采用卷积核金字塔和空洞卷积的单阶段目标检测

目的 在基于深度学习的目标检测模型中,浅层特征图包含更多细节但缺乏语义信息,深层特征图则相反,为了利用不同深度特征图的优势,并在此基础上解决检测目标的多尺度问题,本文提出基于卷积核金字塔和空洞卷积的单阶段目标检测模型。方法 所提模型采用多种方式融合特征信息,先使用逐像素相加方式融合多层不同大小的特征图信息,然后在通道维度拼接不同阶段的特征图,形成具有丰富语义信息和细节信息的信息融合特征层作为模型的预测层。模型在锚框机制中引入卷积核金字塔结构,以解决检测目标的多尺度问题,采用空洞卷积减少大尺寸卷积核增加的参数量,合理地降低锚框数量。结果 实验结果表明,在PASCAL VOC2007测试数据集上,所提检测框架在300×300像素的输入上检测精度达到79.3% mAP（mean average precision）,比SSD（single shot multibox detector）高1.8%,比DSSD（deconvolutional single shot detector）高0.9%。在UCAS-AOD遥感数据测试集上,所提模型的检测精度分别比SSD和DSSD高2.8%和1.9%。在检测速度上,所提模型在Titan X GPU上达到21帧/s,速度超过DSSD。结论 本文模型提出在两个阶段融合特征信息并改进锚框机制,不仅具有较快的检测速度和较高的精度,而且较好地解决了小目标以及重叠目标难以被检出的问题。     

基于空洞卷积与特征增强的单阶段目标检测算法

基于卷积神经网络目标检测算法的浅层特征图包含丰富的细节信息,但缺乏语义信息,而深层特征图则相反。为充分利用浅层和深层特征图特征,解决多尺度目标检测问题,提出一种新的单阶段目标检测算法（AFE-SSD）。以SSD算法为基础,分别对该算法中相邻的2个特征图进行特征融合,从而丰富浅层特征层的语义信息。通过对并行空洞卷积机制进行改进,构建多尺度特征提取模块,将融合后的特征图通入多尺度特征提取模块的方式丰富其多尺度信息,同时提升主干网络的特征提取能力。在PASCAL VOC2007测试集上的实验结果表明,AFE-SSD算法的mAP为79.8%,检测速度为58.8 frame/s,与SSD、DSSD算法相比,mAP分别提升了2.4和1.2个百分点,验证了所提特征融合方式及多尺度提取模块的有效性。     

融入特征融合与特征增强的SSD目标检测

针对SSD算法在目标检测过程中对小目标检测的不足,提出了一种基于SSD算法的一阶段目标检测器——FIENet（feature integration and feature enhancement network）。在FIENet中设计了两个模块,一是特征融合模块,该模块对SSD浅层的特征映射信息进行融合以提高小目标检测能力;二是特征增强模块,该模块采用了残差网络（Res2Net）以及注意力机制（attention）,对特征融合后的模块以及SSD中的深层特征映射进行增强。为了更好地检测小目标,还调整了浅层特征映射先验框的数量。为了评价FIENet的有效性,在PASCAL VOC2007以及MSCOCO数据集上进行了实验。实验结果表明,在PASCAL VOC2007数据集上检测精度（mAP）较SSD提高3.1个百分点,对小目标bird、bottle、chair、plant检测精度分别提升了3.6、9.5、5.4、5.5个百分点。在COCO数据集上达到29.4%的检测精度（mAP）。实验结果证明FIENet网络在保持实时性的同时可以达到较高的检测精度。     

基于环境上下文和语义特征融合的小目标检测算法

针对现阶段目标检测领域中小目标由于特征信息匮乏而难以检测的问题,提出了一种基于SSD(Single Shot multibox Detector)算法的改进小目标检测算法（CS-SSD）。首先,以特征金字塔中不同大小的感受野表达出的不同特征信息为基础,在SSD算法的主干框架上增加了环境上下文特征融合模块以及自顶向下的语义特征融合模块,为小目标提供环境上下文和语义特征信息;然后,在SSD算法的检测层上增加基于残差结构的检测头,从而充分利用融合后的特征以提高检测精度;最后,使用一种受人类学习方式启发的分阶段网络训练算法来缓解小目标与中大型目标在网络训练中损失不平衡问题。在VOC07+12数据集上进行实验,CS-SSD算法的平均检测精度（mAP）达到了82.00%,相较于SSD算法提升了2.08个百分点;同时小目标平均检测精度相较于SSD算法提升了7.87个百分点。实验结果表明,CS-SSD算法能充分融合网络中的环境上下文和语义特征信息以达到提高小目标检测精度的效果。     

融合环境特征与改进YOLOv4的安全帽佩戴检测

目的 在施工现场，安全帽是最为常见和实用的个人防护用具，能够有效防止和减轻意外带来的头部伤害。但在施工现场的安全帽佩戴检测任务中，经常出现难以检测到小目标，或因为复杂多变的环境因素导致检测准确率降低等情况。针对这些问题，提出一种融合环境特征与改进YOLOv4（you only look once version 4）的安全帽佩戴检测方法。方法 为补充卷积池化等过程中丢失的特征，在保证YOLOv4得到的3种不同大小的输出特征图与原图经过特征提取得到的特征图感受野一致的情况下，将两者相加，融合高低层特征，捕捉更多细节信息；对融合后的特征图采用3×3卷积操作，以减小特征图融合后的混叠效应，保证特征稳定性；为适应施工现场的各种环境，利用多种数据增强方式进行环境模拟，并采用对抗训练方法增强模型的泛化能力和鲁棒性。结果 提出的改进YOLOv4方法在开源安全帽佩戴检测数据集（safety helmet wearing dataset，SHWD）上进行测试，平均精度均值（mean average precision，mAP）达到91.55%，较当前流行的几种目标检测算法性能有所提升，其中相比于YOLOv4，mAP提高了5.2%。此外，改进YOLOv4方法在融合环境特征进行数据增强后，mAP提高了4.27%，在各种真实环境条件下进行测试时都有较稳定的表现。结论 提出的融合环境特征与改进YOLOv4的安全帽佩戴检测方法，以改进模型和数据增强的方式提升模型准确率、泛化能力和鲁棒性，为安全帽佩戴检测提供了有效保障。     

跨层融合和感受野扩增的SSD目标检测算法

鉴于SSD(Single Shot Multibox Detector)不同层缺乏信息的交互以及模型感受野的限制，提出了一种改进的SSD目标检测算法——ESSD(Enhanced SSD),以提高目标检测的准确性。首先，使用SSD模型中原有的多尺度特征图，利用FPN(Feature Pyramid Networks)的思想，设计了一种跨层信息交互模块，在增强了不同层的语义信息能力的同时减小了不同层的信息差异。然后，为了提高模型的感受野和多尺度检测能力，设计了一种感受野扩增模块。最后，采用批处理归一化层缩短训练时间，以提高模型的收敛速度。为了评价ESSD的有效性，在PASCAL VOC2007测试集以及PASCAL VOC2012测试集上进行了实验。实验结果表明，在PASCAL VOC2007数据集上其mAP为82.1%且检测速度为15.7FPS,相比原有的SSD512,其mAP提升了2.3%;在PASCAL VOC2012测试集上其mAP达到了80.6%,也比SSD512高2.1%。实验证明了ESSD检测器在达到较高检测精度的情况下，仍然可以满足实时性。     

感受野特征增强的SSD目标检测算法

SSD （Single Shot multi-box Detector）算法是在不同层的特征图上,进行多尺度对象的检测,具有速度快和精度高的特点.但是,传统SSD算法的特征金字塔检测方法很难融合不同尺度的特征,并且由于底层的卷积神经网络层具有较弱的语义信息,也不利于小物体的识别,因此本论文提出了以SSD算法的网络结构为基础的一种新颖的目标检测算法RF_SSD,该算法将不同层及不同尺度的特征图以轻量级的方式相融合,下采样层生成新的特征图,通过引入感受野模块,提高网络的特征提取能力,增强特征的表征能力和鲁棒性.和传统SSD算法相比,本文算法在精度上有明显提升,同时充分保证了目标检测的实时性.实验结果表明,在PASCAL VOC测试集上测试,准确率为80.2%,检测速度为44.5 FPS.     

基于Bi-SSD的小目标检测算法

针对目前目标检测技术中小目标检测困难问题, 提出了一种基于SSD (Single Shot multibox Detector) 改进的小目标检测算法Bi-SSD (Bi-directional Single Shot multibox Detector). 该算法为SSD的浅层特征设计了小目标特征提升模块, 在网络的分类和回归部分结合多尺度特征融合方法和BiFPN (Bi-directional Feature Pyramid Network) 结构, 设计了6尺度BiFPN分类回归子网络. 实验结果表明, 在PASCAL VOC和MS COCO目标检测数据集上Bi-SSD相比原始的SSD算法有更好的检测性能. 其中VOC2007+2012上Bi-SSD算法的mAP指标达到了78.47%相较SSD算法提升了1.34%, 在COCO2017上Bi-SSD算法的mAP达到26.4%提升了接近2.4%.     

多尺度特征图分类再提取的目标检测算法

为提高SSD算法检测目标的能力,提出了一种对多尺度特征图进行分类再提取的目标检测算法.该算法将SSD特征金字塔中多个不同尺度的特征图分为低层和高层两类特征图.针对低层特征图所处位置网络深度不够导致的特征表示能力不足,设计了SFE(Shallow Feature Enhancement)模块提取特征从而增加网络深度,最终提高对小目标的检测能力;高层特征图采用两段反卷积的方式,将更深层提取的语义信息融入特征图,从而提高对中等目标和大目标的检测能力.同时提出了减弱反卷积棋盘格效应的回流式反卷积的方法.在Pascal VOC 2007测试集上进行验证后的结果表明,本文算法的mAP值达到了79.6%,相比SSD算法提高了2.4%.     

基于卷积特征融合的通用目标检测方法

针对现有目标检测算法在检测时易受到图像尺度变化、目标间遮挡或截断等因素影响的问题,对卷积神经网络（convolutional neural network,CNN）中不同层次的特征进行了研究,提出了一种融合深度网络卷积特征的目标检测算法。算法采用多阶段的特征复用和特征融合减少特征间相关性的损失,最终在PASCAL VOC 2007测试数据集上达到了84.21%的mAP （mean average precison,平均精度均值）值;与未使用特征融合方法以及使用传统特征融合的方法相比,提出的方法分别提高了4.41%和2.71%。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。