Amaranth,quinoa and oat doughs: Mechanical and rheological behaviour,polymeric protein size distribution and extractability

The rheological characteristics, static and dynamic mechanical properties of amaranth, quinoa and oat doughs and the relative size distribution of their polymeric proteins were evaluated. For the sake of comparison, semolina dough rheological and mechanical properties and the relative size distribution of proteins were also determined.     

Formulation optimisation of gluten‐free functional spaghetti based on quinoa,maize and soy flours

In this work, the formulation of non‐conventional gluten‐free fresh and dry pasta based on quinoa, maize and defatted soy was optimised. Results showed that the dough samples with high content of maize had the higher value of elongation and shear viscosity and then increased dough firmness. The pre‐gelatinised maize content also affected the rheological properties by increasing the dough firmness. Regarding the dry spaghetti sensorial properties, the surface response plot showed that the overall acceptability of both non‐cooked and cooked spaghetti increases with the increase of the pre‐gelatinised maize content and the decrease of the quinoa flour, whereas the soy flour did not affect the overall quality. In particular, the pre‐gelatinised maize improved the resistance to break and the taste of non‐cooked and cooked spaghetti, respectively. Regarding the fresh spaghetti, results showed that the overall acceptability for fresh non‐cooked spaghetti increases with the increase of the pre‐gelatinised maize content and with the decrease of the quinoa flour; whereas, only the pre‐gelatinised maize content affected the overall acceptability of fresh cooked spaghetti.     

A study of the relationship between the mechanical properties and the sensorial optimal cooking time of spaghetti

This study investigated the relationship between the mechanical properties and the sensorial optimal cooking time (OCT) of spaghetti. Three semolina spaghetti samples with an increasing radius and three non-conventional spaghetti samples (one wholemeal semolina and two maize-based spaghetti) were analyzed. Tenacity, elongation at break and phase shift angle (tan delta) were monitored during the cooking and overcooking of spaghetti using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The sensorial OCT was also determined by a trained panel. Results highlight that the mechanical parameters are related with the OCT for all investigated spaghetti samples. In particular, a relationship was observed with elongation at break and tan delta.     

松茸粉对面团流变特性及饼干品质的影响

为研究添加松茸粉对面团流变特性和饼干品质的影响,对不同添加量松茸粉面团的热机械学特性、淀粉糊化特性和动态流变学特性进行分析,同时测定松茸曲奇饼干的物理特性、感官评价及营养品质。结果表明,添加松茸粉使得面团的稳定时间、最大黏度指数、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度显著降低,蛋白弱化度增加,面团面筋蛋白结构被破坏。随着松茸粉添加量的增加,tan δ先升高后降低,面团弹性先降低后升高,曲奇饼干的硬度和感官评分先升高后降低。当松茸粉添加量达到6%时,松茸曲奇的风味和口感更易被接受。与普通曲奇相比,松茸曲奇的蛋白质和膳食纤维含量分别提高了58.08%和191.24%,必需氨基酸含量升高了32.77%,氨基酸评价更接近联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织标准,营养价值更优。     

藜麦粉对冷冻面团特性及其面包品质的影响

将藜麦和小麦粉按一定比例混合,用快速粘度分析法测定混合粉糊化特性,流变仪测定了冻藏过程中小麦-藜麦冷冻面团的流变学特性,核磁共振法测定面团中水分迁移,并测定其发酵体积变化,最后分析了冷冻面团组织状态与产品品质的关系。结果表明：藜麦粉对冷冻面团及面包的品质均有改善。藜麦粉降低了混合粉体系的糊化粘度和崩解值。冻藏后,冷冻面团的弹性模量和粘性模量增加,小麦粉冷冻面团损耗角正切值增加了4.73%,添加量为5%时冷冻面团损耗角正切值仅增加0.41%;小麦冷冻面团自由水上升了3.90%,藜麦添加后仅上升2.40%,可见藜麦粉能冷冻面团降低水分迁移程度;同时,添加藜麦粉能维持面团面筋网络结构的完整性,发酵体积由26.42 mL/h增大到29.17 mL/h。不同添加量的藜麦粉对面团及面包的品质改善程度不同,最适添加量为10%,烘烤后面包比容为3.08 mL/g,硬度为2803.48 g。本研究可为开发藜麦冷冻面团提供理论基础,在藜麦新产品开发方面具有重要的指导意义。     

不同磨粉方法对荞麦面团流变学性质的影响

为研究不同磨粉方法对荞麦面团流变学性质的影响,分别采用石磨、高速万能粉碎机及湿磨三种磨粉方法制得荞麦粉。然后测定由上述荞麦粉制备的荞麦面团的热机械学特性、拉伸特性、质构特性及应力松弛行为。结果表明:与干磨荞麦面团相比,湿磨荞麦面团具有显著较低的面团形成时间和稳定时间以及显著较高的蛋白弱化度,但磨粉方法对淀粉糊化特性影响较小。湿磨荞麦面团的拉断距离低于干磨荞麦面团的拉断距离,但其硬度、黏着性、弹性和胶着性显著高于干磨荞麦面团。此外,湿磨荞麦面团与干磨荞麦面团相比具有显著较高的残余应力和显著较短的松弛时间。不同磨粉方法会导致荞麦面团流变学性质产生差异,面团流变学性质的差异将满足不同的加工需求。     

Extensional flow,viscoelasticity and baking performance of gluten-free zein-starch doughs supplemented with hydrocolloids

Viscoelastic doughs of zein and starch were prepared at 40 °C, above the glass transition temperature of zein. The effects of hydrocolloid supplementation with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or oat bran with a high content of β-glucan (28%) were investigated by dynamic measurements in shear, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Hyperbolic Contraction Flow. Zein-starch dough without hydrocolloids exhibited rapid age-related stiffening, believed to be caused by cross-links between peptide chains. A prolonged softness was attributed to doughs containing hydrocolloids, with the oat bran exhibiting the most pronounced reduction in age-related stiffening. Moreover, CLSM-images of dough microstructure revealed that a finer fibre network may be formed by increased shearing through an addition of viscosity-increasing hydrocolloids, a reduction in water content in the dough or the use of appropriate mixing equipment. The Hyperbolic Contraction Flow measurements showed that doughs containing hydrocolloids had high extensional viscosities and strain hardening, suggesting appropriate rheological properties for bread making. Zein-starch dough without hydrocolloids showed poor bread making performance while hydrocolloid additions significantly improved bread volume and height. Although the hydrocolloid supplemented doughs had similar extensional rheological properties and microstructures, a fine crumb structure was attributed only to bread containing HPMC, marking the importance of surface active components in the liquid-gas interface of dough bubble walls. Zein could not mimic the properties of gluten on its own, but hydrocolloids did positively affect the structural and rheological properties of zein, which yielded dough similar to wheat dough and bread with increased volume.     

Effect of inulin on rheological properties of soft and strong wheat dough

The influence of inulin with different degrees of polymerisation (DP) on the farinograph characteristics, extensograph parameters and fermentation rheological properties of soft and strong wheat dough was explored. The results showed that the addition of inulin can reduce the water absorption of doughs, and inulin with lower DP had more significant effect and the influence on the soft dough was stronger than the strong dough. Inulin can enhance mechanical properties of the gluten network and improve the resistance to mixing of soft dough. The extensibility of doughs decreased with increasing inulin. Inulin increased the resistance to extension of soft dough; however, it is reverse for strong dough. Adding inulin significantly increased the volume of gas production and the maximum expansion height of doughs, and the effect of inulin with lower DP was more prominent. Additionally, the gas‐holding capacity of doughs was enhanced by inulin.     

Effects of hydrocolloids on chemical properties and cooking quality of gluten‐free spaghetti

The effects of different hydrocolloids on chemical composition and cooking quality of spaghetti based on maize and oat flours were investigated. Rheological and texture properties of the gluten‐free dough were also assessed. Amount of 2% of gellan gum, carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, agar, egg protein powder, tapioca starch, guar seed flour and chitosan were separately added to the formulation. The samples enriched with hydrocolloids generally showed a different rheological behaviour compared with the control samples. As regards chemical composition, spaghetti with chitosan showed a value of insoluble dietary fibres (8.0%) higher than the control ones (3.9%). Moreover, results highlighted that most hydrocolloids improved cooking quality and texture properties of spaghetti (adhesiveness, cooking loss, hardness), thus supporting their application in gluten‐free pasta.     

Rheological,microstructural and sensorial properties of durum wheat bread as affected by dough water content

In this paper the influence of water content on the rheological, microstructural and sensorial properties of durum wheat bread was evaluated. In order to evaluate bread quality, oscillation measurements, stress relaxation test and creep–recovery measurements were performed on dough samples, whereas tomographic and sensorial analyses were performed on baked bread samples. Results of the rheological analysis highlighted that both the storage and loss moduli (G′, G″) showed a descending trend with the increase of the water content. This is also confirmed by stress relaxation tests. Creep–recovery tests for strong doughs (with low water content), recorded greater resistance to deformation, therefore a smaller creep strain than the softer doughs. These results were reflected in the microstructural properties of the bread; an increase in water content caused an increase in the percentage volume of pores. Regarding the sensorial properties, the overall acceptability of the investigated bread samples was low for both the lowest and the highest water contents, and this was due primarily to the compact crumb with small bubbles and high crust firmness for the former and to the loaf volume collapsed with irregular distribution of very large bubbles for the latter. Therefore, the bread samples with intermediate water content were preferred by the panelists.     

燕麦粉添加量对马铃薯—燕麦复合面团特性的影响

目的:研究添加燕麦粉对马铃薯—燕麦复合面团特性的影响,确定适宜的燕麦粉和马铃薯配比。方法:选取了5种不同比例的燕麦粉(15%,20%,25%,30%,35%),对燕麦—马铃薯复合面团的色差、微观结构、质构特性、流变特性、糊化特性进行测定,并进行感官评价。结果:随着燕麦粉添加量的增加,复合面团的颜色逐渐变红变暗;复合面团内部微观结构越来越紧密;硬度逐渐增加;动态频率扫描过程中不同添加量复合面团弹性模量、黏性模量先上升、后下降、再上升,损耗因子先上升后下降。复合面团的起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度、终止糊化温度先减小再增大。感官评定显示：燕麦粉添加量在20%～25%范围内,总体得分均比对其他添加量的复合面团要高,更易被消费者接受。结论:制备马铃薯—燕麦复合面团时,燕麦粉适宜添加量为20%～25%。     

Effect of Carob Flour Addition on the Rheological Properties of Gluten-Free Breads

In this study, the rheological properties of gluten-free doughs from rice flour containing different amounts of carob flour were investigated. Water added changed in response to the carob amount. Dynamic oscillatory and creep tests were performed in order to gain knowledge on the rheological behaviour of doughs, which is essential for the control of the bread-making procedure and the production of high-quality bread. Simple power law mathematical models were developed in order to evaluate the effect of carob and water added in dough rheological behaviour. Creep data evaluation demonstrates that an increase in water content decreased the resistance of dough to deformation and, therefore, dough strength, whereas carob flour increased the elastic character and structure strength of the dough. This was also found in dynamic oscillatory tests. Increased amounts of carob flour led to an increase in bread dough elastic character since fibre addition elastifies and strengthens the dough structure. Moreover, doughs exhibited a solid-like viscoelastic character, with the storage modulus (G′) predominant over the loss modulus (G″). Dough rheological properties have an important effect on baking characteristics. Rheological experiments and applied mathematical models can provide us with good knowledge of rheological behaviour and dough viscoelasticity prediction. Therefore, dough samples containing carob-to-water ratios of 10:110 and 15:130 can be considered to possess a balance between the viscous and elastic properties compared to the other samples.     

Evaluation of antioxidant, rheological and sensorial properties of wheat flour dough and bread containing ginger powder

The effects of addition of ginger powder (0, 3, 4.5 and 6%) in formulation were examined in order to obtain an antioxidant-enriched bread with good physico chemical and sensorial properties. The rheological properties of doughs were evaluated using dynamic rheological measurements. Physical properties, total phenolics content (TPC- Folin-Ciocalteau method), radical scavenging activity (RSA- DPPH assay) and sensory analysis (hedonic test) of the supplemented bread were determined.The highest TPC (0.48 and 0.71 mg GAE/g DW on crumb and crust respectively) and RSA activity (0.15 and 0.24 μmol DPPH/mg DW ml⁻¹ on crumb and crust respectively) were achieved in the bread having the highest percentage of ginger powder (6%). But this sample showed the worst results regarding the rheological properties indicating that the dough and the bread had a tough structure. Moreover, by sensory evaluation this bread sample was not acceptable.Among the studied samples, bread with 3% of ginger powder showed good rheological characteristics and doubled anti-oxidant content compared to the control bread and the highest sensorial acceptability.     

Rheological and physical evaluation of jet‐cooked oat bran in low calorie cookies†

Different levels of shortening in cookies (10%, 20% and 30% by weight) were replaced with 20% jet‐cooked oat bran, also called Nutrim oat bran (OB), to prepare cookies with fewer calories. The cookies containing Nutrim OB were investigated in terms of rheological and physical properties and compared with a control. As more shortening was replaced with Nutrim OB, a decrease in the diameter and an increase in the height of cookies were observed. The increased moisture content from Nutrim OB caused a decrease in the dynamic viscoelastic properties of cookie dough. Squeezing flow method showed shear thinning behaviours in all cookie doughs. Also, the elongational viscosity of cookie dough decreased significantly with more replacement of shortening with Nutrim OB. The rheological properties of cookie dough during baking indicated that all of the samples had similar types of viscoelastic characteristics during baking. However, the cookies containing more Nutrim OB exhibited more elastic properties which resulted in a decreased cookie diameter. There was no significant difference in cookie hardness among samples with up to 20% shortening replacement but the cookies became lighter in colour as the Nutrim OB content was increased.     

Rheological and textural properties of gluten-free doughs made from Andean grains

The objective of this research was to evaluate the rheological and textural properties of gluten-free doughs based on potato starch, which was partially substituted by different proportions of quinoa (10%, 30% and 50%), kiwicha (10%, 30% and 50%) or tarwi flour (10%, 20% and 30%). The influence of the substitution on the kinetics of the leavening process was studied as well. The back-extrusion technique was used to determine rheological and textural properties of the dough, and the leavening kinetics were modelled using the Gompertz equation. The results showed that textural properties such as firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and viscosity index, as well as the consistency index of the doughs increased as the level of substitution of the Andean grain flour in the formulation increased. It was determined that the formulations with an addition of 10% and 20% for quinoa or kiwicha flour, and 10% for tarwi flour would be most suitable for developing gluten-free breads.     

Promoting dough viscoelastic structure in composite cereal matrices by high hydrostatic pressure

The impact of high hydrostatic pressure (HP) treatment on dough viscoelastic reinforcement of highly-replaced wheat cereal matrices has been investigated. The gelatinisation/pasting and gelling profiles of HP hydrated oat, millet, sorghum and wheat flours, and the small and large deformation rheological parameters of blended wheat/non-wheat doughs were determined. Oat, millet, sorghum and wheat hydrated flours, at dough yield (DY) 160 and 200, were treated for 10 min at 0.1, 200, 350 or 500 MPa. Regardless the nature of the cereal, HP changes flour viscometric features, particularly in softer doughs (DY 200), leading to increased values for viscosity parameters, concerning pasting and paste cooking. Incorporation of 350 MPa pressure-treated flours into bread dough formulation provided increased dynamic moduli values, particularly for wheat and oat/wheat blends, associated to a reinforced dough structure. Highly-replaced composite dough samples treated at 500 MPa proved to be extremely stiff, resistant to stretch, low cohesive and low extensible, and thus not suitable for breadmaking.     

盐及酪蛋白酸钠对藜麦面团及面条品质的影响

本文以藜麦面为研究对象,通过添加KCl、NaCl、酪蛋白酸钠以改善藜麦面团的性质,研究了不同处理条件对藜面团质的硬度、咀嚼性、黏度等质构特性以及储能模量、损耗模量、复合粘度等流变学特性的影响。结果表明:当添加的水量为50%藜麦面团成型的光滑程度、弹性较好;当藜麦面中加入1.5%酪蛋白酸钠+1% KCl所制备的藜麦面团粘性适中、硬度和弹性较好;NaCl、KCl、酪蛋白酸钠的加入,均可改善面团的G'、G'、黏度,1.5%酪蛋白酸钠+1% KCl加入,可增大藜麦面团的G'、G'、黏度;NaCl和酪蛋白酸钠都可以明显的改善藜麦面条吸水率,NaCl可降低藜麦面条的干物质损失率,KCl的作用与之相反,而酪蛋白酸钠与1% KCl联合使用,在增加其吸水率的同时减少了干物质损耗率,当同时添加2.0%酪蛋白酸钠和1% KCl条件下达到最适,而且恢复能力达到最佳;酪蛋白酸钠与1% KCl可增加藜麦面条表面片层的致密程度。因此,1.5%酪蛋白酸钠+1% KCl的添加量对藜麦面团的弹性、硬度、咀嚼性均达到最佳,同时添加2.0%酪蛋白酸钠和1% KCl能显著（P<0.05）改善藜麦面条的蒸煮损失及干物质损失率,降低面汤浊度,还可以增加藜麦面条的硬度,从而增加其咀嚼性。     

The effect of lipoxygenase action on the mechanical development of wheat flour doughs

The mechanical development of dough has been followed by measurement of the relaxation time of dough samples after mixing to various levels of work input. Parallel determinations of free and bound lipid have also been made. When doughs were mixed in air, addition of full-fat, enzyme-active soya bean flour (subsequently referred to as “soya flour”) resulted in an increase in relaxation time, particularly at higher work levels. The magnitude of this improvement increased with increasing work input and was dependent on the rate of work input. Addition of soya flour also enabled a higher level of mechanical work to be introduced before dough breakdown occurred. When doughs were mixed under nitrogen, or when the soya flour was heat denatured, no change in the rheological properties compared with the respective control doughs was found. The release of bound lipid, which occurred during dough development in air in the presence of soya flour, could also be induced by adding purified lipoxygenase to the dough, together with linoleic acid as a substrate. This resulted in rheological changes similar to those observed using soya flour. However addition of enzymically pre-peroxidised lipid to doughs mixed in nitrogen was without effect on relaxation times. These findings suggest that lipid release is linked with structural changes in dough protein and provide further support for a mechanism of coupled oxidation of protein -SH groups by lipoxygenase.     

板栗全粉-小麦混合粉面团的流变特性

以板栗加工残次品为原料通过不同干燥方式制备板栗全粉,对板栗全粉物化特性、板栗全粉-小麦粉面团流变特性进行了研究。结果表明,通过自然干燥的板栗全粉(ZR)糊化度超过50%,熟化处理后的板栗全粉SH-20糊化度高达70.69%,而板栗生全粉糊化度仅为3.28%;随板栗生全粉添加量的增加,面团吸水率和回生值下降、弱化度增加,在添加量30%时分别为50%、0.65 N·m和0.81 N·m,而形成时间、稳定时间、糊化特性和糊化稳定性呈先减小后增加的趋势;随着糊化板栗全粉添加量的增加面团的吸水率增加,而稳定时间、糊化特性、糊化稳定性、弱化度和回生值降低;添加ZR和SH-20面团的形成时间呈小幅上升趋势,而添加其他几种糊化板栗面团形成时间呈先小幅增加后大幅下降的趋势。面团的剖面分析表明添加板栗生全粉主要降低了吸水率、混合和面筋指数;而添加糊化板栗全粉提高吸水率和面筋指数。总之,生板栗全粉和糊化板栗全粉对面团的特性影响不同,这将为板栗残次品的加工和综合利用提供重要理论依据。     

干法预糊化对苦荞面团流变学性质及芦丁降解酶活性的影响

为研究干法预糊化处理对苦荞面团流变学性质及芦丁降解酶活性的影响,采用单螺杆挤压设备处理苦荞粉得到预糊化粉,以未处理苦荞粉为对照,制作面团,通过粉质仪、TPA、应力松弛及扫描电镜对面团的结构进行测定、观察,并利用HPLC测定芦丁、槲皮素含量来表征芦丁降解酶的活性。结果表明,与全粉面团相比,干法预糊化面团的粉质特性得到改善,其硬度、黏聚性、残余应力、阻尼系数和松弛时间均增大,黏着性降低;SEM证明干法预糊化面团形成连续、均匀的网状结构。另一方面,干法预糊化处理使芦丁降解酶失活,从而降低苦味程度。