二级BAF工艺处理生活污水的效能

采用缺氧、好氧二级无堵塞BAF工艺,处理某电厂生活污水,对COD的去除率为86.6%,对BOD5的去除率为89.23%,对氨氮的去除率为87.7%,对总氮的去除率为83.8%,对总磷的去除率为48.6%,对植物油的去除率为85.71%。结果表明,工艺运行可靠,处理效果稳定。     

塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的试验研究

考察了新型人工湿地——塔式复合人工湿地（TICW）对农村生活污水的处理效果。结果表明,TICW对污染物具有较高的去除能力,脱氮效果尤其明显,对COD、NH4^＋-N、TN、TP的去除率分别为72％、82％、83％、63％;TICW的瀑布式水流增强了污水的充氧效果,湿地土壤中氨化菌、硝化菌的数量均较多,分别为10^7～10^8 CFU／g土壤和10^4～10^5 MPN／g土壤,提高了湿地的脱氮性能;木本植物和地方特有的经济作物——蔺草的结合使用使湿地在冬季仍能保持较高的除污能力。     

An energy-efficient two-stage passively aerated trickling filter for high-strength wastewater treatment and reuse

This work aimed to assess the technical and energetic feasibility of a passively aerated laboratory-scale trickling filter, configured as a two-stage system, to produce urban wastewater (UWW) reusable in agriculture. The trickling filter was fed continuously with high-strength UWW at four hydraulic retention times (HRTs), that is, 10, 5, 2 and 1 day, corresponding to organic loading rates (OLRs) of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.9 kg COD/m³/d, respectively. The results revealed a good performance in organic load removal and nitrification at the four HRTs. The trickling filter showed high organic pollutant removal efficiencies of up to 93%, 94% and 98% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD₅ and total suspended solid (TSS), respectively, as well as high ammonia nitrogen removal above 96% at the shortest HRT of 1 day. All physicochemical parameters were significantly lower than the allowable limits set out in ISO 16075 for category C (non-food crop irrigation) irrigation water. The reuse of treated UWW in irrigation led to germination indexes and growth parameters of triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.) almost equal to those obtained using tap water. Energy use was found to be about 0.2754 kWh/m³ of treated wastewater, making it competitive with trickling filter plants reported in the literature. The simplicity and energy efficiency of the developed trickling filter system, combined with its capacity for almost full nitrification, make it appealing for sewage treatment in small communities in developing countries.     

FeSO_4应用于SBBF强化除磷

序批式生物膜滤池(SBBF)是基于序批式生物膜法的改进污水处理新型工艺,针对SBBF处理城市污水的除磷的效果较差的弊端,通过直接投加FeSO_47H_2O到反应体系实现协同除磷,使得该工艺能够较好地应用于污水脱氮除磷。Fe(Ⅱ)的投加量从0.03~0.3mM进行协同除磷试验,结果表明0.2mM的Fe(Ⅱ)投加可为有效投加量。进一步将0.2mM的Fe(Ⅱ)在进水阶段后投加到反应体系,稳定运行1个月,发现出水的TP稳定保持在0.5mg/L以下,而COD和氮的去除基本不受影响。COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.9%、83.2%、46.3%和88.2%。反应器出水的各项指标均稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A排放标准。     

水解/跌水曝气/快渗工艺处理山地城镇生活污水

为了探讨适用于三峡库区山地小城镇污水处理的工艺,结合山地小城镇具有较大自然地形高差和较多荒地荒沟的特点,采用"厌氧水解/自然跌水曝气/改良人工土快渗系统"组合工艺建设生活污水处理示范工程。分析了该示范工程对主要污染物的去除效果,考察了温度和进水负荷对去除污染物的影响,并进行了经济分析。结果表明,该组合工艺具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力和较好的污染物去除效果;系统对COD和NH4+-N的去除效果与温度显著相关,而对TP的去除效果受温度的影响较小;各污染物的单位面积去除负荷与进水负荷近似服从对数关系;该组合工艺的基建费用较之常用污水处理工艺减少20%～50%,运行成本仅为0.29元/m3。     

Steady-state model-based evaluation of sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated (SANI) process

Recently we developed a process for wastewater treatment in places where part of the fresh water usage is replaced by seawater usage. The treatment of this saline sewage consists of sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated (SANI) process. The process consists of an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) for sulfate reduction, an anoxic filter for autotrophic denitrification using dissolved sulfide produced in the UASB and an aerobic filter for nitrification. The system was operated for 500 days with 97% COD removal and 74% total nitrogen removal without withdrawal of sludge. To verify these results and to understand this novel process, a steady-state model was developed from the COD, nitrogen and sulfur mass and charge balances based on the stoichiometries of the sulfate reduction, the autotrophic denitrification and the autotrophic nitrification. The model predictions agreed well with measured data on COD, nitrate and sulfate removal, sulfide production, effluent TSS, and mass balances of COD, sulfur and nitrogen in the three reactors. The model explains why withdrawal of sludge from the SANI system is not needed through comparisons of the predictions and measurements of effluent TSS and phosphorus concentrations.     

滴滤池-人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水

采用滴滤池-人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水,考察了其除污效果及两工艺对污染物去除的贡献率.中试结果表明,在稳定运行状态下,滴滤池对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除的贡献率分别为74.5%、79.2%、33.8%、47.5%,人工湿地的则分别为25.5%、20.8%、66.2%、52.5%.滴滤池能有效完成对有机物的降解和硝化作用,人工湿地系统则能进一步去除氮、磷等污染物,两者结合可使污水中的各类污染物得到有效去除.     

A novel sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification, nitrification integrated (SANI) process for saline wastewater treatment

This paper reports on a lab-scale evaluation of a novel and integrated biological nitrogen removal process: the sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated (SANI) process that was recently proposed for saline sewage treatment. The process consisted of an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) for sulfate reduction, an anoxic filter for autotrophic denitrification and an aerobic filter for nitrification. The experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the lab-scale SANI system with synthetic saline wastewater at various hydraulic retention times, nitrate concentrations, dissolved oxygen levels and recirculation ratios for over 500 days. The system successfully demonstrated 95% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 74% nitrogen removal efficiency without excess sludge withdrawal throughout the 500 days of operation. The organic removal efficiency was dependent on the hydraulic retention time, up-flow velocity, and mixing conditions in the UASB. Maintaining a sufficient mixing condition in the UASB is important for achieving effective sulfate reduction. For a typical Hong Kong wastewater composition 80% of COD can be removed through sulfate reduction. A minimum sulfide sulfur to nitrate nitrogen ratio of 1.6 in the influent of the anoxic filter is necessary for achieving over 90% nitrate removal through autotrophic denitrifiers which forms the major contribution to the total nitrogen removal in the SANI system. Sulfur balance analyses confirmed that accumulation of elementary sulfur and loss of hydrogen sulfide in the system were negligible.     

新型一体化生物反应器的同步脱氮除磷影响因素研究

为了提高对污水的处理效能,设计了一种新型一体化生物反应器并采用其处理生活污水,研究了DO和HRT对同步脱氮除磷效果的影响,并探讨了其实现机理。试验结果表明：在进水COD为290～510mg／L、MLSS为2500mg／L、污泥龄为15d以及好氧区和缺氧区的溶解氧分别为2mg／L和0．2mg／L时,系统的脱氮除磷效果较好,对TN、TP的去除率分别可达80％和90％,DO过高或过低都会影响同步脱氮除磷的效果。控制DO为最优值,并保持其他操作条件相同,当HRT为12h时对总氮和总磷的去除率均在80％以上,随着HRT的延长,同步脱氮除磷效果反而下降。该一体化反应器集厌氧、缺氧和好氧区为一体,在一定的运行条件下能够实现同步脱氮除磷,是处理生活污水的有效方法。     

Anaerobic sewage treatment in a one-stage UASB reactor and a combined UASB-Digester system

The treatment of sewage at 15 degrees C was investigated in a one-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and a UASB-Digester system. The latter consists of a UASB reactor complemented with a digester for mutual sewage treatment and sludge stabilisation. The UASB reactor was operated at a hydraulic retention time of 6h and a controlled temperature of 15 degrees C, the average sewage temperature during wintertime of some Middle East countries. The digester was operated at 35 degrees C. The UASB-Digester system provided significantly (significance level 5%) higher COD removal efficiencies than the one-stage UASB reactor. The achieved removal efficiencies in the UASB-Digester system and the one-stage UASB reactor for total, suspended, colloidal and dissolved COD were 66%, 87%, 44% and 30%, and 44%, 73%, 3% and 5% for both systems, respectively. The stability values of the wasted sludge from the one-stage UASB reactor and the UASB-Digester system were, respectively, 0.47 and 0.36g CH(4)-COD/g COD. Therefore, the anaerobic sewage treatment at low temperature in a UASB-Digester system is promising.     

水力负荷对木炭填料生物滤池处理污水的影响

以木炭作为曝气生物滤池的填料,并与陶粒填料作对比,考察了其在不同水力负荷下对污水的处理效能.结果表明,改变水力负荷对两个反应器的出水COD影响不大,但对其脱氮除磷效果的影响较显著.木炭滤池对氨氮和TN的去除效果要好于陶粒滤池的,当水力负荷为4m~3/(m~3·d)时,两反应器的脱氮效果最佳,此时木炭和陶粒滤池的出水氨氮浓度分别为4.7、7.7mg/L(去除率分别为80%和65%).综合考虑木炭滤池对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的去除效果,确定其最佳水力负荷为4 m~3/(m~3·d).     

浅谈人工湿地

结合南水北调污水处理工程,通过现场试验的方法,探讨了芦苇湿地对COD、氮、磷等污染物的降解作用,得出了温度在人工湿地系统中对去除污染物有重要影响的结论,指出采用人工湿地既能带来社会效益、经济效益,还能带来环境效益。     

Initial studies on the use of high-performance liquid chromatography for the rapid assessment of sewage treatment efficiency

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques suitable for the rapid analysis of some dissolved organic constituents (uric acid, creatine, creatinine, amino acids etc.) of sewage are presented. The techniques are applied to full scale field trial assessment of the degradation potentials of an activated sludge and a biological filter sewage works. The results obtained for the fate of specific polar low-molecular weight constituents are compared with concurrently obtained dissolved and total BOD₅, COD, ammonium and total oxidised nitrogen data. The data suggests that HPLC techniques may offer an alternative to BOD₅, COD analyses and give an insight into the fundamental removal processes occurring during primary and secondary sewage treatment.     

Groundwater contamination by trace level organics from a rapid infiltration site

The trace organic removal efficiency for a rapid infiltration system is described. A broad spectrum monitoring of trace organics in the secondary sewage effluent applied to a rapid infiltration site is compared to a similar broad spectrum analysis of the groundwater beneath the site. Overall removal efficiency was about 92%. A chemical class breakdown of the organics yields removal efficiencies from 70 to 100%. The effects of groundwater dampening on concentration fluctuations was also treated over a 5-day period, showing very little difference over this time period.     

氨氮污水在河流渗滤系统中的环境效应研究

河流渗滤系统作为天然的过滤器及生物地球化学反应器,可以除去河水中多种污染物。本文采用自行设计的室内土柱实验装置来模拟渭河渗滤系统,模拟研究了含有氨氮污染的河水在渗滤系统中的环境行为及净化机制,其环境行为包括阳离子交替吸附作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用。得出河流渗滤系统对氨氮污水有一定的净化作用,其净化率为86%。     

污水再生处理系统中病原虫与粪大肠菌的相关关系

系统地研究了北京市某城市污水再生处理系统中隐孢子虫、贾第鞭毛虫(以下简称"两虫")和粪大肠菌的浓度变化,考察了它们的浓度水平以及去除率之间的相关关系.结果表明,在污水再生处理系统中,粪大肠菌的浓度高于两虫,大约是两虫浓度的10000倍.污水再生处理系统对两虫的去除率低于对粪大肠菌的去除率.从整个污水再生处理系统来看,两虫与粪大肠菌呈正相关关系:浓度的相关系数分别为0.91和0.95,累计去除率的相关系数分别为0.96和0.97.但是在各工艺单元内,两虫与粪大肠菌的浓度、累计去除率和单元去除率间的相关系数都在0.03-0.72之间,相关性并不显著.可见,为了保障污水再生利用的安全性,对两虫进行直接检测是十分必要的.     

Treatment of low strength domestic wastewater using the anaerobic filter

A laboratory scale anaerobic filter packed with synthetic high surface area trickling filter media was used to treat a low strength domestic wastewater averaging 288 mg 1⁻¹ COD. The filter was operated for 60 days after reaching steady-state at 20, 25, 35°C at a loading rate of 0.02 lb COD ft⁻³ day⁻¹ and 24 h hydraulic retention time. Filter effluent BOD₅ averaged 38 mg 1⁻¹ providing an average removal rate of 79%, and effluent COD averaged 78 mg 1⁻¹, corresponding to a 73% removal rate. Removal efficiencies showed very little sensitivity to daily fluctuations in influent wastewater quality. The filter performance at 25 and 35°C was not significantly different, but BOD and TSS removal efficiency declined a: 20°C. Gas production averaged 0.027 ft⁻³ of gas per ft³ of influent wastewater, or 1.875 ft³ of gas per pound of influent COD. Gas composition averaged 30% nitrogen, 65% methane, and 5% carbon dioxide. Ammonia nitrogen and sulfides both increased during treatment. It is concluded that the anaerobic filter is a promising candidate for treatment of low strength wastewaters and that post treatment for sulfides and ammonia may be necessary.     

水力停留时间对BAF除污性能的影响

研究了水力停留时间(HRT)对曝气生物滤池(BAF)除污效果的影响。结果表明:HRT对BAF处理效果的影响较大,当HRT为0.63 h时,出水浊度、COD、氨氮和总氮浓度均较高,BAF的除污效果较差;当HRT为0.83 h时,出水COD浓度可降至50 mg/L以下,去除率可达到85.87%;当HRT为1.0 h时,BAF对浊度、氨氮和总氮均有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为95.98%7、7.08%4、0.09%,出水浊度<4 NTU、氨氮<8 mg/L、总氮<35 mg/L。     

前置反硝化BAF工艺处理景观水体

为了提高曝气生物滤池(BAF)对景观水体的脱氮效果,开发了前置反硝化BAF工艺,考察了其对景观水体的处理效果及影响因素,并与传统BAF工艺作比较。结果表明,前置反硝化BAF工艺对TN和浊度的去除效果明显优于传统BAF工艺,前者对TN和浊度的平均去除率分别为45%和88%,而后者的分别为30%和47%;两种工艺对COD和氨氮的去除效果相近,但前置反硝化BAF工艺的出水水质更稳定;对于前置反硝化BAF工艺,当水力负荷为1.42~4.95 m/h时,对COD、氨氮和TN的去除率均随水力负荷的增加而降低;在水力负荷为2.12 m/h的条件下,回流比对COD和氨氮的去除效果影响不大,但对TN的去除率随回流比的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,最佳回流比为1.5∶1;另外,对TN的去除率随进水C/N值的增加而升高,当C/N6时,系统的脱氮效果较好。     

Nutrient and sediment removal by stormwater biofilters: a large-scale design optimisation study

A large-scale column study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, to test the performance of stormwater biofilters for the removal of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus. The aim of the study was to provide guidance on the optimal design for reliable treatment performance. A variety of factors were tested, using 125 large columns: plant species, filter media, filter depth, filter area and pollutant inflow concentration. The results demonstrate that vegetation selection is critical to performance for nitrogen removal (e.g. Carex appressa and Melaleuca ericifolia performed significantly better than other tested species). Whilst phosphorus removal was consistently very high (typically around 85%), biofilter soil media with added organic matter reduced the phosphorus treatment effectiveness. Biofilters built according to observed 'optimal specifications' can reliably remove both nutrients (up to 70% for nitrogen and 85% for phosphorus) and suspended solids (consistently over 95%). The optimally designed biofilter is at least 2% of its catchment area and possesses a sandy loam filter media, planted with C. appressa or M. ericifolia. Further trials will be required to test a wider range of vegetation, and to examine performance over the longer term. Future work will also examine biofilter effectiveness for treatment of heavy metals and pathogens.