2014合金的回归再时效

本文采用拉伸实验和透射电镜法,研究了2014铝合金的回归再时效(RRA)处理.结果表明:采用欠时效(100℃(2×2h)与适当回归处理(200×5min)配合的RRA处理,可同时提高2014合金的强度和塑性.适当的回归处理能使欠时效2014合金组织中部分GP区优先长大.随后再进行峰时效处理,不仅能改善晶界析出相的尺寸和分布,而且还能使基体析出相尺寸产生明显的差异.这种尺寸有明显差异的基体析出相协同强化有利于提高2014合金的强韧性.     

时效工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Er铝合金组织与耐腐蚀性影响

采用剥落腐蚀、极化曲线、电导率、力学性能测试和TEM显微组织分析,研究T6、T74及RRA时效工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Er铝合金的组织、力学性能与耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明:①T6态合金的强韧性最高（σ_b:663.5 MPa、σ_0.2:625.4 MPa、δ:12.46 %）,但易腐蚀;与T6态合金相比,T74态合金（σ_b:640.2 MPa、σ_0.2:621.3 MPa、δ:11.34 %）的耐腐蚀性最好,但以牺牲强度为代价,而RRA态合金（σ_b:657.8 MPa、σ_0.2:628.8 MPa、δ:11.98 %）虽强韧性略低于T6态合金,但耐腐蚀性明显改善,综合性能优异.②合金的强度及耐腐蚀性分别与晶内η′析出相和晶界η析出相有关.晶内大量的η′析出相分布越均匀、弥散,尺寸越细小,合金的强度越高;晶界粗大的η析出相分布越离散,合金的耐腐蚀性越好.这与第一性原理计算的η′相与η相的理化性质相吻合.      

时效处理对一种新型粉末高温合金组织和性能的影响

对一种新型粉末高温合金进行不同时效处理,观察析出相和显微组织,测试合金室温、高温(750、815℃)拉伸和高温(750℃/750 MPa、815℃/450 MPa)持久性能,分析不同时效处理对合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:过高的二级时效温度导致γ′相发生Ostwald熟化,减弱了γ′相的强化效果,导致合金的室温、高温强度降低,持久寿命明显缩短。单纯的一级时效,导致二次γ′相未发生进一步长大,三次γ′相微量析出,合金的强度提高,高温塑性显著降低。试样经HT2制度热处理后,二次与三次γ′相匹配良好,γ′相尺寸适当,未发生熟化,强度略有降低,塑性明显提高,综合力学性能优异。     

热处理工艺对GH4706合金显微组织与力学性能的影响

为掌握热处理工艺对GH4706合金组织性能的影响规律,研究了A、B、MST三种热处理工艺与合金组织性能的相关关系.结果表明,GH4706合金的主要强化相为γ＇相与γ＇/γ″共析出相,η相附近易形成γ＇、γ″相贫化区.A工艺在中间时效阶段析出的大尺寸γ＇相与时效阶段析出的小尺寸γ＇/γ″共析出相能够起到错配强化的效果,增大合金的室温拉伸强度.室温下η相为脆性相,不利于室温拉伸塑性与冲击韧性,因而B工艺的室温塑性与冲击韧性最佳.高温下η相能够起到协调晶内与晶界变形的作用,提高合金的650℃/690 MPa持久寿命与塑性,但过量η相析出不利于合金的持久寿命.     

时效工艺对2297铝锂合金组织与力学性能的影响

对热轧态2297铝锂合金进行530℃/1 h固溶处理后立即水淬,然后在不同温度(150~180℃)和时间(0~160h)条件下进行时效热处理,利用透射电镜观察合金的微观组织,并测定合金的抗拉强度(σb)、屈服强度(σ0.2)和伸长率(δ),研究时效温度与时间对2297铝锂合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明:合金的强度随时效时间延长而升高,达到峰值后趋于稳定。随时效温度升高,合金强度达到峰值的时间逐渐缩短,峰值强度先升高后降低,塑性则随时效时间延长或时效温度升高而逐渐下降。时效温度为160℃时,时效初期合金的主要析出相为δ′相,峰时效态合金是T_1相、θ′相和δ′相共同强化,过时效态合金的主要析出相为T_1相。时效温度为180℃时,合金的主要析出相为T_1相,θ′相和δ′相的数量非常少。     

形变热处理对7075铝合金组织和性能的影响

研究了形变热处理对7075合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：形变热处理工艺可大幅提高合金板材的强度,且合金板材保持了较好的塑性。金相观察发现,预时效析出的沉淀相可为合金板材冷变形后的终时效强化相均匀析出的优先成核提供条件;形变处理引入大量的位错,促进了终时效时高密度均匀细小过渡强化相η/的析出。     

7B04铝合金预拉伸厚板的微观组织与性能

研究了7B04铝合金材料在不同热处理状态下的微观组织和性能。结果表明,目前的单级固溶处理（470℃×80min）并未使合金内一次析出相充分回溶,经物相分析确定残留相为MgZn2,S（Al2CuMg）,T（Mg32（Al,Zn）49）及Al7Cu2Fe相等。T6状态下晶内析出相为细小GP区和η′相,晶界析出相为半连续状态,无明显的晶间无析出带（PFZ）存在,合金的抗拉强度达595MPa,电导率为31.7%IACS;在T7（115℃×7h＋160℃×12h）状态下,晶内的析出相为GP区、η′和η相,尺寸约为5～20nm,晶界有不连续的较为粗大相析出,有明显的PFZ存在,此时抗拉强度为532MPa,电导率为37.0%IACS;采用RRA处理可使合金获得较高强度和较高电导率,抗拉强度和电导率分别为575MPa和36.3%IACS,此时晶内析出相为η′和η相,晶界析出物粗大呈完全不连续分布,有明显PFZ存在。     

基于厚向组织性能考量的7B50铝合金中厚板回归再时效热处理

为解决T6态高强铝合金强度高而耐蚀性难以满足使用需求，采用三级时效工艺来改善析出强化相特别是晶界析出相的形貌、尺寸、分布等，并通过研究不同回归处理制度对组织、性能的影响而获得适宜7B50铝合金中厚板的三级时效工艺.研究发现提高回归温度或延长回归时间均会使中厚板心部及表层组织的晶内和晶界析出相发生粗化并析出稳定η-MgZn₂相，导致强度下降、电导率上升，其中回归温度对强度和电导率的影响显著.三级时效处理虽使晶内析出相尺寸有所增加，但却使T6态连续分布的晶界析出相呈断续分布，结合心部和表层强度及电导率测量结果认为合适的回归处理制度为165℃/6 h.然而，热轧引起中厚板表层较心部更为严重的变形使表层含有更多的亚晶或亚结构且其分布更均匀，从而使表层更快到达峰时效，进一步的回归再时效处理则使表层析出更多稳定η相，而η相的形成与晶内析出相的粗化长大是造成表层和心部强度差异的关键.虽然淬火/三级时效态表层和心部的晶粒结构存在差异，且局部出现亚晶合并长大，但其对强度的提升效果远低于表层析出稳定η相所引起的强度下降.可见，三级时效工艺并不能缓解7B50铝合金中厚板心部和表层的性能差异，但可使表层和心部的强度、电导率满足某实际工况要求.      

两种铝锂合金薄板析出相及动静态性能比较

采用常规拉伸性能测试、中心裂纹疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试及透射电镜分析研究了2A97铝锂合金1.5 mm厚度薄板T3态(6%冷轧预变形后自然时效)及T8态(6%冷轧预变形+150℃)时效时拉伸性能、疲劳裂纹扩展速率和微观组织的演变,并与2050铝锂合金薄板性能进行了比较。结果表明:2A97铝锂合金冷轧薄板T3态时效时析出大量非常细小且共格的δ′相,合金具有中强(抗拉强度约427 MPa)耐损伤(ΔK=30 MPa·m~(1/2)时,疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN≈1.0×10~(-3) mm·cycle~(-1))的性能特性。而T8时效(12～40)时合金具有强度高(抗拉强度大于560 MPa)的性能特性。T8时效时强化相包括T1相(Al_2CuLi),θ′相(Al_2Cu)和δ′相(Al_3Li);欠时效时为一定数量δ′相及θ′相和大量细小的T1相;峰时效及过时效阶段, T1相逐渐长大,δ′相逐渐减少甚至消失,θ′相粗化且数量下降。2050铝锂合金薄板T3态时效时未发现时效析出相,其疲劳裂纹扩展速率与2A97铝锂合金相当,但强度明显较低; T8态时效时强化相T1相及θ′相数量少于2A97铝锂合金,因而其疲劳裂纹扩展速率相对较低,但强度也显著低于2A97铝锂合金。     

时效处理对近β型钛合金TLM组织与性能的影响

研究了不同时效温度和保温时间对近β型钛合金TLM微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,经β单相区固溶+时效处理后合金微观组织特征为:沉淀α相在晶界两侧沿一定的晶体学位向呈集束状析出,晶内也有大量沉淀α相产生。随着时效温度升高,沉淀α相尺寸逐渐增大且趋于均匀,合金强度降低,塑性增强。当时效温度从480℃升高至510℃时,强化效果最为明显,合金的抗拉强度增量达到最大值184 MPa;当时效温度从510℃升高至540℃时,抗拉强度增量最小,仅63 MPa。随着保温时间的延长,晶界附近析出的集束状α相尺寸明显增大,且在原来未析出区域也有α相产生,分布逐渐趋于均匀。在480℃下进行时效时,随着保温时间增加,合金强度增大,塑性降低;在510℃下进行时效时,合金强度和塑性随保温时间延长变化不明显;在540℃下进行时效时,随着保温时间增加,合金强度减小,塑性增强。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.