不同高温热泵干燥条件对龙眼干品质的影响

以龙眼为研究对象,考察了不同热泵干燥温度和干燥风速对龙眼干一般理化特性、色泽、质构和活性成分等品质的影响。结果表明：采用高温热泵干燥时,干燥温度越高,龙眼干的总酸含量越高,复水率越低;干燥风速相同时,龙眼干的pH值随着温度的升高而降低;龙眼干燥后总体色泽的变化主要在色泽的变暗及变黄,干燥温度的升高和干燥风速的增加都会导致龙眼色泽变化的增加;总体来说,不同高温热泵干燥条件下,龙眼干的弹性、回复性、硬度以及耐咀性的变化均不显著,干燥风速较低,龙眼干的黏性较大;当干燥温度为60 ℃时,龙眼干中保留的游离酚含量最高,不同干燥条件下,结合酚含量、多糖含量的差异不显著。     

Comparative study of different combined superheated-steam drying techniques for chicken meat

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate different drying techniques for chicken meat, which was aimed as an ingredient for ready-to-eat noodle. Two multi-stage drying techniques, i.e., superheated steam drying in the first stage followed by heat pump drying in the second stage (SSD/HP), and superheated steam drying in the first stage followed by hot air drying in the second stage (SSD/AD), were proposed. The effects of superheated steam temperature and moisture content of chicken at the end of the first-stage drying on the drying kinetics and quality of the dried product viz. color, shrinkage, rehydration ability were then evaluated. The results were also compared with those of purely superheated steam drying. SSD/HP was found to be the most suitable drying method for drying chicken as an ingredient for ready-to-eat noodle.     

微波真空冷冻干燥对芒果干制品品质特性的影响

为获得较优的芒果干燥方法,以复水性、感官为评价指标,比较微波真空冷冻干燥、热板真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥3种不同干燥方法对芒果干制品品质的影响。结果表明：真空冷冻干燥法的产品各项指标均优于热风干燥法。微波真空冷冻干燥的产品复水性最好,25℃与100℃最大复水比分别为3.363、3.674;其次为热板真空冷冻干燥,两温度条件下与微波真空冷冻干燥产品复水比相差较小;热风干燥产品复水性最差,分别为2.140、3.028。感官指标中色泽、香气和口味3方面均为：微波真空冷冻干燥＞热板真空冷冻干燥＞热风干燥。     

A multi-stage combined heat pump and microwave vacuum drying of green peas

The effect of multi-stage heat pump fluidized bed atmospheric freeze drying (HP FB AFD) and microwave vacuum drying (MVD) on the drying kinetics, moisture diffusivities, microstructure and physical parameters of green peas was evaluated. The results were compared with those obtained for microwave vacuum drying (MVD) and hot air convective drying (HACD). In case of combined method, the initial drying rate was about 0.04 l/min. The application of MVD increased the drying rate to the values 0.08 l/min. The drying rates of green peas dried by MVD and HACD were 0.59 and 0.20 l/min, respectively. MVD samples were characterized by a structure with minimal changes in respect to fresh samples. However, HP FB AFD and MVD satisfied important requirements, such as high product quality (due to low material temperature during AFD and low pressure during MVD), and increased drying rates in the final stage due to application of microwave heating.     

干燥方法对脱水柑橘皮品质特性的影响

研究了冷冻干燥、变温压差膨化干燥、热风干燥3种干燥方法对脱水柑橘皮品质特性的影响.试验结果表明:冷冻干燥柑橘皮色泽好,复水率高.采用变温压差膨化干燥方法制备的脱水柑橘皮色泽、质构酥脆性、复水能力均强于热风干燥法,其表观密度也低于热风干燥产品.选择不同的干燥方法对脱水柑橘皮品质特性影响显著.     

干燥方式及碱液处理对鲜枸杞干燥特性和品质的影响

为了缩短鲜枸杞干燥时间,降低能耗,提高枸杞干制品品质,采用清水和不同质量分数（2%、4%和6%） 的Na2CO3溶液对枸杞进行前处理后,分别进行热风和热泵干燥,测定并分析了所获得枸杞干果的干燥速率、色 泽、复水率以及主要营养成分（多糖、总类胡萝卜素、黄酮）含量。结果表明：Na2CO3前处理能使枸杞表皮蜡质 层变薄、断裂,形成水分通道,进而缩短枸杞干燥时间,较为适宜的Na2CO3质量分数为2%。在干燥效率方面,热 泵和热风干燥没有显著性差异,但是在干燥产品品质上,热泵干燥要明显优于热风干燥。相对于恒温恒湿干燥, 分阶段变温干燥在保证干燥产品品质的同时,加快干燥速率,缩短干燥时间。因此枸杞干燥的最适工艺参数为 2% Na2CO3前处理,干燥温度40 ℃（2 h）-45 ℃（4 h）-50 ℃（6 h）-55 ℃（10 h）,干燥相对湿度40%的热泵干 燥。此工艺条件下枸杞干燥时间为22 h,干燥枸杞色差值为15.09,复水率为2.35 g/g,多糖含量为10.29 g/100 g,黄 酮含量为0.43 g/100 g,总类胡萝卜素含量为1 503.13 μg/g。     

基于综合加权评分法研究不同干燥方法对龙眼肉品质特性的影响

为了提高龙眼肉干制品的品质,采用太阳能辅助热泵干燥、微波真空干燥、热风干燥、热泵干燥等干燥方法对龙眼肉进行干制,并应用综合加权评分法对龙眼肉干制品感官品质、单位能耗、多糖含量等指标进行评价。结果表明:太阳能辅助热泵干燥龙眼肉所测指标的综合加权评分在4种干燥方法中得分最高。该方法可作为最佳干燥方法应用于生产。     

Radio frequency combined hot air (RF-HA) drying of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fillets: Drying kinetics and quality analysis

Hot-air assisted radio frequency (RF-HA) heating was utilized for tilapia fillets drying to achieve rapid, uniform drying and improved sample physical properties. Effects of sample thickness (5, 8 and 10 mm) and with or without wrapping material (skin or gauze) were investigated under both HA and RF-HA drying treatments. The drying characteristics and quality parameters of tilapia fillets in hot air (HA) and RF-HA drying were then determined. Results show the drying rate of RF-HA drying is 1.1–1.4 times of that of HA drying for tilapia samples with different thicknesses. RF-HA dried samples are with higher rehydration rate and lower volume shrinkage rate, especially for fillets with larger thickness. The wrapped gauze did not show significant influence on the color of tilapia sample in RF-HA drying but improved the rehydration rate, while the samples with preserved fish skin resulted in a lower overall quality under both HA and RF-HA drying treatments. Page model and Henderson-Pabis models were suitable to be used describing the drying kinetics of RF-HA drying and HA drying tilapia, respectively.     

不同干燥技术对核桃粕蛋白粉品质特性及微观结构的影响

以核桃粕为原料,采用热风干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥4种干燥技术制备核桃粕蛋白粉,考察不同干燥技术对核桃粕蛋白粉品质特性及微观结构的影响.结果 表明:热风和热泵干燥制备的核桃粕蛋白粉吸水率较低,易贮藏,但色泽和品质较差,呈现大小不一的不规则块状结构,且表面结构租糙;真空冷冻干燥获得的核桃粕蛋白粉集粉率、蛋白质...     

Impact of far-infrared radiation-assisted heat pump drying on chemical compositions and physical properties of squid (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Illex illecebrosus</Emphasis>) fillets

Squid fillets were dried in a heat pump (HP) dryer alone or combining with far-infrared radiation (FIR) with the power of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 W at 50 °C and air flow rate of 0.8 m s⁻¹. Proximate composition, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), fatty acid composition, trimethylamine-N-oxide demethylase (TMAOase), dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), color, and microbial changes of squid were recorded. Results showed that FIR in combination with HP decreased TMAOase, TMA, TVBN, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and total aerobic bacterial counts, but increased both saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid content, compared with HP alone. Dried squids had higher values of redness and yellowness, but lower values of lightness (L) than raw ones. No significant differences were found in protein, DMA, or L values among all dried samples. The inhibitory effects of FIR on TMAOase, TMA production, and microbial growth were more obvious with increase in the power supplied to the FIR rods. The present data suggest that FIR in combination with HP technology has the potential to retard the quality deterioration of squid.     

不同干燥方式对颗粒状果蔬品质变化的影响

分别对真空微波干燥、冷冻干燥、热风干燥及热风与真空微波联合干燥等不同干燥方式对颗粒状果蔬质量变化的影响进行了讨论，以VC和叶绿素的保持、色泽的差异、收缩和复水性能等为质量参数，分别进行比较。真空微波干燥在以上各质量参数方面，虽比冻干产品有一定差距，但远优于常规热风干燥。采用常规热风与真空微波联合干燥方式也能较好地改善颗粒状果蔬的品质。     

微波-热风联用制取笋干工艺条件优化

为获得干燥时间短、干燥品质好的笋干,以竹笋为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,根据中心组合试验设计原理,分析微波干燥功率、微波干燥时间和热风干燥温度3 个因素对笋干感官评分、总干燥时间、复水比、色差和硬度指标的影响,以确定微波-热风联用制取笋干最佳工艺条件。结果表明,制取笋干的最佳工艺条件为：微波干燥功率6.3 W/g、微波干燥时间60 s、热风干燥温度65 ℃。在此条件下得到的笋干感官评分85.6、总干燥时间200 min、复水比6.17,干制品色差ΔE* 19.99、复水制品色差ΔE* 13.92、干制品硬度19 511.23 g、复水制品硬度20010.71 g,该工艺研究结果可为笋干产业化发展提供理论支持。     

Comparative Study of Quality Changes Occurring on Dehydration and Rehydration of Cooked Chickpeas (Cicer Arietinum L.) Subjected to Combined Microwave–Convective and Convective Hot Air Dehydration

ABSTRACT:  Convective hot air dehydration (100 °C) of cooked chickpeas was compared with the combination of microwave–convective hot air dehydration, in terms of microstructure, density, color, texture, dehydration, and rehydration. In the combined drying experiments, 2 levels of microwave power (100 W and 200 W) were investigated, combined continuously with convective air drying at 100 °C. Compared with convective hot air drying, combination drying led to a considerable reduction in dehydration time. Combination drying also improved the porosity of the finished dehydrated product, leading to faster rehydration kinetics. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that chickpeas subjected to combined drying experienced less shrinkage than those dried by convective hot air. Combination drying at the higher (200 W) level produced a darker ( P < 0.05) rehydrated product with significantly lower relative rehydrated moisture content ( P < 0.05) when compared with the lower (100 W) level of combination drying.     

Far infrared assisted refractance window drying of apple slices: Comparative study on flavour,nutrient retention and drying characteristics

In the present investigation, far infrared (FIR) assisted refractance window (RW) drying (FIR+RW) of apple slices (2 and 5 mm) was evaluated in comparison with RW and hot air (HA). FIR+RW reduced drying time by 50 and 69% compared to RW and HA, respectively. Also, FIR+RW drying retained a significantly higher amount of phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity, as compared to HA. Increase in FIR temperature from 50 to 60 °C reduced drying time by 10–19% without having any deleterious effect on quality. Colour, flavour, and microstructure of FIR+RW dried slices were comparable to that of RW. Nearly 46% saving in energy consumption was observed for FIR+RW drying compared to HA. Results suggested that FIR+RW drying can be explored as a potential technique for drying of fruits in a shorter time, with better retention of flavour, nutrients and also enhance energy efficiency.Industrial relevanceDried apple slices have a good market potential as a raw material in many processed foods and can be an alternative to deep fat fried chips for health-conscious consumers. This work focuses on assessing the efficacy of developed FIR assisted RW drying system in terms of drying time, energy, and quality attributes (colour, nutritional, flavour, microstructure) in comparison with conventional drying methods. The results showed that FIR assisted RW drying technique has great industrial potential in saving processing time as well as energy with better retention of quality of dried products.     

Study of banana dehydration using sequential infrared radiation heating and freeze-drying

The drying and quality characteristics of banana slices processed with a sequential infrared radiation and freeze-drying (SIRFD) method were investigated. Cavendish bananas slices with 5 mm thickness were predehydrated using IR heating at each one of three radiation intensities, 3000, 4000, and 5000 W/m² or hot air at 62.8 °C. The predehydrated samples with 20% and 40% weight reductions obtained using 4000 W/m² IR intensity were then further dried using freeze-drying for various times to determine the effect of predehydration on the drying rate during freeze-drying. To improve the quality of dried banana chips, the banana slices were also treated with a dipping solution containing 10 g/l ascorbic acid and 10 g/l citric acid before the IR predehydration. Control samples were produced using regular freeze-drying without the predehydration. The quality characteristics of dried banana chips, including color, thickness shrinkage and crispness, were evaluated. The predehydration results showed that the drying rate of IR heating was significantly higher than the hot air drying and increased with the increase of IR intensity. For example, it took 10 and 38 min to achieve 40% weigh reduction by using IR at 4000 W/m² and hot air drying, respectively. However, the banana slices with IR predehydration dried slower during freeze-drying compared to the samples without predehydration, which was due to texture changes that occurred during the predehydration. Acid dipping improved product color and also reduced freeze-drying time compared to non-dipped samples. It has been concluded that SIRFD can be used for producing high crispy banana chips and additional acid dipping improved product color and reduced required freeze-drying time.     

不同风干工艺处理的武昌鱼鱼肉品质和风味的变化

以腌制武昌鱼为原料进行干制,通过测定热泵干燥、热风干燥、冷风干燥、联合干燥四种风干工艺处理下的武昌鱼鱼肉脂质氧化理化指标,感官,色泽,质构特性,电子鼻,挥发性风味成分变化,分析不同干燥工艺处理对武昌鱼品质特性和风味变化的影响。热泵干燥的武昌鱼脂质氧化程度更显著,初级产物氢过氧化物含量最高为4mmol/kg,脂质氧化二级产物丙二醛含量最高为0.68 mg/kg,感官评分结果最好（8.6分）、质构表现最好;冷风干燥处理的武昌鱼色泽表现最差,热风、热泵、联合干燥处理的武昌鱼差异较小;热风干燥处理的武昌鱼硬度最大53.96 N、热泵干燥处理的武昌鱼弹性最大;电子鼻检测表明四种干燥工艺处理武昌鱼风味呈现显著性差异（P<0.05）;挥发性风味物质检测发现联合干燥处理武昌鱼挥发性风味物质含量最多21种,热泵处理挥发性风味物质含量最低仅有6种。综上所述联合干燥处理的武昌鱼鱼肉,脂质氧化程度硬度低、弹性好、挥发性风味物质含量多种类丰富。     

Assessment of convection,hot‐air combined with microwave‐vacuum and freeze‐drying methods for mushrooms with regard to product quality

Combined drying of hot air and microwave‐vacuum has been proposed as an alternative method to improve the quality of dried mushrooms, especially the structural and textural properties. In the present study, the effect of different drying methods namely, convective hot‐air drying, hot air combined with microwave‐vacuum drying and freeze‐drying on qualitative attributes of pretreated mushrooms was investigated. The quality assessment was based on colour, texture, density, porosity and rehydration characteristics of the dried mushrooms. Combined drying of hot air and microwave‐vacuum resulted in a dried product of superior quality when compared to the slices dried completely by conventional hot air, exhibiting lower overall colour variation, higher porosity, greater rehydration ratio and softer texture. In a dry state, mushrooms with a puffy structure and unique crispy texture were created by the combined drying method, which might be considered as important characteristics for developing nonfat snack‐type food products.     

食用木薯的加工现状及发展前景

为探究不同干燥方法对木薯酸淀粉性能的影响,本研究以木薯淀粉为原料,经乳酸菌发酵后,采用热风干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥和太阳光晒干5种干燥方法制备木薯酸淀粉,对其性能进行测定分析,并采用变异系数法对性能进行综合评分。结果表明,热风干燥的木薯酸淀粉粒径跨度最大,为2.36,透明度、碘蓝值和持油性最小,分别为21.57%、8.96和1.74 g/g;热泵干燥的木薯酸淀粉比表面积最小,为351.83 m²/kg,堆积密度、析水率和凝沉性最高,分别为0.87 g/mL、33.02%和74.89%;真空冷冻干燥的木薯酸淀粉堆积密度、休止角和析水率最低,分别为0.73 g/mL、37.49°和4.64%,透明度、碘蓝值和持水性最高,分别为27.03%、19.64和1.43 g/g,溶解性最高;喷雾干燥的木薯酸淀粉比表面积、休止角和持油性最高,分别为407.43 m²/kg、54.11°和2.33 g/g,凝沉性最低,为67.00%;晒干的木薯酸淀粉跨度和持水性最低,分别为1.73和1.08 g/g。综合评分结果显示,真空冷冻、喷雾、晒干、热风和热泵干燥的木薯酸淀粉性能综合评分分别为0.60、0.38、0.18、−0.50和−0.64。综合分析,真空冷冻干燥制备的木薯酸淀粉性能最好,其次为喷雾干燥,晒干次之,热风和热泵干燥的最差。

     

Effect of drying methods on volatile compounds,fatty acids and antioxidant property of Thai kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix D.C.)

This study investigated the changes in colour, volatile compounds, fatty acids, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of kaffir lime leaves (makrud in Thai) Citrus hystrix D.C. after three drying treatments, namely hot‐air (HA) drying, low relative humidity (LRH) air drying and far‐infrared radiation (FIR) drying. Overall, when compared with fresh leaves, a slight decrease in L* values of the three dried samples was observed. TPC, TFC and ferric‐reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) values were increased by LRH and FIR drying (LRH: 39%, 43% and 28%; FIR: 62%, 39% and 39%), while HA drying decreased TPC, TFC and FRAP values (28%, 21% and 1%), compared with fresh leaves. The main volatile compounds in fresh leaves were citronellal, followed by linalool and viridiflorol. Drying brought about an increase in the concentrations of volatile components, such as citronellal with HA, LRH and FIR drying (79%, 83% and 64%, respectively), compared with the results for fresh leaves (56%). LRH and HA drying increased essential fatty acid alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3), while linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6) was increased by FIR drying. The present study has provided useful information for the industrial use of dried kaffir lime production.     

Colour,phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of some fruits dehydrated by a combination of different methods

The objective of this study was to improve product quality of dehydrated fruits (apple, pear, papaya, mango) using combined drying techniques. This involved investigation of bioactivity, colour, and sensory assessment on colour of the dried products as well as the retention of the bio-active ingredients. The attributes of quality were compared in regard to the quality of dehydrated samples obtained from continuous heat pump (HP) drying technique. It was found that for apple, pear and mango the total colour change (ΔE) of samples dried using continuous heat pump (HP) or heat pump vacuum-microwave (HP/VM) methods was lower than of samples dried by other combined methods. However, for papaya, the lowest colour change exhibited by samples dried using hot air–cold air (HHC) method and the highest colour change was found for heat pump (HP) dehydrated samples. Sensory evaluation revealed that dehydrated pear with higher total colour change (ΔE) is more desirable because of its golden yellow appearance. In most cases the highest phenol content was found from fruits dried by HP/VM method. Judging from the quality findings on two important areas namely colour and bioactivity, it was found that combined drying method consisted of HP pre-drying followed by VM finish drying gave the best results for most dehydrated fruits studied in this work as the fruits contain first group of polyphenol compounds, which preferably requires low temperature followed by rapid drying strategy.