木瓜酒和木瓜醋发酵工艺及其有机酸组成分析

以光皮木瓜为原料,发酵木瓜干酒,再通过液态深层发酵酿制木瓜醋,确定了木瓜干酒和木瓜醋的发酵工艺,并对木瓜酒和醋主要有机酸进行分析。光皮木瓜经榨汁、调整糖度后进入发酵工序,酒精发酵采用带皮渣半固态发酵方式,条件为加水比例1.5∶1（m/m）、初始糖度18%、果酒干酵母接种量0.1%、在24 ℃条件下发酵64 h,木瓜酒酒度（乙醇体积分数）为9.45%。醋酸发酵采用半连续式液态深层发酵法,调整初始酒度7%,醋酸菌接种量10%,在34 ℃条件下醋酸发酵80 h,木瓜醋总酸度为4.52%;分割留种发酵仅需24 h即可完成醋酸发酵。采用反相高效液相色谱法从木瓜干酒和木瓜醋中检出10 种有机酸,分别是草酸、酒石酸、甲酸、苹果酸、α-酮戊二酸、乳酸、醋酸、柠檬酸、富马酸和琥珀酸。实验确定的发酵工艺以及有机酸的分析与鉴定可为木瓜干酒及木瓜醋产品的开发提供理论依据。     

拐枣醋半固态-液态发酵工艺研究

拐枣营养丰富,特别是含糖量很高,是一种极好的发酵食品原料。以拐枣为原料,通过加水打浆、酒精发酵、醋酸发酵等工序酿造果醋,对"两步法"酿造拐枣醋的加工方法进行研究,确定了拐枣醋加工合理的原料预处理方法、适宜的发酵方式和工艺参数。拐枣原料加水1.5倍打浆,直接进入发酵工序;酒精发酵采用带皮渣半固态发酵方式,接种0.1%的果酒酵母,发酵温度16℃左右,发酵时间80 h,发酵液酒精度为8.13%。醋酸发酵采用液态深层-分割留种发酵法,使用自制自吸式液态深层果醋发酵罐,接种10%活化的醋酸菌菌种,发酵温度34℃,第一轮发酵72 h,总酸度可达5.42%;分割留种发酵采用相同的发酵条件,仅需30 h即可完成醋酸发酵。实验确定的拐枣醋加工方法和工艺参数可以直接用于拐枣醋的加工生产。     

液态深层发酵酿造枣醋工艺研究

以金丝小枣为原料,采用液体深层发酵方式酿造枣醋,通过研究酿造过程中酒精发酵阶段酒精度和还原糖的变化,醋酸发酵阶段总酸和酒精度的变化,确定了液态深层发酵酿造枣醋的工艺.结果表明,酒精发酵阶段枣浆的初始糖度13.8%,酵母菌接种量0.03%,发酵温度25°C～30°C,发酵3.5 d结束,酒精度为8.4%(v/v).醋酸发酵阶段的初始酒精度为6.3%(v/v),初始酸度为1.5g/100mL(以醋酸计),醋酸菌接种量10%(v/v),发酵温度31℃,通风量600l/h-10001/h,发酵44h结束,最终酸度达到7.82g/100mL.所酿制的枣醋枣香浓郁,营养丰富.     

原汁苹果醋中的有机酸

以苹果汁为原料 ,采用液态酒精发酵和醋酸发酵法制作苹果醋 ,采用反相高效液相色谱法分析苹果醋中有机酸 ,研究了苹果品种、醋酸菌种、醋酸发酵方法及过程对有机酸的影响。认为苹果酸是苹果醋中的主要有机果酸 ,其与液态粮食醋有机酸组成的差别主要体现在苹果酸、酒石酸和乳酸的含量上 ,苹果品种是影响原汁苹果醋中有机酸的种类和含量主要因素 ,醋酸菌在醋酸发酵过程中有代谢各种有机酸的作用 ,发酵方法会影响醋酸菌对有机酸代谢作用的程度 ,试验中所采用的 5种醋酸菌在醋酸发酵过程中通过消耗苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸 ,而产生和积累柠檬酸。     

芦荟紫山药复合醋生产工艺优化

研究芦荟紫山药复合醋的酿造工艺条件,利用响应面分析实验并得到最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明:芦荟紫山药复合醋的最佳酿造条件为:酒精发酵阶段,发酵液糖度为17.2%,酵母菌接种量为0.3%,发酵温度为25℃,发酵时间为120 h;醋酸发酵阶段,发酵酒液酒精度为8.4%,醋酸菌接种量为13.1%,发酵温度为33℃,发酵时间为144 h。     

发酵条件对梨醋酿造过程中有机酸的影响

采用反相高效液相色谱分析了梨酒、梨醋中有机酸,研究了发酵条件对其有机酸的影响。研究结果表明:酿酒酵母在酒精发酵过程中可代谢梨汁中有机酸。与梨汁相比,梨酒中的草酸、奎宁酸含量下降,乳酸、琥珀酸含量上升。梨酒中乙酸、琥珀酸随着酒精发酵温度的升高而增加,而苹果酸、乳酸、奎宁酸则随着酒精发酵温度的升高而降低。醋酸菌具有代谢各种有机酸的功能,在醋酸发酵过程中均消耗柠檬酸,而产生和积累酒石酸。梨醋中酒石酸、奎宁酸、莽草酸、琥珀酸和乳酸随着醋酸发酵温度的升高而增加,苹果酸和草酸几乎不受发酵温度的影响。发酵方式影响醋酸菌对有机酸的代谢。     

半自动连续发酵残次鲜红枣醋及其有机酸分析

以残次鲜枣为原料,通过破碎制浆、酒精发酵、半自动连续醋酸发酵等工序加工枣醋,探讨残次鲜枣生产枣醋的可行性。将洗净的残次鲜枣,加1.5倍水打浆后接种0.1%的酿酒活性干酵母进行常温酒精发酵(72h),得到枣酒液酒精度8.07%Vol;枣酒液接种10%的活化醋酸菌菌种,经过60h可完成第一批醋酸发酵;采用分割留种发酵法进行10批次半自动连续醋酸发酵制备红枣醋,发酵周期为30h,各批枣醋平均酸度为4.81g/100 mL。采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)从残次鲜枣果醋中检出10种有机酸,主要为醋酸、乳酸和苹果酸,其有机酸组成和含量与优质鲜枣果醋无明显差异。以残次鲜枣为原料通过半自动连续醋酸发酵法能高效生产红枣醋,品质与优质鲜枣果醋相当,表明该方法可用于枣产区转化残次鲜枣资源生产果醋。     

黑莓果醋生产工艺的研究

以黑莓为原料,对黑莓果醋的酿造进行了研究。试验表明,酿造黑莓醋的最适宜工艺条件为酒精发酵阶段糖度18%,接种量0.2g/100g,发酵温度30℃;醋酸发酵阶段,接种量10%,底物浓度6%,发酵温度为33℃。果醋酸度为4.5g/100mL以上。     

枇杷醋生产中酒精发酵工艺优化及酸味特征分析

采用金华1号红肉枇杷为试验材料,对枇杷醋生产工艺中酒精发酵工艺参数进行优化,并分析醋基的酸味特征。研究酵母种类及接种量、发酵pH、发酵温度和初始糖度对枇杷醋醋基品质的影响,并以酒精度为响应值确定最优的发酵条件。结果表明,酵母菌种Yb为枇杷醋醋基酒精发酵优势酵母菌种,最优工艺参数为发酵温度25℃,酵母接种量0.05%、pH 3.5,该条件下枇杷醋醋基酒精度8.50%Vol,有机酸含量12.228g/L。枇杷醋醋基酸味特征主要由苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸和琥珀酸构成,占总有机酸的95.4%,构成枇杷醋醋基酸味感的94.7%。高含量酒精和适当含量的有机酸是后续醋酸发酵后醋酸含量的保证以及构成枇杷醋果酸味和一定功能作用的重要成分。     

雪莲果果醋发酵工艺优化研究

以雪莲果为原料,探讨酒精、醋酸发酵及果醋配方的工艺条件。通过正交试验确定了酒精发酵的最佳工艺条件为酵母菌接种量1.2%、糖度19%、28℃恒温发酵4d,发酵液的酒精度为10.6%;醋酸发酵的最佳工艺条件为醋酸菌接种量为3%、酒精度8.0%、30℃恒温振荡发酵7d,雪莲果原醋的酸度6.94g/100mL。雪莲果果醋饮料的最佳配方为果醋原汁含量25%、蜂蜜8%、柠檬酸0.09%。酿制的雪莲果果醋香味独特,品位纯正。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press