Role of zirconia filler on friction and dry sliding wear behaviour of bismaleimide nanocomposites

This paper discusses the friction and dry sliding wear behaviour of nano-zirconia (nano-ZrO₂) filled bismleimide (BMI) composites. Nano-ZrO₂ filled BMI composites, containing 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 wt.% were prepared using high shear mixer. The influence of these particles on the microhardness, friction and dry sliding wear behaviour were measured with microhardness tester and pin-on-disc wear apparatus. The experimental results indicated that the frictional coefficient and specific wear rate of BMI can be reduced at rather low concentration of nano-ZrO₂. The lowest specific wear rate of 4 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/Nm was observed for 5 wt.% nano-ZrO₂ filled composite which is decreased by 78% as compared to the neat BMI. The incorporation of nano-ZrO₂ particles leads to an increased hardness of BMI and wear performance of the composites shows good correlation with the hardness up to 5 wt.% of filler loading. The results have been supplemented with scanning electron micrographs to help understand the possible wear mechanisms.     

Friction and wear behavior of carbon nanotubes reinforced polyamide 6 composites under dry sliding and water lubricated condition

The friction and wear behavior of carbon nanotube reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/CNT) composites under dry sliding and water lubricated condition was comparatively investigated using a pin-on-disc wear tester at different normal loads. The morphologies of the worn surfaces and counterfaces of the composites were also observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that CNTs could improve the wear resistance and reduce the friction coefficient of PA6 considerably under both sliding conditions, due to the effective reinforcing and self-lubricating effects of CNTs on the PA6 matrix. The composites exhibited lower friction coefficient and higher wear rate under water lubricated condition than under dry sliding. Although the cooling and boundary lubrication effect of the water contributed to reduce the friction coefficient of the composites, the adsorbed water lowered the strength of the composites and also inhibited the formation of transfer layers on the counterfaces resulting in less wear resistance. With the increasing normal loads, the friction coefficient of the composites increased under the dry sliding and decreased under the water lubricated condition, owing to inconsistent influences of shear strength and real contact areas. The specific wear rate of the composites increased under both sliding conditions.     

三维编织复合材料在润滑条件下的摩擦性能

利用树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了三维编织炭纤维/环氧(C3D/EP)复合材料.采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了该材料润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了载荷及滑动速度等外界因素的影响;并采用XL30 ESEM电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌,分析了其磨损机理.结果表明,润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能远优于干摩擦,且磨合期较短;随着载荷的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数和比磨损率降低,但滑动速度对摩擦磨损性能的影响很小;润滑条件下的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损.     

C/C复合材料特性对其摩擦磨损性能的影响

在MM-2000环-块摩擦试验机上研究了制备工艺、石墨化度、密度、纤维取向等材料特性对其摩擦磨损性能的影响。研究结果表明，采用化学气相渗透(CVI) 浸渍工艺制备并经过多次浸渍增密且石墨化后的材料具有优良的摩擦磨损特性。石墨化后试样的密度越大，其摩擦磨损性能也越好。一般情况下在载荷适中时，垂直试样的摩擦系数要大于平行试样，而体积磨损量却小于平行试样。C／C复合材料比高强石墨材料更适宜用作航空发动机轴间密封材料。     

Optimization of tribological parameters in abrasive wear mode of carbon-epoxy hybrid composites

Abrasive wear performance of fabric reinforced composites filled with functional fillers is influenced by the properties of the constituents. This work is focused on identifying the factors such as filler type, filler loading, grit size of SiC paper, normal applied load and sliding distance on two-body abrasive wear behaviour of the hybrid composites. Abrasive wear tests were carried on carbon fabric reinforced epoxy composite (C-E) filled with filler alumina (Al₂O₃) and molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) separately in different proportions, using pin-on-disc apparatus. The experiments were planned according to Taguchi L18 orthogonal array by considering five factors, one at two levels and the remaining at three levels, affecting the abrasion process. Grey relational analysis (GRA) was employed to optimize the tribological parameters having multiple-response. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to determine the significance of factors influencing wear. Also, the comparative specific wear rates of all the composites under dry sliding and two-body abrasive wear were discussed. The analysis showed that the filler loading, grit size and filler type are the most significant factors in controlling the specific wear rate of the C-E composite. Optimal combination of the process parameters for multi performance characteristics of the composite under study is the set with filler type as MoS₂, filler loading of 10 wt.%, grit size 320, load of 15 N and sliding distance of 30 m. Further, the optimal parameter setting for minimum specific wear rate, coefficient of friction and maximum hardness were corroborated with the help of scanning electron micrographs.     

铜基复合材料干湿条件下的摩擦学行为

采用粉末冶金技术制备铜基复合材料,在制动压力0. 5～1. 2 MPa 范围内,通过定速摩擦试验机研究了干、湿条件下,速度、压力与材料摩擦磨损性能的关系,结果表明:影响摩擦磨损性能的重要因素在于载荷性质和第三体状态。在干摩擦条件下,处于低摩擦速度范围时,摩擦力的静载荷性质使第三体呈疏松状态,这增加了微凸体间的啮合程度而使摩擦系数处于较高值。随第三体致密性增加,其润滑作用增强,微凸体间的机械啮合程度减弱,使材料的摩擦系数和磨损量降低。在高速摩擦时,微凸体间的冲击作用使处于摩擦表层的硬质颗粒容易发生粉碎性破损而弥散分布,这强化了表面强度而使摩擦系数有所增加。摩擦压力对高速摩擦性能影响明显,原因在于高负荷加剧了摩擦面的变形和损伤程度。湿摩擦条件下,水膜的润滑和流动具有降低摩擦系数和增加磨损率的作用主要体现在低速低压条件下。在高摩擦速度和高压力条件下,水分的高温蒸发与离心作用明显,破坏了水膜的存在条件,从而使材料的摩擦磨损性能与干摩擦状态相近。      

690合金在去离子水和干态下的微幅冲击磨损行为研究

在小载荷冲击实验台上,通过改造夹具,实现了管/平面接触方式,以模拟蒸汽发生器中传热管与抗震条发生的微幅冲击磨损。以690合金传热管和405不锈钢为试验材料,在不同的冲击载荷和润滑条件(干态与去离子水中)下进行了微幅冲击磨损试验,通过分析磨痕面积、微观形貌、断口形貌和磨损区硬度等,探讨了690合金受微幅冲击磨损和失效机理。研究结果表明:在干态环境下,小载荷时690合金的磨损机制主要为氧化和剥落。随着载荷的增大,其损伤机制为氧化磨损和疲劳磨损;在去离子水环境条件下,小载荷时,损伤轻微;随着载荷的增大,其损伤机制为疲劳磨损。水介质显著的延缓了材料的开裂时间。     

Friction and wear behavior of three-dimensional braided carbon fiber/epoxy composites under lubricated sliding conditions

The friction and wear characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) braided carbon fiber-epoxy (C_3D/EP) composites under lubricated sliding conditions against a quenched medium-carbon steel counterface were studied. Wear tests were performed under different loads at two velocities. Comparative wear tests under dry conditions were carried out to investigate the influence of lubrication. Tribological properties of the C_3D/EP composites with various fiber loadings and two different fiber-matrix adhesion strengths were assessed. It was found that the lubricated contact promoted lower wear rates and friction coefficients. Compared to dry sliding, the tribological performance of the C_3D/EP composites under lubrication was less dependent on fiber content, fiber-matrix bonding, load, and velocity than dry sliding. The worn surfaces of the C_3D/EP composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the relevant mechanisms.     

Surface damage of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites under reciprocating sliding in ambient air

For many technical applications friction and wear are critical issues. Reinforced polymer-matrix composites are widely used under vibrating contact condition in various automotive and aerospace applications as well as in structural engineering. In this paper, the friction and wear of bulk epoxy and unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite have been investigated under reciprocating sliding against either alumina or stainless steel balls in ambient air. The effect of sliding direction with respect to the long and unidirectional carbon fibers has been studied. We demonstrate that the carbon fiber reinforcement greatly improves the tribological properties of the thermoset epoxy: it reduces the coefficient of friction and the debris formation. It was found that on sliding in the anti-parallel direction a more significant degradation takes place than in the parallel direction. The coefficient of friction measured on bulk epoxy sliding against either stainless steel or alumina is around 0.65, whereas the coefficient of friction measured on epoxy reinforced with carbon fibers is significantly lower, namely down to 0.11. It was found that sliding with a stainless steel ball in a direction parallel to the fiber orientation results in a lower coefficient of friction than sliding in anti-parallel direction. The reduced coefficient of friction is largely influenced by the carbon fiber reinforcement due to the auto-protecting film formed as a paste in the contact area and along the wear track edges. The relationship between friction and degradation of the composite material including surface wear and debris formation are discussed based on an in-depth analysis of the worn surfaces by optical and scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and white light interferometry.     

连续制动条件下泡沫陶瓷/金属双连续相复合材料的摩擦磨损性能EI北大核心CSCD

为解决履带式特种车辆机械制动器过热失效问题,采用挤压铸造法制备SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe双连续相复合材料,研究两种材料在连续紧急制动工况和连续高温制动工况下的摩擦磨损性能。结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)、三维形貌仪等手段分析摩擦因数、温度和磨损率的变化规律,揭示相应的磨损机理。结果表明:在连续紧急制动实验中,接触表面经历了摩擦膜形成和层间断裂过程,摩擦因数随接合次数增加略微下降,并趋于稳定。在前40次接合中,SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe摩擦副的磨损率整体下降。在40~60次接合中,SiC/Cu摩擦副黏着磨损、氧化磨损和疲劳磨损加剧,磨损率升高。而SiC/Fe摩擦副以磨粒磨损为主,磨损率较低。在连续高温制动实验中,摩擦因数在前6次接合中逐渐升高,制动时间逐渐缩短。在第6次接合后,摩擦副边缘区域出现的黏着磨损和疲劳磨损导致力矩下降,摩擦因数和制动时间均呈先降后升趋势。连续高温制动过程中以严重的黏着磨损为主,SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe摩擦副的磨损率均随接合次数增加而升高。     

Erosive wear behaviour of aluminium based composites

Al-MMCs reinforced with short fibres or particles of ceramics such as alumina, titanium diboride and silicon carbide result in composites of high specific strength and stiffness, suitable for advanced engineering applications such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. This paper studies the erosion wear behaviour of Al-based composites reinforced with alumina-fibre and in-situ TiB₂ particles using a water/SiC particles slurry jet. From the results of our experiment, the erosion resistance of reinforced Al-MMCs depends on that of the Al-alloy and the reinforcing ceramics, as well as on the bonding strength between the matrix and ceramic fibres or particles. Some design strategies to enhance the erosion resistance of Al-MMCs reinforced with short fibres and particles have been discussed.     

TiC增强复合材料在不同条件下的磨损行为

研究了TiC/NiCrMoAlTi金属陶瓷、TiC/NiMo金属陶瓷和钢结TiC硬质合金的磨损行为,结果表明:在平稳加载条件下,金属陶瓷的耐磨性优于钢结TiC硬质合金;而在冲击载荷条件下,钢结硬质合金的室温耐磨性优于金属陶瓷,但在高温下金属陶瓷的耐磨性又转为优于钢结硬质合金,与室温相比TiC/NiCrMoAlTi和TiC/NiMo的耐磨性分别提高31%和79%,而钢结TiC硬质合金则下降52%.初步分析了不同粘结相的TiC增强复合材料的磨损机制以及加载率和温度对磨损行为的影响.TiC增强复合材料的磨损行为与其使役条件密切相关.     

Study on friction and sliding wear behavior of woven S-glass fiber reinforced vinylester composites manufactured with different comonomers

The effect of variations in sliding velocity and applied normal load on the friction and sliding wear behavior of glass–vinylester composite (G–V) is studied by measuring the weight change and observing the surface features of worn specimens using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The G–V composites were manufactured with Bi-directional woven S-glass fibers (65 wt%) reinforced with vinylester resin with different comonomers. Friction and wear experiments were carried at ambient conditions on a Pin on disc machine arrangement. The wear in the experiment was determined from the weight loss measured after running against steel disc at sliding velocities of 1, 2, 3, and 4 m/s and applied normal load of 10, 20, 30, and 40 N. The experimental findings show increase in specific wear rate with increase the applied load. Specific wear rate was maximum for the sample A (Styrene as Comonomer), intermediate for sample B (Methyl acrylate as comonomer), and least for sample C (Butyl acrylate as comonomer). It was also observed that increasing normal load and sliding velocity the coefficient of friction decreases. The scanning pictures show features like tendency for the matrix to adhere towards the fiber, debris formation, network of cracks, agglomeration of debris, and broken fibers depending on the load and velocity employed.     

烧蚀过程中C/C复合材料的结构演变

利用SEM和TEM考察了3D C／C复合材料在电弧加热器上烧蚀后的材料表层显微组织结构变化。发现炭纤维和基体炭中的石墨微晶经过烧蚀后都得到了明显的发展。在距烧蚀表面几个纳米的深度范围内形成了高度取向的带状石墨织构，同时，在带状织构中间也形成了许多孔洞和缝隙。在距烧蚀表面几个微米的深度形成了卷曲柱状结构，在这些柱状结构周围有许多缺陷。在纤维和基体炭的界面区域，靠近纤维一侧形成了带状织构，且织构间的缝隙变大。     

Optimization of dry sliding wear behaviour of industrial wastes reinforced aluminium based metal matrix composites

Marble dust and basalt powder are industrial waste generated during the machining of marble stone and basalt rock. This paper presents an approach for the optimization of dry sliding wear parameters of aluminium 7075 reinforced with marble dust and basalt powder hybrid metal matrix composite using Taguchi based grey relational analysis. In this work, the composite is fabricated by stir casting technique and the wear parameters namely load, sliding velocity and sliding distance are optimized with consideration of multi responses such as wear rate and coefficient of friction. Experiments are conducted as per Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. A grey relational analysis is carried out and grey relational grade is obtained. Based on the grey relational grade, optimum level of wear parameters has been identified by analysis of variance. The test results are validated by conducting the confirmation test. Experimental results have shown that the sliding velocity is the most effective factor among the control parameters on dry sliding wear, followed by the sliding distance and load. Finally, the micro structural investigations on the worn surfaces are performed by scanning electron microscope.     

Formation of friction layer of Ni3Al matrix composites with micro- and nano-structure during sliding friction under different loads

Research on friction layer is needed for mechanical systems and assemblies in order to control failure and wear of contacting materials. This study investigates the formation of friction layer of Ni₃Al matrix composites (NMCs) with multi-layer graphene (MLG) under different contact loads. The results show that, under 15 N condition, the friction layer with the ultrafine grain and nanocrystalline structure mainly consists of the thin debris re-embedded layer (DREL) and the matrix refinement layer (MRL). The build up of the DREL is a dynamic equilibrium recovery process. The severe plastic deformation induces the dislocations and twinning, as well as misorientation boundaries, resulting in the formation of the stress dissipative structure in MRL. The low friction coefficient (0.27–0.30) and wear rate (1.2–1.6 × 10⁻⁵ mm³N⁻¹ m⁻¹) of NMCs at 15 N load are attributed to the formation of friction layer with micro- and nano-structure during sliding friction.     

Effects of potassium titanate whiskers and carbon fibers on the wear behavior of polyetheretherketone composite under water lubricated condition

The tribological behaviors of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite reinforced by carbon fiber (CF) and potassium titanate whiskers (PTW) have been investigated using the pin-on-disk configuration at different applied loads under water lubricated condition. The effects of micrometer carbon fiber and sub-micrometer PTW on the wear properties of the hybrid composite have been discussed. It was found that the PEEK/PTW/CF composite showed excellent tribological performance in water condition. High wear resistance and low friction coefficient were achieved under a wide range of loads. It was revealed that the two fillers worked synergetically to enhance the wear resistance of the hybrid reinforced PEEK composite. The carbon fiber carried the main load between the contact surfaces and protected the matrix from further severe abrasion of the counterpart. At the same time, the exposed PTW out of the polymer matrix around the fiber inhibited the direct scraping between the fiber edge and counterpart tip in some degree, so that the fibers could be less directly impacted during the subsequent sliding process and they were protected from severe damage. In addition, the reinforcement effect of PTW on PEEK could reduce the stress concentration on the carbon fiber-matrix interface, and thereby reduce the CF failure/damage. The reinforcement effect of PTW on PEEK might also restrict the crack initiation and propagation on the surface and subsurface of the composite, and therefore to protect the matrix from fatigue failure during the sliding process.     

三维网络SiC对铝合金干摩擦磨损性能的影响

用销-盘式高温摩擦磨损实验机研究了LF3铝合金及三维网络SiC(体积分数分别为10％、20％、30％)增强LF3铝基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能，测量了复合材料及基体合金在室温和高温(25-300℃)条件下的摩擦系数和磨损率，用扫描电镜(SEM)观察其磨损表面，研究了三维网络SiC对铝合金磨损机制的影响．结果表明：复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能远优于基体合金(LF3)，而且随着温度的升高，复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高．三维网络SiC在磨损表面形成硬的微凸体起承载作用，同时其独特的结构制约基体合金的塑性变形和高温软化，并保护在磨损表面形成的氧化膜．在相同实验条件下，复合材料的摩擦系数、磨损率随着增强体的体积分数的增加而降低．复合材料的摩擦系数在滑行过程中的稳定性明显高于基体合金．     

Abrasive wear behavior of monolithic alloy,homogeneous and functionally graded aluminum (LM25/AlN and LM25/SiO2) composites

Functionally graded metal matrix composites (MMCs) and homogenous composites (Al/AlN and Al/SiO₂-10 wt%) have been fabricated through centrifugal casting and liquid metallurgy route, respectively. The properties of these composites were compared with aluminum alloy. Microstructural characteristics and hardness were studied on the surfaces of functionally graded materials (FGMs), homogenous composites, and unreinforced aluminum alloy using an optical microscope and a Vickers micro hardness tester, respectively. Tensile test was carried out on the outer and inner sections of FGMs and specimens from homogenous composites and alloy utilizing universal testing machines (UTMs). Three-body abrasive wear test was conducted for different loads and speeds to study their effect on the surfaces of composites and alloy using dry abrasion tester. Microstructural and hardness results reveal that the outer surface of aluminum nitride (AlN)-reinforced FGM has a particle-enriched region with the highest hardness. Tensile strength was found higher in both homogenous composites compared to zones of their FGMs. Abrasion wear rate was found increased with increase in load and decreased with increase in speed. The outer surface of AlN-reinforced FGM has higher wear resistance followed by the outer surface of SiO₂-reinforced FGM. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed on worn-out surfaces and observed particle-enriched outer surface of Al/AlN FGM with less abrasion.