An optimal high capacity reversible data hiding scheme using move to front coding for LZW codes

Reversible Data hiding techniques reduce transmission cost as secret data is embedded into a cover image without increasing its size in such a way that at the receiving end, both secret data and the cover image can be extracted and recovered, respectively, to their original form. To further reduce the transmission cost, the secret data can be embedded in the compression codes by some popular reversible data hiding schemes. One of the popular and important reversible data hiding method is high- performance data-hiding Lempel–Ziv–Welch (HPDH-LZW) scheme which hides the secret data in LZW codes. In this paper, the HPDH-LZW scheme is modified in order to increase its hiding capacity and compression ratio. First, the proposed work modifies the Move to Front (MTF) encoding technique to hide the secret data and also to increase the similarity among the element of the cover media. Then, LZW encoding technique is applied on the resultant cover data to obtain LZW codes, which are used to hide further secret data. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has significantly increased the data hiding capacity and have good embedding and extraction speed in comparison to other state of the art schemes.

     

An efficient dual prediction–based reversible data hiding and reduced code method for AMBTC

Due to the popularity of smartphones, laptops and wireless communication technologies, compressed images have become widely used for such applications, because a smaller storage space is needed. Protecting the security of information transmission over the Internet while reducing file size (also called the size of the final coding stream) has become a critical issue. Three related works have proposed using the reversible data hiding (RDH) method on AMBTC-compressed images to reduce the final stego-coding stream. However, these approaches still have room for improvement. To further optimize the performance of the related works, in this paper, we present an efficient dual prediction–based reversible data hiding and reduced code method for AMBTC-compressed images that uses three significant techniques: the dual prediction strategy (DP), the reversible standardized parameters (RSP) and the improved error division technique (IED). We can thus embed more secret data while effectively reducing the length of the final coding stream. Experimental results show that the proposed method has both the lowest true bitrate and the highest embedding efficiency in broader usage scenarios when compared to other related methods.

     

A high-capacity performance-preserving blind technique for reversible information hiding via MIDI files using delta times

A new high-capacity information hiding method for embedding secret messages into MIDI files is proposed. The method can preserve the original musical performance of the cover MIDI file. The property of the variable-length quantity, which expresses the magnitude of the delta time before every event in a MIDI file, is utilized for secret bit embedding. The embedding is accomplished by padding the delta times with different numbers of leading constant bytes of 80₁₆ to represent the secret bits. The method is both reversible and blind because the original cover MIDI file can be restored completely from the stego-MIDI file by extracting the embedded data out from the resulting stego-MIDI file without referencing the original cover MIDI file. A capability of hiding a large amount of secret information is achieved since the delta time is a basic parameter that appears before every event in the MIDI file. Good experimental results yielded by the proposed method as well as a comparison of the method with five existing performance-preserving methods from the viewpoints of stego-file quality, payload capacity, and data security show the superiority and feasibility of the proposed method.

     

Secure video communication using firefly optimization and visual cryptography

In recent years, we face an increasing interest in protecting multimedia data and copyrights due to the high exchange of information. Attackers are trying to get confidential information from various sources, which brings the importance of securing the data. Many researchers implemented techniques to hide secret information to maintain the integrity and privacy of data. In order to protect confidential data, histogram-based reversible data hiding with other cryptographic algorithms are widely used. Therefore, in the proposed work, a robust method for securing digital video is suggested. We implemented histogram bit shifting based reversible data hiding by embedding the encrypted watermark in featured video frames. Histogram bit shifting is used for hiding highly secured watermarks so that security for the watermark symbol is also being achieved. The novelty of the work is that only based on the quality threshold a few unique frames are selected, which holds the encrypted watermark symbol. The optimal value for this threshold is obtained using the Firefly Algorithm. The proposed method is capable of hiding high-capacity data in the video signal. The experimental result shows the higher capacity and video quality compared to other reversible data hiding techniques. The recovered watermark provides better identity identification against various attacks. A high value of PSNR and a low value of BER and MSE is reported from the results.

     

Separable data hiding in encrypted image based on compressive sensing and discrete fourier transform

Reversible data hiding in encrypted images has become an effective and popular way to preserve the security and privacy of users’ personal images. Recently, Xiao et al. firstly presented reversible data hiding in encrypted images with use of the modern signal processing technique compressive sensing (CS). However, the quality of decrypted image is not great enough. In this paper, a new method of separable data hiding in encrypted images are proposed by using CS and discrete fourier transform, which takes full advantage of both real and imaginary coefficients for ensuring great recovery and providing flexible payload. Compared with the original work, the proposed method can obtain better image quality when concealing the same embedding capacity. Furthermore, image decryption and data extraction are separable in the proposed method, and the secret data can be extracted relatively accurately.     

A metaheuristic method to hide MP3 sound in JPEG image

VoIP is much in use these days as many applications over phone, tablet, and computers are available. The data in VoIP can be collected for further analysis or it can be intercepted. VoIP privacy and security is a major concern these days. This paper discusses an implementation of hiding a sound file in a digital image. This sound can be voice, VoIP data or a song. In this approach, an MP3 file was used with JPEG image for implementation. The rightmost k-LSB of pixels was utilized to embed MP3 bits into a pixel. The pixels are so chosen that the distortion in the image would be minimized due to embedding. This is implemented in such a way that makes it difficult to conclude about the existence of the hidden data inside the image. A metaheuristic technique Cuckoo Search was used to find most suitable solutions for minimization. The results are also compared with existing techniques of steganography.

     

Encrypted images-based reversible data hiding in Paillier cryptosystem

Homomorphic public key technology effectively protects privacy, allowing algebraic operations directly in the cipher-text. Therefore, it has been extensively studied in the field of cloud computing. In this study, an encrypted image-based data hiding (EIRDH) algorithm with homomorphic public key cryptosystem is presented. The key contributions are these two sides. (1) An improved fast Paillier homomorphic public key cryptosystem system is proposed for encrypting image. It improves the efficiency of encryption operations greatly. (2) A difference expansion (DE) scheme is developed by exploiting the cover pixel to construct a new pair of pixels for data hiding. Compared with other methods, the experimental results show that, the proposed method has larger payload and higher stego-image quality. It accomplishes the image quality’s increasing instead of general decreasing.

     

基于系数配对的自适应JPEG可逆信息隐藏方法

JPEG(joint photographic experts group)是日常生活中运用最为广泛的图像压缩格式,利用可逆信息隐藏(reversible data hiding,RDH)技术对其真实性和完整性进行认证,具有非常重要的意义.提出一种新的基于JPEG图像的可逆信息隐藏方法.该算法首先根据幅值大小,对JPE...     

High capacity information hiding for privacy protection in digital video files

In this paper, a framework to hide privacy in video is proposed based on data hiding principals. A novel data hiding technique is proposed and implemented to hide the original frame into the in-painted one. The proposed hiding technique is carried out in the discrete wavelet transform domain of the cover video. The proposed technique is embedding video into video. Furthermore, the proposed data hiding method can blindly reconstruct the original frame from the fake one. Experimental results showed that the proposed method can successfully hide the complete frames of the original video into their corresponding in-painted ones that are as large as themselves. Simple visual inspection of the results showed that the quality of the stego-frames maintain very high (above 45 dB) while providing an acceptable visual quality for the retrieved original frames.

     

High-capacity reversible data hiding method using block expansion in digital images

A reversible data hiding method allows recovery of the cover image after the secret data have been extracted. In this paper, a novel reversible data hiding method is proposed using neighboring interpolation and pixel-value differencing on block expansion. A consecutive embedding technique for a sub-block is proposed to maintain a higher embedding capacity, and a neighboring pixel-value referencing is also proposed to maintain a good visual quality in stego-images. The results of experiment demonstrate that the proposed method has higher capacity and maintains a better image quality than previous reversible data hiding methods.     

全体变长编码映射的JPEG可逆信息隐藏

目的 JPEG(joint photographic experts group)作为一种广泛使用的图像格式,对其进行可逆信息隐藏有实际应用价值。大多数以JPEG图像为载体的可逆信息隐藏方案会导致图像质量降低和文件膨胀。由于在JPEG比特流中,并没有使用较多的变长编码(variable-length code, VLC),因此以未使用的VLC替换已使用的VLC可以实现秘密信息的无损嵌入,但这类方法的嵌入容量有限,且会导致文件膨胀。为了实现更大的嵌入容量并更好地控制文件膨胀,本文提出了新的全体VLC映射方案。方法 首先,重排序原始比特流中的行程长度/幅值大小(run/size value, RSV),获得去除编码冗余的载体;然后,引入中间VLC的概念,根据VLC频数分布,确定使文件膨胀大小相对于嵌入载荷最小的最优中间VLC映射模型;接着,通过计算模拟嵌入下的文件膨胀大小,确定构建最优中间VLC映射所需的嵌入VLC和中间VLC集合;最后,根据最优中间VLC映射关系修改定义哈夫曼表和JPEG比特流实现秘密信息的嵌入。结果 实验在USC-SIPI数据库上与基于DCT(discrete cosi...     

Quadruple Difference Expansion-Based Reversible Data Hiding Method for Digital Images

ABSTRACT

Lossless data hiding is a special type of data hiding technique that guarantees not only the secret data but also the ability of cover media to be reconstructed without any distortion. A latest lossless data hiding technique is proposed by Hong Lin Jin's that is based on hiding only one data bit in the spatial domain in gray-level image. However, this method uses double difference expansion to embed bits which results in a small embedding capacity. For this purpose, we propose an improved algorithm with the potential of increasing the payload capacity and maintaining good image quality. The proposed improved algorithm is characterized by two aspects. First, the proposed improved reversible data hiding scheme is enhanced to exhibit data hiding in color palette images. Second, the embedding level is improved by using quadruple difference expansion to guarantee the embedding of 2-bit data into color images. Experiments of the proposed improved method have been conducted over several well-known test images. The results show that the proposed improved method significantly improves the embedding capacity over Hong Lin Jin's scheme by the range of 15–35% for grayscale images and 20–46% for color images while still maintaining the quality of the stego-images.     

Data hiding method using image interpolation

Data hiding is to conceal the existence of secret data. A reversible data hiding method can extract the cover image without any distortion from the stego-image after the hidden data have been extracted. This paper proposes a new interpolation and a data hiding method. The proposed scaling-up neighbor mean interpolation method has a low-time complexity and high-calculation speed. The proposed data hiding method is based on interpolation. Comparison on data hiding methods is divided into reversible or not. Our experimental results show the proposed method can embed a large amount of secret data while keeping a very high visual quality, the PSNR is guaranteed to be higher than 35 dB compared with other reversible data hiding methods. And also capacity is larger than any other reversible data hiding methods and comparable to other data hiding methods.     

Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on flexible preservation of the differences

To better protect the security of users’ private data in the cloud environment, the technology for separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images has been attracting increasing attention from researchers. In this paper, we propose a separable reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted images based on the flexible preservation of differences. This scheme has three parts: 1) For the content owner, the original image is divided into non-overlapping blocks, for which block-mean is computed. Then the differences between the values of every pixel and the block-mean are obtained and an initial label map is generated. Because most of the differences tend to concentrate around 0, we use two bits to dynamically record the range of the differences to vacate space for hiding. Further, introducing the block-mean differences also serves to vacate more space, for which the label map is amended accordingly. Finally, the image with free space is encrypted into the encrypted image using an encryption key. 2) For the data hider, the secret bits are embedded into the encrypted image by directly replacing the spare bits without obtaining any information of the original image. 3) For the receiver, he/she can achieve the desired information according to the key in his/her possession. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme is able to achieve an average embedding capacity as large as 1.785 bpp and 1.709 bpp when block size is set to 2?×?2 and 2?×?4, respectively. Comparison with those of previous schemes, the proposed scheme has excellent embedding capacity, especially for smoother images.

     

Reversible data hiding using side-match predictions on steganographic images

Information hiding is an important method to achieve multi-media security. Recently, many researchers have paid attention to the reversible data hiding scheme, which can completely recover original multi-media files after the embedded data are extracted. In this paper, a side-match approach is proposed to achieve more capacity in histogram-based reversible data hiding for grayscale images. The histogram is created by exploiting the difference in all the values between pixels and their predictedive values. Experimental results show that our method is capable of providing a great embedding capacity without causing noticeable distortion. In one-level hiding, where it has the best capacity, our method conserves image qualities larger than 48 dB. Furthermore, in multilevel hiding, a rotation strategy is proposed to further improve image qualities. Experimental results show that our method performs better than other existing methods in multilevel hiding cases.     

基于高7位平面嵌入的灰度图像可逆数据隐藏算法

现有基于直方图平移的可逆数据隐藏算法都致力于提高嵌入率,而忽略了算法所产生边界图的大小;数量较大的边界图将不能够有效存储进而影响算法的实施。本文对现有典型算法存在的这一问题进行分析,并给出了解决方法。最后本文提出了基于高7位平面嵌入的灰度图像可逆数据隐藏算法,与传统可逆数据隐藏算法使用全部位平面进行数据嵌入不同,本文所提出的算法使用高7位平面当做数据载体。由高7位平面构成的载体图像具有像素值分布更加集中的特点,因而使用该载体图像进行可逆数据嵌入能够有效的控制边界图大小并且明显的提高嵌入率。实验结果表明,本文所提出的算法在提高嵌入率的同时,还能使嵌入附加数据的图像具有高的峰值信噪比值。     

A new reversible data hiding in transform domain

Reversible watermarking is a technique permitting lossless data hiding. In such a method, the lossless recovering of both watermark and host image is essential. For some applications, such as medical imaging and military systems, it is so vital not only to recover the host image exactly but also to increase security. To obtain these goals, a new reversible watermarking scheme is presented. Since embedding in a transform domain improves security, the proposed method uses Reversible Walsh-Hadamard Transform (RWHT) to commute the host image. Afterward, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique is performed on the transformed image for watermark embedding. For a full recovery, additional information is encoded using Quick Response (QR) code, which is embedded by a prediction-based method. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, a set of comparative experiments is done. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in both visual quality and capacity.

     

Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization Data Hiding for High Security Secret Image Sharing

The main aim of this work is to improve the security of data hiding for secret image sharing. The privacy and security of digital information have become a primary concern nowadays due to the enormous usage of digital technology. The security and the privacy of users’ images are ensured through reversible data hiding techniques. The efficiency of the existing data hiding techniques did not provide optimum performance with multiple end nodes. These issues are solved by using Separable Data Hiding and Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (SDHAPSO) algorithm to attain optimal performance. Image encryption, data embedding, data extraction/image recovery are the main phases of the proposed approach. DFT is generally used to extract the transform coefficient matrix from the original image. DFT coefficients are in float format, which assists in transforming the image to integral format using the round function. After obtaining the encrypted image by data-hider, additional data embedding is formulated into high-frequency coefficients. The proposed SDHAPSO is mainly utilized for performance improvement through optimal pixel location selection within the image for secret bits concealment. In addition, the secret data embedding capacity enhancement is focused on image visual quality maintenance. Hence, it is observed from the simulation results that the proposed SDHAPSO technique offers high-level security outcomes with respect to higher PSNR, security level, lesser MSE and higher correlation than existing techniques. Hence, enhanced sensitive information protection is attained, which improves the overall system performance.     

A reversible data hiding scheme using complementary embedding strategy

Obtaining good visual quality and high hiding capacity with reversible data hiding systems is a technically challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a simple reversible data hiding scheme that uses a complementary hiding strategy. The proposed method embeds one secret bit horizontally and vertically into one cover pixel of a grayscale cover image by decreasing odd-valued pixels and increasing even-valued pixels by one. Experimental results show that the hiding capacity measured by bit per pixel (bpp) of the proposed scheme is at least 1.21 bpp with a PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio) value greater than 52 dB for all standard test images. Especially in the case of four-layer embedding, the PSNR value of the proposed method is still greater than 51 dB at a hiding capacity of about 5 bpp for all standard test images. In addition, the proposed method is quite simple because it primarily uses additions and subtractions. These results indicate that the proposed scheme is superior to many existing reversible data hiding schemes introduced in the literature.     

A survey of interpolation-based reversible data hiding methods

It is called as a reversible data hiding method when the cover object can be restored together with extracting the secret data at a receiver. In reversible data hiding, interpolation-based data hiding methods are recently proposed, where image interpolation techniques are used before embedding the secret data. In this paper, reversible data hiding methods using interpolation techniques are described and analyzed on the embedding capacity and the visual image quality that many researchers have tried to improve these different measurements. It is concluded with the directions of research with some recommendations.