管内进口段对流换热过程不可逆性的数值模拟

The irreversibility due to laminar forced convection in the entrance region of a duct was studied by means of numerical simulation. Local entropy generation distributions and total entropy generation were obtained based on the entropy generation equation. The effect of Reynolds number on the irreversibility was studied for constant wall temperature and heat flux. The results showed that the irreversibility in the entrance region was different from that in the fully developed region. Reynolds number had a strong effect on the irreversibility in the entrance region. The entropy generation caused by temperature difference was relatively dominant over that caused by viscous flow. The irreversibility at constant wall temperature was different from that at constant wall heat flux.     

恒壁温时污垢对管内对流换热过程热力学性能影响的分析

基于热力学第一、二定律 ,在恒壁温工况下分析了污垢对管内对流换热过程热力学性能的影响 ;提出了反映污垢对管内对流换热过程热力学性能影响的指标———单位传热量的熵增率 ;讨论了管内流体Reynolds数(无污垢时 )和量纲为 1的入口换热温差等参数对单位传热量熵增率的影响 .研究结果表明 ,该指标不仅能反映污垢对管内传热过程的影响 ,而且能反映污垢对管内流动过程的影响 ,而由污垢层导热所引起的熵产在管内传热过程总的熵产中占有重要的地位     

Role of entropy generation on thermal management during natural convection in porous square cavities with distributed heat sources

Material processing by thermal convection may be carried out in an energy efficient way based on the second law of thermodynamics. In the current work, the entropy generation in porous square cavities with distributed heat sources during laminar natural convection has been studied. Four different configurations of discretely heated cavities are considered for the study based on the location of the heat sources on the walls of the cavities. The governing equations are solved using Galerkin finite element method. The entropy generation terms are evaluated using finite element basis sets and the derivatives at particular nodes are estimated based on the functions within adjacent elements. Simulations are performed for the range of Darcy number, Da=10⁻⁶–10⁻³ and Rayleigh number, Ra=10³–10⁶ for various fluids (Prandtl number, Pr=0.015,0.7,10 and 1000). A detailed analysis on the effect of Da on entropy generation due to heat transfer (S_θ) and fluid friction (S_ψ) based on their local distribution in various cases is presented. The maximum values of S_θ are found to occur near the hot–cold junctions while the maximum values of S_ψ are found at various locations on the walls of the cavity depending on the circulation cells in various configurations. Significant S_ψ is also observed in the interior regions due to the friction between counter rotating circulation cells. The dominance of S_ψ is found to be high for higher Pr fluids. The total entropy generation rate (S_total) is found to increase with Da and the average Bejan number (Be_av) is found to be less than 0.5, indicating the dominance of fluid friction irreversibility at higher Da in all cases for various fluids. Finally, the thermal mixing, temperature uniformity has been correlated with S_total and Be_av for all distributed heating cases and the thermal management via enhanced thermal mixing vs optimal entropy production for efficient thermal processing of various fluids in porous media are proposed.     

Effect of sample’s length on flow properties of open-cell metal foam and pressure-drop correlations

Many applications require fluid flow through the open pores of metal foam. The foam is usually treated as a porous medium for which the Darcy law and the Hazen-Dupuit-Darcy (or Forchheimer) equation are used to describe the pressure drop, and for obtaining the two important flow properties, i.e., the permeability and the form drag coefficient. Little or no attention is paid to the length (or thickness) of the porous medium in the flow direction. This paper establishes a minimum length necessary for the foam to have length-independent (or bulk) permeability and form drag coefficient. This minimum length is obtained experimentally for various types of open-cell aluminum foam subjected to airflow in the Forchheimer regime. Below this thickness values of the two key flow properties are not constant, and they include entrance/exit effects, which may explain some of the discrepancies in the reported values in the literature. The Forchheimer equation was recast in two different manners, which resulted in new non-dimensional numbers- one representing the form drag and the other the viscous drag. These numbers correlated very well with the thickness of the porous medium. The obtained correlations allow for determining the pressure drop given only the velocity and the thickness of an aluminum foam sample.     

Integral Flow Parameters and Material Characteristics Analysis in Through Air Drying: Part I

The extension of the Darcy law (the Forchheimer flow equation) relating second-order nonlinear pressure drop with flow velocity is studied during fast transient through air drying of sheets of porous biobased materials such as paper. A range of the paper materials with open structure consistent with tissue and towel products (basis weights 25 and 50 g/m²) made using different production processes are analyzed for the factor-specific influences with regard to changes in the fluid resistance from the removal of moisture from the material interstices. A characteristic dimension suitable for the drying process is applied from viscous and inertial momentum transport analysis.     

Influence of heat flux and Reynolds number on the entropy generation for different types of nanofluids in a hexagon microchannel heat sink

Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the entropy generation is studied for laminar forced convection flow of different nanoparticles(Al_2 O_3, CuO and SiO_2) mixed with water through a hexagon microchannel heat sink(HMCHS). The effects of different heat fluxes and Reynolds numbers on the entropy generation for different nanofluids, volume fractions and nanoparticles diameter are investigated. The heat flux is in the range of 125 to 500 kW·m~(-2) and the Reynolds numbers vary between 200 and 1500. The thermal, frictional and total entropy generations are calculated by integrating the volumetric rate components over the entire HMCHS. The results clearly show that the rise in the heat flux leads to an increase in the thermal entropy generation for nanofluids and pure water but they don't have any influence on the frictional entropy generation. Moreover, when the Reynolds number increases, the frictional entropy generation increases while the thermal entropy generation decreases. The results revealed that at low heat fluxes and high Reynolds numbers, pure water gives the lowest entropy generation, while at high heat flux the nanofluid has to be used in order to lower the overall irreversibility.     

NGD反应器气相流场及能耗特性研究

高倍率灰钙循环脱硫(NGD)技术具有投资和运行成本低、占地面积小、节水和可避免有色烟羽等优点,在燃煤工业锅炉领域具有较好的发展前景,而已有研究主要关注脱硫反应过程及其影响因素,尚缺乏对NGD反应器内流场和能耗的认识。笔者基于熵产分析方法建立了NGD反应器能耗的定量分析模型,NGD反应器能耗包含因烟气散热引起的能耗和黏性流体流动引起的能耗,其中,黏性流体流动引起的能耗包含湍流耗散和壁面摩擦,此外,由于NGD反应器高度达20 m以上,其进、出口压降还应考虑位置势能变化,因此,NGD进、出口压降包含位置势能变化、湍流耗散和壁面摩擦引起的压降。以某30 t/h煤粉工业锅炉配套的NGD反应器为研究对象,采用CFD方法模拟脱硫反应器内的流场分布,并在此基础上通过能耗分析模型研究脱硫反应器内的能耗组成和分布。结果表明,CFD方法和能耗分析模型计算的NGD进、出口压降与测量值的偏差分别为0.4%和9.6%,因此,CFD方法和能耗分析模型能较为准确地预测脱硫反应器内黏性流体流动引起的能耗,NGD反应器内黏性流体流动和烟气散热引起的能耗分别占NGD总能耗的96.2%和3.8%,可见黏性流体流动对NGD能耗起主导作用,位置势能变化、湍流耗散和壁面摩擦引起的压降分别为237.6、347.4和57.5 Pa,可见湍流耗散对NGD反应器能耗起主导作用。将NGD反应器划分为上部主体反应区、中部加速区和下部烟气入口区,由于黏性流体流动过程中的能量耗散来自不同流层速度差引起的摩擦耗散,因此能耗大小主要取决于不同流层间的速度梯度,而中部加速区平均速度较大且流场分布极不均匀,导致单位体积湍流熵产远高于其他区域,因此其体积虽仅占3.6%,但其熵产占NGD反应器总熵产的53.8%;上部主体反应区速度分布较为均匀且平均速度较小,但其体积占NGD反应器体积的83.3%,因此中部的熵产仍然较大,占总熵产的40.1%;下部烟气入口区流场分布极为不均匀但平均流速较小,单位体积熵产率从下往上逐渐增大,其体积比为13.1%,熵产占总熵产的比值为6.1%。可见,上部和中部是能耗的主要区域,尤其是中部加速区是降低NGD反应器能耗的主要目标区域。     

Hydrothermal and entropy generation specifications of a hybrid ferronanofluid in microchannel heat sink embedded in CPUs

The objective of this numerical work is to evaluate the first law and second law performances of a hybrid nanofluid flowing through a liquid-cooled microchannel heatsink.The water-based hybrid nanofluid includes the Fe_3O_4 and carbon nanotubes(CNTs) nanoparticles.The heatsink includes a microchannel configuration for the flow field to gain heat from a processor placed on the bottom of the heatsink.The effects of Fe_3O_4 concentration(φFe_3O_4),CNT concentration(φ_(CNT)) and Reynolds number(Re) on the convective heat transfer coefficient,CPU surface temperature,thermal resistance,pumping power,as well as the rate of entropy generation due to the heat transfer and fluid friction is examined.The results indicated higher values of convective heat transfer coefficient,pumping power,and frictional entropy generation rate for higher values of Re,φFe_3O_4 and φ_(CNT).By increasing Re,φFe_3O_4 and φ_(CNT),the CPU surface temperature and the thermal resistance decrease,and the temperature distribution at the CPU surface became more uniform.To achieve the maximum performance of the studied heatsink,applying the hybrid nanofluid with low φFe_3O_4 and φ_(CNT) was suggested,while the minimum entropy generation was achieved with the application of nanofluid with high φFe_3O_4 and φ_(CNT).     

Cu and Cu-SWCNT Nanoparticles’ Suspension in Pulsatile Casson Fluid Flow via Darcy–Forchheimer Porous Channel with Compliant Walls: A Prospective Model for Blood Flow in Stenosed Arteries

The use of experimental relations to approximate the efficient thermophysical properties of a nanofluid (NF) with Cu nanoparticles (NPs) and hybrid nanofluid (HNF) with Cu-SWCNT NPs and subsequently model the two-dimensional pulsatile Casson fluid flow under the impact of the magnetic field and thermal radiation is a novelty of the current study. Heat and mass transfer analysis of the pulsatile flow of non-Newtonian Casson HNF via a Darcy–Forchheimer porous channel with compliant walls is presented. Such a problem offers a prospective model to study the blood flow via stenosed arteries. A finite-difference flow solver is used to numerically solve the system obtained using the vorticity stream function formulation on the time-dependent governing equations. The behavior of Cu-based NF and Cu-SWCNT-based HNF on the wall shear stress (WSS), velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are analyzed graphically. The influence of the Casson parameter, radiation parameter, Hartmann number, Darcy number, Soret number, Reynolds number, Strouhal number, and Peclet number on the flow profiles are analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of the flow parameters on the non-dimensional numbers such as the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number is also discussed. These quantities escalate as the Reynolds number is enhanced and reduce by escalating the porosity parameter. The Peclet number shows a high impact on the microorganism’s density in a blood NF. The HNF has been shown to have superior thermal properties to the traditional one. These results could help in devising hydraulic treatments for blood flow in highly stenosed arteries, biomechanical system design, and industrial plants in which flow pulsation is essential.     

LPG埋地储罐泄漏渗流扩散多相混合数值模型及模拟（Ⅰ）模型建立

在混合模型理论基础上,建立LPG（liquefied petroleum gas）在非饱和砂土中渗流扩散的传热、传质模型,研究LPG埋地储罐在砂土介质中发生泄漏时LPG渗流扩散的物理过程。该模型综合考虑了LPG泄漏相态、重力、黏滞力、毛细压力、扩散、非达西效应、气液相之间相互作用等影响因素的作用;在Forchheimer方程基础上,推导出多相混合流的非达西流动方程,并根据LPG实际渗流过程中流动状态的变化,将多相流非达西系数根据Reynolds数变化进行相应的改变,实现对多相流体从非达西流动向达西流动的转变现象的描述,能够模拟多种流动状态变化,扩展了模型的适用范围;根据LPG不溶于水的特性,简化了组分方程,推导出LPG体积浓度计算式。该模型能描述LPG埋地储罐泄漏后在砂土中流动趋势和对周围造成的影响,为埋地储罐场地选取、周边区域规划和事故预防、预测、应急提供依据。     

CFD analysis of a rotor-stator mixer with viscous fluids

The characterization of the hydrodynamics of a rotor-stator mixing head has been carried out in the laminar regime with viscous Newtonian fluids. The rotor-stator considered is a very common design composed of a flat blade rotating in a fixed slotted cage. A numerical methodology has been used based on the virtual finite element method to model the velocity patterns, estimate the distribution of shear stress and the flow rate through the head. We have found that the numerical prediction of the power consumption and flow profiles compare well with experimental data. The generation of a pseudo-cavern around the mixing head and how it scales with the Reynolds number have also been investigated, showing that there is a minimum speed limit below which the rotor-stator cannot be used.     

A two-permeability approach for assessing flow properties in metal foam

One of the key properties for understanding the fluid flow and pressure drop in metal foam is the permeability. This paper investigates a non-traditional approach for evaluating this critical transport property by considering the physics of energy dissipation, i.e., the viscous dissipation and form drag and the fact that they are linked. The current work emphasizes the necessary initial step of clearly distinguishing between different flow regimes prior to evaluating the permeability. This distinction is usually either absent or overlooked in several previous studies, which may lead to significant errors. The approach presented in this study is applied to wind-tunnel steady-state unidirectional pressure-drop measurements for airflow through isotropic open-cell aluminum foam samples having different pore densities. The results show that the porous medium exhibits two different permeabilities—one is calculated and only valid in the Darcy regime, while the other is calculated and only valid in the Forchheimer regime.     

石墨烯负载二氧化钛复合材料及光催化降解甲基橙

以天然鳞片石墨为原料,用改进的Hummers法氧化制备氧化石墨烯,然后用葡萄糖还原制得石墨稀,再用溶胶一凝胶法复合制备了TiO2／2;墨烯的复合材料。用FI-IR、Raman、AFM、SEMvR）3LTGA对石墨烯和TiO2／2;墨烯复合材料进行了表征,并在紫外光照射条件下对比石墨烯、TiO2、TiO：／2;墨烯复合材料对甲基橙的降解效果。结果表明,在紫外光照射下,TiO2的负载率为35％时,TiO2／2;墨烯复合材料光催化降解甲基橙的催化效率明显大于单纯TiO2及石墨烯,光催化4小时后,脱色率达到85％。TiO2／2;墨烯复合材料不失为一种有潜力的光催化降解染料废水催化材料。     

复杂结构微通道热沉液体强化传热过程的热力学分析

微通道液体流动与传热是一个典型的不可逆过程,有必要减小传递过程中的不可逆损失大小,提高其有效利用程度,属于“质”的范畴。首先,根据热力学第一及第二定律,推导出了熵产率及热能传输系数,指出降低微通道热沉内液体温度梯度净值可以提高热能的有效利用程度;然后,基于前期的研究基础,设计出新型复杂结构微通道热沉,并模拟其三维流动与传热过程,对比分析微通道热沉结构的变化对熵产率及热能传输系数的影响,结果表明降低流体温度梯度的净值可以减少热能不可逆损失的大小,使热沉底面温度更均匀,有利于延长微电子器件的寿命;最后,由强化传热因子、熵产率及热能传输系数的定义指出用强化传热因子来评价微通道的综合传热性能更合理,而应该用熵产率及热能传输系数来评价能量的不可逆大小及利用程度。总之,热力学第一定律为微通道的综合传热性能提供了评价标准,而热力学第二定律指出了影响微通道内部强化传热的本质因素,二者相互联系,为微通道的优化设计提供热力学理论。     

Combined effects of internal heat generation and higher order chemical reaction on the non‐darcian forced convective flow of a viscous incompressible fluid with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity over a stretching surface embedded in a porous medium

In this paper, we study the combined effects of internal heat generation and higher order chemical reaction on a steady two‐dimensional non‐Darcian forced convective flow of a viscous incompressible fluid with variable dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity in a fluid saturated porous medium passing over a linear stretching sheet. Using similarity transformations, the governing nonlinear‐coupled partial differential equations are made dimensionless and solved numerically for similarity solutions using very robust computer algebra software Maple 8. The non‐dimensional velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are presented graphically for various pertinent parameters such as relative temperature difference parameter, Darcy number, porosity parameter, reaction rate parameter and the order of the chemical reaction. The variations of Prandtl number and Schmidt number within the boundary layer are also displayed graphically when the fluid dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity are temperature dependent. From the present numerical computations it is found that Prandtl number as well as Schmidt number must be taken as variables within the flow domain when the fluid's dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity are variable. In the presence of internal heat generation, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of the fluid are found to be higher than when it is absent. Increasing Darcy number reduces dynamic viscosity as well as thermal conductivity whereas increasing pore size reduces the Schmidt number and increases the Prandtl number within the boundary layer. For higher order reaction the rate of increase in mass transfer function is less compared to the rate of increase for the lower order reaction. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Thermal convection in a saturated porous medium subjected to isothermal heating

A theoretical study of thermal convection in a fluid-saturated horizontal porous layer is reported for the case of isothermal heating from below. The onset time of natural convection and convective heat transport for large Darcy-Rayleigh number systems are analyzed, based on the propagation theory involving temporal dependence of perturbed quantities. Also, an overall feature of heat transport is discussed in connection with the Forchheimer modification of the Darcy flow model.     

Pressure drop modelling in cellular metallic foams

A theoretical model is presented for the prediction of pressure drop in a Newtonian fluid flowing through highly porous, isotropic metallic foams. The model is based on a rigorous assumption of piece-wise plane Poiseuille flow and a simplistic geometrical model, and shows promise to accurately predict the hydrodynamic conditions in both the Darcy and Forchheimer regimes, without a priori knowledge of the flow behaviour of the particular metallic foam.     

Preparation and tribological properties of novel boehmite/graphene oxide nano-hybrid

Novel boehmite/graphene oxide nano-hybrid (GO–GPTS–AlOOH) was prepared through a simple covalent bond method, which was subsequently explored as lubricant additive. For this purpose, the 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GPTS) was first chemically grafted on nano-boehmite (AlOOH) to fabricate the modified boehmite (GPTS–AlOOH). Then the GPTS–AlOOH was anchored on graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to prepare GO–GPTS–AlOOH nano-hybrid through a coupled reaction. The structure, composition and morphology of GO–GPTS–AlOOH was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TG/DTG, SEM and TEM, revealing that nano-boehmite was uniformly coated on GO surface. More importantly, tribological properties of GO–GPTS–AlOOH as lubricating oil additive were investigated using a ball-on-disc testing machine and a four-ball machine. It was found that the friction reduction and anti-wear ability of lubricant oil containing GO–GPTS–AlOOH hybrid was highly improved compared to bare base oil (VHVI8). Specifically, friction coefficient (COF), wear scar diameter (WSD) and wear rate were reduced by 14%, 28% and 73%, respectively. The enhancement can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the nanobearing mechanism and ultimate strengthen of graphene sheets between the frictional interfaces.     

石墨烯基TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其研究进展

石墨烯作为一种新型二维碳质纳米材料,与TiO_2复合可制得石墨烯基TiO_2光催化材料。介绍了石墨烯的结构与性质,概述了石墨烯及石墨烯基TiO_2光催化剂的制备方法,并总结了石墨烯基TiO_2复合材料在光催化分解水制氢、光催化还原CO_2、光催化降解有机污染物等领域的应用及未来的发展方向。     

Inertial Deposition of Aerosol Particles in a Periodic Row of Porous Cylinders

The aerosol flow through a periodic row of parallel porous cylinders is investigated. The air flow field outside the cylinders is described by the Navier–Stokes equations of viscous incompressible fluid. The extended Darcy–Brinkman equations are used to calculate the flow velocity inside a porous cylinder. The dependence of the efficiency of the deposition of aerosol particles by inertial impaction and interception on the Stokes number for various values of the Darcy number is studied. Comparison of the results obtained from the numerical model and an approximate analytical model is given. The combined approximate formula for the deposition efficiency of a cylindrical fiber in a parallel array proposed by Müller et al. (2014) is extended for the porous cylindrical fiber. The aerosol flow through the porous body composed by a random array of cylinders is calculated to estimate the interior deposition.

Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research