条形微裂纹对16MnR钢解理断裂韧性的影响

在常温下对热轧16MnR低合金钢缺口试样进行了不同预加载荷的正反弯曲试验,以在缺口前引入不同尺寸的条形微裂纹,然后通过高温回火消除残余应力和加工硬化,随后在—196℃下进行4点弯曲断裂试验,研究了条形微裂纹尺寸对缺口试样解理断裂韧性的影响。结果表明:当预载荷比(P₀/P_gy)小于0.861时,预载荷对解理断裂韧性影响较小;当预载荷比大于0.861后,条形缺陷在外加载荷作用下撕裂而形成的条形微裂纹,并且随预载荷比的增大条形微裂纹数量增多、尺寸增大、分布区域扩大,断裂载荷、断裂吸收功随预载荷比的增加而迅速下降;条形微裂纹所引起的局部高应力应变范围增大,使解理起裂源分布范围增大,也造成了缺口韧性参数P₁和W数值的分散。     

缺口圆棒低温断裂的局部法研究

对A508-Ⅲ钢两种缺口尺寸的缺口圆棒拉伸试样进行有限元数值模拟分析及低温断裂试验研究,研究结果表明,对于低温下脆断的缺口圆棒试样(断口呈解理断裂),起裂并非发生于弹性应力分布最大的缺口根部,而是在离开缺口根部有一定距离处,断裂时构件内部应力已非线弹性分布,而为弹塑性分布,采用基于线弹性有限元分析的应力场很难解释试验现象,而基于弹塑性有限元分析的应力场则能较好解释试验结果。基于解理断裂局部法理论,采用数值模拟方法预测不同缺口半径的缺口圆棒试样的解理断裂概率－载荷曲线,提出44%的解理断裂概率所对应的预测载荷值与实际的平均解理断裂载荷值基本相等,在此基础上预测不同缺口半径的解理断裂载荷随缺口半径变化的趋势,并得到试验验证。     

全层状TiAl基合金拉伸试验断裂过程及机理

通过对全层组织TiAl基合金不同缺口试样进行原位拉伸试验,结合数据分析以及断口形貌的观察,研究TiAl基合金拉伸的断裂过程和断裂机理.研究发现在原位拉伸试验中,对于直缺口试样,裂纹起裂于缺口根部,其断裂过程主要是主裂纹(沿层裂纹)首先起裂、扩展、连接,然后形成解理断裂起裂源.这一起裂源形成的同时,在刚好能满足Griffiths脆性解理断裂所需要的临界裂纹尺寸时,引起整个试件发生脆性解理断裂.裂纹首先起裂于层间,层间是薄弱环节,断裂方式是穿层断裂和沿层断裂的混合体,以穿层断裂为主.对于大圆弧和平板试样,这种材料的断裂过程是:首先在较高外加载荷下,在标距范围内比较薄弱的区域沿层开裂,随着外加载荷的进一步增加,这些微裂纹扩展,当微裂纹引起的应力集中和外加载荷共同作用足以引起微裂纹进一步贯穿的瞬间,即能量积累到一定程度时,试样整体发生解理断裂.很多试样的断裂是直接起裂的过程,一旦产生裂纹试样立即解理断裂,即这种材料的强度较高,材料很难产生裂纹,也不易损伤.     

16Mn钢的动态断裂与韧脆转变行为研究：Charpy V型缺口（CVN）冲击试样的…

对１６Ｍｎ钢ＣｈａｒｐｙＶ型缺口试样进行了系列温度的示波冲击试验。揭示了出断裂载荷随温度的变化呈现反“Ｓ”型特性，且在断裂载荷谷值点对应的温度Ｔ＾ＶＣ处发生断 韧脆转变行为。研究表明温度Ｔ＾ＶＣ受控于材料的解理特征应力ＳＣＯ。     

微试样法测量25Cr2NiMo1V钢断裂韧度试验研究

以25Cr2Ni Mo1V转子钢为研究对象,采用微三点弯曲试样开展了室温下的断裂韧度试验,分析了断裂韧度的尺寸相关性。结果表明,相对于大尺寸试样,微试样断裂韧度减小且数据分散。这主要由于微试样平面应力状态占主导,试样厚度和韧带对裂尖变形的拘束程度减小,裂纹稳定扩展能力下降。结果为采用缺口微试样测量断裂韧度提供了有益的尝试。     

16Mn 钢的动态断裂与韧脆转变行为研究——Charpy V 型缺口 (CVN) 冲击试样的断裂行为

对１６Ｍｎ钢ＣｈａｒｐｙＶ型缺口（ＣＶＮ）试样进行了系列温度的示波冲击试验。揭示出断裂载荷随温度的变化呈现反“Ｓ”形特性，且在断裂载荷谷值点对应的温度ＴＶＣ处发生断裂的韧脆转变行为。研究表明温度ＴＶＣ受控于材料的解理特征应力ＳＣＯ。     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢焊接冷裂纹的敏感性

采用插销试验测试了不同情况下30CrMnSiNi2A钢焊接熔合区的临界断裂应力,分析了插销焊接接头的组织和插销试样的断口形貌。结果表明：30CrMnSiNi2A钢插销焊接接头上冷裂纹最敏感的区域是熔合区,其断口形貌为沿晶＋准解理;熔合区晶粒粗大,组织为马氏体＋贝氏体＋残余奥氏体;HTJ-3焊条扩散氢含量大于HTG-1焊条,前者临界断裂应力小于后者;缺口影响插销焊接接头的应力分布。     

TiAl金属间化合物基合金压缩断裂行为

通过对压缩试样的加载-卸载以及加载-卸载-再加载等试验和相应的裂纹观察、断口观察,详细研究TiM金属间化合物基合金压缩断裂行为.研究结果表明:压缩预加载产生的损伤对压缩断裂行为没有影响,然而对后续的拉伸断裂行为则产生影响,一定程度上大大降低其拉伸断裂应力.对全层和双态组织来说,剪切开裂首先产生于顶面或底面,在压缩试验中顶面和底面的切应力是主要的控制因素.最终的断裂是由顶面和底面产生的剪切裂纹扩展到试样中部并相互连接而诱发.对于双态组织(Duplex,DP)和全层组织(Fully lamellar.FL)来说,纵向开裂的形成原因不同.压缩和拉伸性能的巨大差异是由于其断裂机理不同引起,拉伸试验断裂主要是由正应力控制,然而压缩试验中断裂主要是由切应力控制.     

1.25Cr0.5Mo钢缺口试样高温疲劳蠕变交互作用的试验研究

通过对1.25Cr0.5Mo钢半圆和V型缺口试样520℃和540℃环境下应力控制的梯形波加载试验,对1.25Cr0.5Mo钢缺口试样高温环境下疲劳蠕变交互作用的规律进行了研究。研究表明:1.25Cr0.5Mo钢缺口试样在高温环境下对应力的敏感性不高;与光滑试样不同,缺口试样高温环境疲劳蠕变交互作用下的破坏机制以疲劳为主;缺口试样高温环境疲劳蠕变交互作用的断裂寿命主要应力、温度和缺口形状的影响。     

应力比对S135钻杆钢腐蚀疲劳行为的影响

利用疲劳试验机和扫描电镜研究了在弱碱性介质(质量分数为3.0%的KCl溶液)中不同应力比R(0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7)对S135钻杆钢腐蚀疲劳行为的影响,并得到了该钻杆钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展表达式和疲劳裂纹临界撕裂点的应力强度因子幅值ΔK与R的关系式。结果表明:随着R的增大,试样裂纹扩展临界撕裂点和最终撕裂点对应的ΔK逐渐减小(R和临界撕裂点的ΔK值之间呈明显的线性关系),试样的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率增大,腐蚀疲劳相对寿命减小,裂纹开裂由疲劳条带扩展机制转化为解理扩展机制。     

Prediction of multiaxial fatigue life for notched specimens of titanium alloy TC4

Both the proportional and nonproportional multiaxial fatigue tests were conducted on two kinds of notched specimens of titanium alloy TC4. The multiaxial fatigue critical area of notched specimen is considered as the location experiencing the maximum damage. It is unsatisfactory to predict the multiaxial fatigue life with the local stress and strain in the fatigue critical area. The critical distance concepts are employed in the multiaxial life prediction method for notched specimens. The proposed method was checked by the test data of TC4 notched specimens. The prediction results are almost within a factor of three scatter band of the test results.     

切口试样破坏过程试验与细观数值分析

对切口圆棒试样与切口板试样进行单向拉伸试验和有限元数值分析，以试样最小横截面上各点变化的应力应变场为体胞演化的载荷控制条件，采用三维含球形微孔洞体胞模型分别对各点微孔洞长大规律进行数值模拟。结果表明，在试样得到的断口韧性区域内，微孔洞的生长速度较快；试样失稳前微孔洞相对体积百分数最大的区域与试验时试样的起裂位置一致，因而证实微孔洞的演化是导致试样材料在拉伸条件下破坏的主要原因，同时也证实体胞模型用于局部破坏分析的有效性。     

基于最弱环理论的缺口件概率疲劳寿命预测方法

基于最弱环理论和光滑试样疲劳寿命的Weibull分布,建立了一种缺口件概率疲劳寿命预测方法。该方法首先基于最弱环理论和光滑试样的疲劳强度分布,通过定义缺口件的Weibull有效应力,建立了缺口件在给定循环载荷下的疲劳失效概率计算公式。基于Weibull有效应力和光滑试样的疲劳应力-特征寿命方程,可计算得到给定循环载荷时缺口件的特征疲劳寿命,进一步根据光滑试样的Weibull疲劳寿命分布可最终获得缺口件在给定循环载荷下的疲劳寿命分布。采用上述方法对TC4缺口试样进行了概率疲劳寿命预测,并与局部应力应变法预测结果进行了对比。结果表明:局部应力应变法预测结果过于保守,本文方法预测精度较高,50%失效概率时的疲劳寿命预测结果与缺口试样试验均值寿命吻合很好,10%和90%失效概率时的疲劳寿命预测结果基本分布在试验均值寿命的两倍分散带之内。     

A533B-1钢韧脆转变区断裂韧度预测的约束评估法

分析A533B-1压力容器钢韧脆转变温度区的断裂韧度、温度以及裂纹尖端约束效应之间的关系.根据实验数据,给出从浅裂纹到深裂纹,不同裂纹长度时单边裂纹弯曲试件(single edge notched bend specimens)的主曲线(mastercurve).用有限元分析相应试件裂纹尖端区域的应力场,采用J-A2双参数方法对裂纹尖端的三轴约束水平进行评估,并给出约束参数A2与主曲线参考温度T0之间的关系.由此,建立A533B-1钢断裂韧度KJC与温度T和约束参数A2之间的关系.为利用实验室数据对工程中不同裂纹构件的断裂评估提供一种经济、可行的方法.     

Assessment of the sulfide corrosion fatigue strength for a multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe below the low SSCC limit

In the area of heavy construction, welding processes are vital in the production and maintenance of pipelines and power plants. Welding processes happen to produce residual stresses and change the metal structure as a result of the large nonlinear thermal loading that is created by a moving heat source. The fusion welding process generates formidable welding residual stresses and metallurgical change, which increase the crack driving force and reduce the resistance to the brittle fracture as well as the environmental fracture. This is a serious problem with many alloys as well as the A106 Gr B steel pipe. This pipe that is used in petrochemical and heavy chemical plants either degrades due to corrosive environments, e.g., chlorides and sulfides, and/or become damaged during service due to the various corrosion damage mechanisms. Thus, in this study, after numerically and experimentally analyzing the welding residual stress of a multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe, the sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) characteristics were assessed in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution that was saturated with H₂S gas at room temperature on the basis of NACE TM 0177-90. The specimens used are of two kinds: un-notched and notched. Then, the sulfide corrosion fatigue (SCF) strength for the un-notched specimen was assessed below the low SSCC limit that was previously obtained from the SSCC tests for the notched specimen. From the results, in terms of the SSCC and SCF, all the specimens failed at the heat-affected zone, where a high welding residual stress is distributed. It was found that the low SSCC limit of un-notched specimens (σ_{SSCCun-notched}) was 46% (230 MPa) of the ultimate tensile strength (σ_U=502 MPa) of a multi-pass welded A106 Gr B steel pipe, and the notched specimens (σ_SSCCnotched) had 40% (200 MPa) of the ultimate tensile strength. Thus, it was determined that σ_{SSCCun-notched} was 13% lower than σ_SSCCnotched. Further, the sulfide corrosion fatigue limit (σ_{SCFun-notched}) was 32% (160 MPa) of the ultimate tensile strength of welded specimens. This σ_{SCF un-notched} was 20% lower than σ_SSCCnotched.     

铝合金型材融合口材料疲劳极限测定

为了测试口形铝合金型材融合口处材料的疲劳极限,针对型材尺寸、形状和融合口位置的特殊性--不能设计成符合现有规范的标准疲劳试样形状,设计了L形缺口试样及其疲劳试验夹具。通过有限元模拟试验载荷、仿真试样应力分布,应用数值回归的方法求解出最大应力值,确立了试验载荷与L形缺口试样疲劳应力之间的函数关系。利用设计的试样和夹具进行升降法试验,测得了一种口形铝合金型材融合口处材料的疲劳极限,并对试样进行了断口分析。     

拉/扭复合应力下脆性材料断裂的一般准则

根据脆性材料的正应力断裂准则，提出适用于在拉／扭复合应力下无机玻璃(包含陶瓷)等脆性材料的断裂准则，并利用文献中的试验结果对该准则进行了客观的校验。提出的拉／扭复合应力下结构陶瓷材料的断裂准则，既适用于脆性材料的光滑试件，也适用于具有不同应力集中系数的切口试件或结构件。此外．该准则具有简洁的形式，不合任何经验常数；更重要的是，可以根据抗拉和抗剪强度的概率分布，求得拉／扭复合应力下结构陶瓷材料带存活率的断裂准则。     

Effect of heat treatment on the hydrogen delayed fracture of high strength spring steel

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the changes in the tempering temperature on the hydrogen-delayed fracture resistance of high strength spring steel. The specimens with various microstructures are produced by differentiating the tempering temperature range, their mechanical characteristics are evaluated, and an impact test is carried out. The correlation with the change in mechanical properties is studied through the analysis of the microstructures with a scanning electron microscope. Hydrogen is forcefully injected inside the notched specimen electrochemically, and the hydrogen-delayed fracture resistance is evaluated using a constant loading test. The fractography of the fractured specimen is observed, and through a thermal desorption spectrometer analysis, the main trapping site of the diffusible hydrogen is investigated. The diffusible hydrogen in high strength spring steel is primarily trapped in dislocation, and the hydrogen-delayed fracture resistance increased depending on the increase in the tempering temperature.     

Local fracture properties and dissimilar weld integrity in nuclear power plants

In this paper, the local fracture properties in a Alloy52M dissimilar metal welded joint (DMWJ) between A508 ferritic steel and 316 L stainless steel in nuclear power plants were investigated by using the single-edge notched bend (SENB) specimens, and their use in integrity assessment of DMWJ structures was analyzed. The results show that the local fracture resistance in the DMWJ is determined by local fracture mechanism, and which is mainly related to the microstructures and local strength mismatches of materials at the crack locations. The initial cracks always grow towards the materials with lower strength, and the crack path deviation is mainly controlled by the local strength mismatch. If the local fracture properties could not be used for cracks in the heat affected zones (HAZs), interface and near interface zones, the use of the fracture properties (J-resistance curves) of base metals or weld metals following present codes will unavoidably produce non-conservative (unsafe) or excessive conservative assessment results. In most cases, the assessment results will be potentially unsafe. Therefore, it is recommended to obtain and use local mechanical and fracture properties in the integrity assessment of DMWJs.