相图法辅助制备不同形貌SnO2

利用不同类型微乳液溶剂热辅助制备SnO2材料,并对其性能进行测定.结果表明：O/W,W/O,反胶团3种微乳液环境下制备材料的结晶性能依次增加,形貌也由颗粒向棒状转化,而且以CTAB和SDS为表面活性剂的反胶团区分别制备出了长达1μm和2μm的SnO2棒状材料.反胶团体系较适合制备结晶性能良好的棒状SnO2材料.     

反胶团体系中脂肪酶对橄榄油的间歇水解

研究了ＡＯＴ／异辛烷反胶团体系中脂肪酶催化橄榄油间歇水解的过程。试验结果表明：在温度为２０℃，ｐＨ值为７．５时，反胶团中的脂肪酶活性最高；增加橄榄油浓度，可提高水解速度，但水解率随之下降；Ｒ值（［Ｈ２Ｏ］／［ＡＯＴ］）摩比尔）＝１０时，水解速度最快；当Ｒ值不变时，ＡＯＴ浓度越大，水解率越大；但当ＡＯＴ浓度≥２００ｍｍｏｌ时，会对反胶团中的脂肪酶产生抑制作用。     

MP─Ⅰ改性石蜡皮革涂饰填料的研制

本文研究了固体石蜡改性及改性石蜡乳化的原理、方法及工艺。石蜡经氧化和酯化两步改性后具有乳化性，可赋予皮革较好的柔软性、油润感。将多种表面活性剂和乳化剂、助剂复配成高效乳化剂，并采用在油中转相技术得到Ｏ／Ｗ型改性石蜡乳液。该蜡乳液系软蜡乳液，对坯革具有较好的填充作用，特别适于各种革的底层涂饰，使成革具有柔软而自然的油蜡感，而且价格便宜。     

重烷基苯磺酸钠微乳体系及超低界面张力性质

用发烟硫酸磺化烷基苯厂的副产物重烷基苯，得到了平均摩尔质量４０６的重烷基苯磺酸钠，其ｃｍｃ和γｃｍｃ分别为５．５０×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和３１．５０ｍＮ／ｍ．以Ｗ（仲丁醇）Ｗ（ＨＡＢＳ）＝３１，Ｗ（油）Ｗ（盐水）＝１１配制ＨＡＢＳ－仲丁醇－正辛烷－盐水微乳体系，在较宽的盐度范围内可以得到中相微乳液，最佳盐度为１．６％ＮａＣｌ，最佳配方时油／水界面张力可达１０－３～１０－４ｍＮ／ｍ数量级。在无醇条件下，无论是使用提纯ＨＡＢＳ或未提纯ＨＡＢＳ单体，经过适当的配方，０．２％ＨＡＢＳ可使大庆原油／水界面张力降至１０－２～１０－３ｍＮ／ｍ数量级。来源方便、价格低廉的ＨＡＢＳ可望成为适合大庆油田的三次采油用表面活性剂。     

表面活性剂在纳米材料研究中的应用(续)

微乳液通常是由表面活性剂、助表面活性剂(通常为醇类)、油(通常为碳氢化合物)和水(或电解质水溶液)组成的透明的、各向同性的热力学稳定体系。表面活性剂可以形成O／W及W／O两种类型的微乳液，但是应用纳米材料制备的主要是W／O型反相微乳液，平时常不加区分地统称为微乳液。微乳液用于纳米材料制备研究较早，是研究最多的表面活性剂体系。     

利用反胶团体系制备溶血磷脂

研究了利用反胶团体系制备溶血磷脂的方法。采用ＡＯＴ（二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠）／异辛烷反胶团体系,利用磷脂酶Ａ２ 在优化条件下８０ ｍ ｉｎ 内完成反应,转化率达到９０％ 以上。反应条件为ｐＨ９,温度５０℃,Ｗｏ＝ ５０（Ｗｏ＝ ［水］／［表面活性剂］）,ＡＯＴ 浓度１７ ｍ ｍ ｏｌ,磷脂浓度６０ ｍ ｍ ｏｌ,Ｃａ＋ ＋ 浓度０．８ ｍ ｏｌ,缓冲液浓度０．１ ｍ ｏｌ,酶浓度１５０ Ｕ／ｍ ｌ。证实该方法效率较高。     

溶血磷脂制备含胆固醇微乳液的研究

溶血磷脂HLB较大，易形成O／W型乳化剂，可制备热力学稳定的微乳化体系。利用溶血磷脂作乳化剂，制备含胆固醇的微乳液，是以胆固醇为油相，溶血磷脂为乳化剂，正丙醇为共表面活性剂，制成微乳液。最终产物呈透明或半透明的均相混合物。     

不同类型表面活性剂微乳液热力学性质的研究

从不同种类表面活性剂／醇／硬脂酸甲酯（油相）／蔗糖水溶液所组成的微乳液体系的相图出发，研究它们所形成的微乳液的标准热力学函数，并得到标准自由能变化与醇的碳原子数和温度呈线性关系。     

香料、香精及应用文摘

香料、香精及应用文摘不含酒精的香水组分／Ｇｕｅｎｉｎ，ＥｒｉｃＰ．ｅｔａｌ．，／／ＵＳ５，４６８，７２５（１９９５，１１，２１）公开了一种不含酒精的透明香水组分，由无醇香基、水和一种稳定的透明水包油型香精微乳液组成，其中水包油型香精微乳液是由水、不少...     

不同质量比的火麻仁分离蛋白与黄原胶复合物对乳液凝胶稳定性的影响

对动态高压微射流处理后的火麻仁分离蛋白-黄原胶复合物进行研究,以复合物为乳化剂,亚麻籽油为油相,构建一种低油相（φ=0.26）乳液凝胶,并考察不同复配质量比的火麻仁分离蛋白/黄原胶对乳液凝胶冻融稳定性和贮藏稳定性的影响。结果表明,当火麻仁分离蛋白与黄原胶的复配质量比为1∶1 时,乳液凝胶具有良好的支撑性能、液滴分布形貌均匀、冻融黏弹性良好,并可明显抑制亚麻籽油在贮藏期间脂质过氧化氢、丙二醛、共轭二烯烃和共轭三烯的生成。     

Structural aspects of surfactant selection for the design of vegetable oil semi-synthetic metalworking fluids

This paper presents a set of surfactant-selection guidelines that can be used to design bio-based semi-synthetic metalworking fluid (MWF) microemulsions as a renewable alternative to conventional petroleum formulations. Ten surfactant classes (six anionic and four nonionic) with different head and tail structures and three vegetable base oils (canola oil, soybean oil, and a fatty acid trimethylolpropane ester) were investigated as representatives of oil and surfactant options currently under consideration in the MWF industry. All combinations of these surfactants and oils were formulated at the full range of oil to surfactant ratios and surfactant concentrations. The stability of each formulation was evaluated based on visual transparency, light transmittance, and droplet diameter. The experimental results yield the following guidelines that produce stable bio-based MWF microemulsions with minimum necessary concentrations of surfactants: (1) a combination of two surfactants, one nonionic and one water soluble co-surfactant (either nonionic or anionic) is preferred over a single surfactant; (2) the nonionic surfactant should have a carbon tail length greater than or equal to the nominal carbon chain length of the fatty acids in the oil as well as a head group that is not excessively small or large (e.g., 10-20 ethylene oxide groups for a polysorbitan ester, ethoxylated alcohol, or ethoxylated glyceryl ester); (3) the difference in tail lengths between the surfactant and the co-surfactant should be less than 6 to maximize the feasible range of oil to surfactant ratios yielding stable emulsions. These guidelines are consistent with general results of micelle solubilization theory and evidence is provided to suggest that common semi-synthetic MWF systems can be thought of as swollen micelle systems.     

The effects of various ratios of sunflower oil and surfactant on household type cake quality

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sunflower oil (0, 5, 10, 15%) and surfactant (acetic and lactic acid esters of mono and diglycerides; 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1%) on the quality of the wheat flour based household type cake. The variable ingredients were used as alone or in combinations in cake manufacture; therefore 20 different batter formulations were formed. Quality characteristics of cake samples (volume, symmetry, uniformity, shrinkage, weight loss, crumb–grain structure, crumb firmness) were investigated. Both components had a significant (P?<?0.05) impact on cake quality. In trial conditions, it was determined that the effect of surfactant on cake quality was greater than the oil. In cake batter, using up to a certain level (0.5%) surfactant was improved the cake volume and porosity. When the surfactant was used at 0.75 and 1% levels, these cake properties were deteriorated. The softness of the cakes have been measured as maximum when surfactant was used alone in increasing order from 0 to 1%. Sunflower oil improved the cake quality up to a limited extent. This improvement generally occurred at 5% level. Usage of oil with higher levels declined cake properties significantly. In combination formula, it was determined that using surfactant made using more oil in the batter formula possible. Careful attention should be paid to the appropriate level of use of oil and surfactant in cake production. Otherwise, significant declines occurred in cake quality. It was concluded that high-quality household-type cakes can be made if both ingredients were combined the use of 5–10% oil and 0.75–1% surfactant.     

Optimization of metalworking fluid microemulsion surfactant concentrations for microfiltration recycling

Microfiltration can be used as a recycling technology to increase metalworking fluid (MWF) life span, decrease procurement and disposal costs, and reduce occupational health risks and environmental impacts. The cost-effectiveness of the process can be increased by minimizing fouling interactions between MWFs and membranes. This paper reports on the development of a microfiltration model that establishes governing relationships between MWF surfactant system characteristics and microfiltration recycling performance. The model, which is based on surfactant adsorption/desorption kinetics, queueing theory, and coalescence kinetics of emulsion droplets, is verified experimentally. An analysis of the model and supporting experimental evidence indicates that the selection of surfactant systems minimally adsorb to membranes and lead to a high activation energy of coalescence results in a higher MWF flux through microfiltration membranes. The model also yields mathematical equations that express the optimal concentrations of anionic and nonionic surfactants with which microfiltration flux is maximized for a given combination of oil type, oil concentration, and surfactant types. Optimal MWF formulations are demonstrated for a petroleum oil MWF using a disulfonate/ ethoxylated alcohol surfactant package and for several vegetable oil MWFs using a disulfonate/ethoxylated glyceryl ester surfactant package. The optimization leads to flux increases ranging from 300 to 800% without impact on manufacturing performance. It is further shown that MWF reformulation efforts directed toward increasing microfiltration flux can have the beneficial effect of increasing MWF robustness to deterioration and flux decline in the presence of elevated concentrations of hardwater ions.     

染色助剂对高温下分散染料的增溶作用研究

利用聚合物薄膜法研究了各种助剂对分散染料在高温上溶解性能的影响。研究结果表明：非离子表面活性剂量分散染料溶解性的程度比阴离子表面活性剂分散剂在;分散剂比低分子量的阴离子表面活性剂能较大程度地提高分散染料的溶解性;增塑剂中邻苯二甲酸丁二酯和冬青油提高分散当杰溶解度明显;匀染剂Ａ对提高分散当杰溶解性较明显。     

Continuous preparation of O/W nano-emulsion by the treatment of a coarse emulsion under subcritical water conditions

A coarse oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, the oil phase of which was octanoic acid, was prepared at a very low surfactant concentration using a rotor/stator homogenizer. The emulsion was passed in a stainless steel tube immersed in an oil bath at 220 °C at a residence time of 60 s, and then mixed with the surfactant solution to produce a finely dispersed emulsion. The diameter of oil droplets in the fine emulsion was ca. 40 nm at the weight ratio of surfactant to oil of ca. 0.35 or higher.     

Solubilization Kinetics of Triacyl Glycerol and Hydrocarbon Emulsion Droplets in a Micellar Solution

Solubilization of oil molecules in surfactant micelles can have pronounced effects on the physicochemical properties of oil-in-water emulsions, e.g., reaction rates, distribution of nonpolar ingredients, emulsion stability and controlled flavor release. Static light-scattering was used to compare the solubilization kinetics of corn oil droplets with those of n-hexadecane droplets (ø= 0.02 wt%, d₃₂= 0.3 μm) in a micellar surfactant solution (2 wt% Tween 20). The n-hexadecane droplets were completely solubilized by the micelles within 5 days, but no change was observed in the corn oil emulsíon Possible reasons for the observed differences in solubilization kinetics were related to the molecular geometry and size of the oil molecules.     

Encapsulation of functional lipophilic components in surfactant-based colloidal delivery systems: Vitamin E,vitamin D,and lemon oil

The fabrication and stability of surfactant-based colloidal delivery systems (microemulsions and emulsions) suitable for encapsulation of lipophilic active agents (vitamins and flavours) was investigated. An emulsion titration method was used to study the influence of surfactant type (Tween 20, 60 and 80) and oil type (Vitamin E, vitamin D₃ and lemon oil) on the incorporation of lipophilic components into surfactant micelles. Oil-in-water emulsions were formed and then different amounts were titrated into surfactant micelle solutions. The influence of surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR) and oil type on the formation of colloidal dispersions was examined using dynamic light scattering and turbidity measurements. SOR, oil type, and surfactant type had a pronounced influence on the nature of the colloidal dispersions formed. Microemulsions could not be formed using vitamin D or E in 1% Tween solutions, due to the relatively large size of the lipophilic molecules relative to the hydrophobic interior of the surfactant micelles. On the other hand, microemulsions could be formed from lemon oil at relatively high SORs. There was not a major impact of non-ionic surfactant type (Tween 20, 60 or 80) on the formation and properties of the colloidal dispersions. However, Tween 20 micelles did appear to be able to solubilise less lemon oil than Tween 60 or 80 micelles, presumably due to their smaller dimensions. This study provides useful information for the rational design of food grade colloidal delivery systems for encapsulating flavour oils, oil-soluble vitamins, and other functional lipids for application in foods and beverages.     

The effect of the type and the concentration of the lipophilic surfactant on the stability and release kinetics of the W/O/W multiple emulsions

Stable multiple emulsions that contain different lipophilic surfactants in the internal aqueous phase have been formulated. The multiple systems were assessed by evaluating several parameters such as macroscopic aspect, droplet size, percent release and accelerated stability under centrifugation or elevated temperature. The effect of polymeric and monomeric surfactants on the release mechanism and stability was examined. An excess of monomeric surfactant in the oil phase enhances the release rate and decreases stability. The release rate can be decreased by an increase of the lipophilic surfactant concentration. It appears that the more the oil globule swells, the less hydrosoluble drug is released. As a result a high swelling capacity is associated with better stability.     

Design of hard water stable emulsifier systems for petroleum- and bio-based semi-synthetic metalworking fluids

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) increase productivity and the quality of manufacturing operations by cooling and lubricating during metal forming and cutting processes. Despite their widespread use, they pose significant health and environmental hazards throughout their life cycle. An obvious environmental improvement to MWF technology would be to improve the lifetime of the fluid while utilizing more environmentally friendly and less energy-consuming materials without compromising existing performance levels. This investigation focuses on the design of mixed anionionc:nonionic emulsifier systems for petroleum and bio-based MWFs that improve fluid lifetime by providing emulsion stability under hard water conditions, a common cause of emulsion destabilization leading to MWF disposal. Experimental conditions were designed to evaluate the impact of emulsifier structural characteristics (straight chain, branched tail, branched head) and the molar ratios of anionic to nonionic surfactant and oil to total surfactant. Results from the 2500 formulations generated indicate that the use of a twin-headed anionic surfactant can provide improved hard water stability for both mineral oil- and vegetable oil-based formulations, even in the absence of a chelating agent and a coupler. Results also suggest that an oil:total surfactant molar ratio of 0.5 or less is necessary for particle size stability in hard water conditions for these systems. The newly developed petroleum and bio-based formulations with improved hard water stability are competitive with commercially available MWFs in performance evaluations for tramp oil rejection, contact angle, and tapping torque efficiency. These results can be used to design MWF formulations with fewer components and extended lifetime under hard water conditions, both of which would lead to a reduction in the life cycle environmental impact of MWFs.     

CF阳离子加脂剂制备工艺研究

本文重点研究了天然混合脂肪酸与氨基醇制备阳离子表面活性剂的反应，确定了天然动植物油脂酯化改性的方法，制备了高效乳化平衡剂。采用阳离子表面活性剂、改性天然动植物油、平衡剂、合成油及非离子乳化剂等原材料复合成新型的ＣＦ阳离子皮革加脂剂，产品制备工艺路线先进，配方合理。