alloy, but slightly lower yield strength. In the microstructures with large SDAS (>50 μm), the ductility of the Sr-modified alloys does not continuously decrease with SDAS as it does in the unmodified alloy. Increasing Mg content increases both the matrix strength and eutectic particle size. This decreases ductility in both the Sr-modified and unmodified alloys. The A356/357 alloys with large and elongated particles show higher strain hardening and, thus, have a higher damage accumulation rate by particle cracking. Compared to A356, the increased volume fraction and size of the Fe-rich intermetallics (π phase) in the A357 alloy are responsible for the lower ductility, especially in the Sr-modified alloy. In alloys with large SDAS (>50 μm), final fracture occurs along the cell boundaries, and the fracture mode is transgranular. In the small SDAS (<30 μm) alloys, final fracture tends to concentrate along grain boundaries. The transition from transgranular to intergranular fracture mode is accompanied by an increase in the ductility of the alloys.     

Pt?Au?Cu 三元核壳结构纳米线的制备与结构表征

通过水溶液还原法在80 ℃合成Cu纳米线，再利用液相还原法在低温水溶液中将Au负载于其表面，最后通过暴露的Cu纳米线与Pt前驱体盐发生Galvanic置换反应，将Pt负载在Au?Cu纳米线表面，构成Pt?Au?Cu三元核壳结构纳米线。根据对样品形貌、结构的表征和分析，探讨了Pt?Au?Cu纳米线的合成机理。结果表明:合成纳米线物相组成为单质Cu，平均直径约为83 nm；负载Au后的Au?Cu纳米线平均直径约为90 nm，表面附着的小颗粒为单质Au颗粒，构成了核壳结构；负载Pt后得到Pt?Au?Cu三元核壳结构纳米线，平均直径约为120 nm。Cu纳米线表面Au颗粒的形成依赖于异相形核与长大机制，并遵循先层状后岛状生长的混合生长模式。负载Pt过程中存在Pt、Cu互扩散，使得最终纳米线表面多为Pt颗粒而整体则形成CuPt 合金相。      

Solidification behaviour of Pb droplets embedded in a Cu matrix

A hypomonotectic alloy of Cu-5wt%Pb has been manufactured by melt spinning and the resulting microstructure examined by transmission electron microscopy. As-melt spun hypomonotectic Cu-5wt%Pb consists of a homogeneous distribution of faceted 20–100 nm diameter Pb particles embedded in a matrix of Cu, formed during the monotectic solidification reaction. The Pb particles show a cube-cube orientation relationship with the surrounding Cu matrix and a truncated octahedral shape bounded by {111} and {100} facets. The kinetics of Pb particle solidification have been examined by heating and cooling experiments in a differential scanning calorimeter over a range of heating and cooling rates. Pb particle solidification is nucleated catalytically by the surrounding Cu matrix, with an undercooling of 0.5 K and a contact angle of 4°. Analysis of the nucleation kinetics of Pb particle solidification seems to indicate a breakdown of the classical spherical cap model of heterogeneous nucleation.