高压二氧化碳杀菌技术及在鲜肉中应用研究进展

传统的热力杀菌技术会对食品中的热敏物质和食品的色泽、气味和组织结构产生不利影响。高压二氧化碳(High Pressure Carbon Dioxide,HPCD)杀菌技术作为一种新型的非热力杀菌技术,具有处理条件相对温和、对食品品质破坏小和安全无毒无残留等优点。尽管HPCD杀菌技术受到了广泛的关注并进行了大量研究,但是时至今日仍未得到广泛应用。文章主要对HPCD杀菌技术的杀菌机理、影响因素和在鲜肉杀菌中的研究进展三个方面进行了综述。      

高压二氧化碳杀菌机理研究进展

高压二氧化碳（HPCD）技术作为一种新型非热杀菌技术,越来越受到研究者的关注,但目前对其杀菌机理尚未明确。本文分析了目前国内外有关HPCD杀菌机理的研究进展,并分析了HPCD对微生物细胞内几个作用靶点包括细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、蛋白质、酶和核质的影响,以期为进一步研究和应用提供理论依据。     

高压二氧化碳杀灭细菌芽胞的作用机制和影响因素

细菌芽胞对于外界物理或化学处理抗性很强,如何有效杀灭细菌芽胞是食品灭菌的重要难题。高压二氧化碳(high pressure carbon dioxide,HPCD)杀菌技术协同热处理对细菌芽胞有很好的杀灭作用。此外,辅助试剂的加入可以大幅增强其杀灭作用,并保持HPCD的处理条件温和、对食品破坏作用小和易于操控等优点。本文主要从芽胞结构与抗性关系、HPCD杀灭芽胞的机理以及影响因素三个方面,介绍了HPCD杀灭芽胞作用研究的进展。     

高压二氧化碳在肉品杀菌保鲜中的应用研究进展

肉及肉制品营养价值高,是人类优质蛋白质的重要来源。但是肉品在加工和流通等过程中容易受到各种来源的污染,导致肉质腐败,甚至诱发食源性疾病。高压二氧化碳（High pressure carbon dioxide, HPCD）是一种新型非热加工技术,可在相对温和的压力和温度条件下达到显著的杀菌效果。本文总结了HPCD的杀菌机制,综述了近年来国内外HPCD技术在肉品杀菌保鲜中的应用研究进展,并阐述了单一HPCD技术及其与其它方法联合处理对肉品中微生物的杀灭效果、肉品理化品质、质构特性和微生物稳定性的影响,针对当前存在的问题,对HPCD技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

二氧化碳杀菌技术研究进展

二氧化碳具有化学惰性、无腐蚀性、高挥发性等独特理化性质及经济性,在食品加工业得到广泛应用;二氧化碳在果蔬、肉制品、谷物、液体食品中保鲜作用已有相关研究,近年研究发现,高压和超临界状态二氧化碳能抑制微生物生长,已成为非热力杀菌方法的一个研究热点。该文主要介绍二氧化碳杀菌机理及其应用。     

预测微生物学在高压二氧化碳杀菌动力学的应用进展

高压二氧化碳(HPCD)技术是目前越来越受关注的非热杀菌技术之一。目前有关HPCD杀菌预测模型的研究报道较少。利用食品预测微生物学方法和理论,通过研究各个因素对HPCD杀菌过程的影响,建立预测模型和回归方程,可以更好的理解HPCD杀菌动力学及机理,提高其杀菌效果,确保食品安全。本文就食品预测微生物学在HPCD杀菌动力学研究中的应用进行综述分析,并提出未来可能的研究方向。      

高压二氧化碳对鲜榨梨汁杀菌效果及动力学研究

本文研究了高压二氧化碳(HPCD)对梨汁中细菌菌落总数的影响,并分析其杀菌动力学。结果表明:随着温度、压强升高以及处理时间延长,梨汁中细菌菌落总数显著降低(p<0.05);在相同温度和处理时间条件下,HPCD处理显著高于热处理的杀菌效果,处理温度对HPCD杀菌具有协同效应;当HPCD处理条件为30MPa、40℃、60min时,灭菌效果最佳,梨汁中细菌菌落总数的残存率降低了2.66个对数;Weibull模型能较好地拟合HPCD处理后梨汁中细菌菌落总数的失活曲线,模型动力学参数比例因子a和形状因子b随压力增加和温度升高呈现逐渐变小的规律性变化。      

高压脉冲电场杀菌技术研究进展

高压脉冲电场用于食品杀菌具有时间短、能耗低,能有效保存食品营养成分和天然色、香、味特征,具有广阔的工业化应用前景,本文从高压脉冲电场处理系统设计、灭菌机理、处理效果、影响因素、能量消耗与经济性等方面对其研究现状和工业化应用前景做了探讨。     

高压脉冲电场杀菌机理及影响因素研究新进展及相关问题探讨

高压脉冲电场（PEF）杀菌技术有很好的处理效果,但存在着处理装置成本高、作用影响因素复杂、影响原因不明确等问题,要促进其向产业化应用的发展,必须明确影响机制,促进该技术应用的规范化,保证产品安全性.本文对高压脉冲电场杀菌技术的作用机理、杀菌作用影响因素及相关问题进行了综述与探讨.     

高压二氧化碳对鲜榨西瓜汁杀菌效果和风味的影响

为研究高压二氧化碳对鲜榨西瓜汁的杀菌效果及对风味的影响,采用高压二氧化碳(HPCD)技术对鲜榨西瓜汁进行处理。以95℃、1min热处理西瓜汁作为对照,考察30MPa、60min HPCD处理对西瓜汁中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数及典型风味化合物含量的影响;并探讨两种处理西瓜汁在4℃、30d贮藏过程中上述指标的变化情况。结果表明:95℃、1min热处理的杀菌效果略好于30MPa、60min HPCD处理,采用两种处理西瓜汁的微生物指标均符合《果、蔬汁饮料卫生标准》的要求;并且保质期满足鲜榨西瓜汁的消费要求。30MPa、60min HPCD处理对西瓜汁的典型风味化合物含量影响较小;贮藏过程中风味变化也较小。总体看来,HPCD处理更适合于鲜榨西瓜汁的加工。     

高压均质在液态食品杀菌中的研究进展

高压均质是一种非热加工技术,随着高压技术和设备的发展和革新,现今高压均质的压力可以达到400 MPa,为食品杀菌提供了新思路。相关研究认为高压均质通过剪切、碰撞、空穴、湍流、涡旋、加热等结合效应对食品中的致病菌和腐败微生物产生破坏作用。本文介绍了高压均质的作用原理,结合微生物、食品物料的理化特性、均质条件等因素讨论该技术在食品杀菌中的研究进展,并分析了该技术的应用前景。      

Quality considerations with high pressure processing of fresh and value added meat products

Pressure can be applied by high hydrostatic pressure, better known as high pressure processing (HPP), or by hydrodynamic pressure (HDP) in the form of shockwaves to alter quality parameters, such as shelf-life and texture of meat and meat products. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the use of pressure in the meat industry and to highlight its usage as a method to inactivate microorganisms but also a novel strategy to alter the structure and the quality parameters of meat and meat products. Benefits and possibilities of the technologies are presented, as well as how to overcome undesired product changes caused by HPP. The use of hydrodynamic shockwaves is briefly described and a promising newly developed industrial prototype for the generation of shockwaves by underwater explosion is presented.     

Bacillus spore germination at moderate high pressure: A review on underlying mechanisms,influencing factors,and its comparison with nutrient germination

Spore-forming bacteria are resistant to stress conditions owing to their ability to form highly resistant dormant spores. These spores can survive adverse environmental conditions in nature, as well as decontamination processes in the food and related industries. Bacterial spores may return to their vegetative state through a process called germination. As spore germination is critical for the loss of resistance, outgrowth, and development of pathogenicity and spoilage potential, the germination pathway has piqued the interest of the scientific community. The inhibition and induction of germination have critical applications in the food industry. Targeted germination can aid in decreasing the resistance of spores and allow the application of milder inactivation procedures. This germination-inactivation strategy allows better maintenance of important food quality attributes. Different stimuli are reported to trigger germination. Among those, isostatic high pressure (HP) has gained increasing attention due to its potential applications in industrial processes. However, pressure-mediated spore germination is extremely heterogeneous as some spores germinate rapidly, while others exhibit slow germination or do not undergo germination at all. The successful and safe implementation of the germination-inactivation strategy, however, depends on the germination of all spores. Therefore, there is a need to elucidate the mechanisms of HP-mediated germination. This work aimed to critically review the current state of knowledge on Bacillus spore germination at a moderate HP of 50–300 MPa. In this review, the germination mechanism, heterogeneity, and influencing factors have been outlined along with knowledge gaps.     

Deep-fried flavor: characteristics,formation mechanisms,and influencing factors

Abstract

Deep-fried flavor, involving fatty, sweet, burnt, and grilled odors, is an important factor leading to the popularity of deep-fried foods. Comparing with flavors from other conventional and innovative thermal treatments, deep-fried flavor is characterized by a rich variety of volatile species (e.g. aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, furans, pyrazines, and pyridines), intricate formation mechanisms, and a stronger attraction to consumers. By means of comprehensively literature research, this article critically reviews deep-fried flavor deriving from lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction, hydrolysis and amino acid degradation, with a special emphasis to discuss the involvement of lipid oxidation products in the Maillard pathway to form fried volatiles via secondary processes (e.g. fragmentation, rearrangement, and degradation). The reactions are interacted and influenced by various factors, such as frying oils (e.g. fatty acid composition and oil type), food components (e.g. amino acid and sugar), frying conditions (e.g. oxygen concentration, frying time, temperature, pH, and moisture content), and frying types (e.g. vacuum frying and air frying). Overall, well understanding of chemistry origins of deep-fried volatiles is meaningful to economically manipulate the frying process, optimize the fried flavor, and improve the safety and consumer acceptance of deep-fried foods.     

Detection of factors influencing nitrite determination in meat

A critical assessment was made of the official Spanish method for determining nitrite content in meat, using a 2^(k-p) fold-over Plackett–Burman experiment to identify influencing factors (IF) affecting the analytical method; these factors were drawn from seven apparent critical factors (ACF): sample weight (W_S), extraction temperature (T_E), stirring extraction time (S_ET), addition of Carrez I reagent (C_I-R), addition of Carrez II reagent (C_II-R), addition of borax reagent (B_R) and color development time (D_CT). In the experimental conditions assayed, the analytical method does not require protein precipitation. In addition, a negative effect of the Carrez reagent on nitrite determination was detected; it is thus proposed that this reagent be eliminated, in accordance with AOAC method 973.31. The use of borate improved nitrite extraction, but the W_S/B_R ratio must be adjusted to determine the best ratio and to eliminate any negative effect when the ratio increases.     

Binding of comminuted meat: Effect of high pressure

Patties prepared from comminuted meat were pressure-treated at up to 150 MPa at 0–3°C and the cohesion between meat particles in the cooked patty investigated from tensile strength measurements. Pressure treatment increased tensile strength, the magnitude of the increase depending upon the intensity and duration of pressure treatment, the concentration of salt in the patty and pH value. The effect was most pronounced in patties of pH 5 to 6 and with 1% salt in the aqueous phase. Under these conditions cooking losses were reduced. When compared with the effect of addition of 0·5% tetrasodium pyrophosphate in a patty with 1% salt, pressure treatment retained its effect at lower pH values.     

Outbreaks and factors influencing microbiological contamination of fresh produce

Fresh fruits and vegetables are nutritionally well‐recognised as healthy components in diets. The microbiological foodborne outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce have been increasing. Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are the most common pathogens that contaminate fresh produce. This review discusses recent foodborne outbreaks linked to fresh produce, factors that affect microbiological contamination and measures that could be adopted to reduce the foodborne illnesses. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of high pressure on meat: A review

Extensive investigations in the last decade have revealed the potential benefits of high pressure processing (100-800 MPa) for the preservation and modification of foods. Simultaneously, a few pressurised foods have become commercially available in Japan, Europe and the USA. In the present review, the basic principles underlying the effects of high pressure on food constituents and quality attributes are first presented. Recent data concerning the following specific effects of high pressure on muscle and meat products are then reported and discussed: changes in muscle enzymes and meat proteolysis; modifications in muscle ultrastructure; effects on myofibrillar proteins; meat texture and pressureassisted tenderisation processes; pressure-induced gelation and restructuring of minced meat; changes in myoglobin and meat colour; influence of pressure on lipid oxidation in muscle; high pressure-inactivation of pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms in meat; combined high pressure-moderate temperature 'pasteurisation' of meat products.     

超高压处理对肉及肉制品的影响

超高压处理应用于肉与肉制品时可降低酶活性,抑制微生物生长繁殖,延长货架期。同时它对肉的色泽、风味、营养成分、蛋白质凝胶、嫩度等也有一定影响。为了推进超高压在肉品中的应用,本文综述了肉及肉制品应用超高压时受到的影响。      

浅谈低压泡沫清洗消毒技术在肉类工业中的应用

简要介绍了低压泡沫清洗消毒技术的原理及特点,分析了其在肉类加工工业中的使用方法和优势。