Influence of carbon content on wear resistance and wear mechanism of Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels

By means of impact abrasion tests, micro-hardness tests, and worn surface morphology observation via SEM, a comparison research based upon different impact abrasive wear conditions was conducted in this research to study the influence of different carbon contents(1.25 wt.%, 1.35 wt.%, and 1.45 wt.%) on the wear resistance and wear mechanism of water-quenched Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels. The research results show that the wear resistance of the Mn18Cr2 cast steel is superior to that of the Mn13Cr2 cast steel under the condition of the same carbon content and different impact abrasive wear conditions because the Mn18Cr2 cast steel possesses higher worn work hardening capacity as well as a more desirable combination of high hardness and impact toughness than that of the Mn13Cr2 cast steel. When a 4.5 J impact abrasive load is applied, the wear mechanism of both steels is that plastic deformation fatigue spalling and micro-cutting coexist, and the former dominates. When the carbon content is increased, the worn work hardening effect becomes increasingly dramatic, while the wear resistance of both steels decreases, which implies that an increase in impact toughness is beneficial to improving the wear resistance under severe impact abrasive wear conditions. Under the condition of a 1.0 J impact abrasive load, the wear mechanism of both steels is that plastic deformation fatigue spalling and micro-cutting coexist, and the latter plays a leading role. The worn work hardening effect and wear resistance intensify when the carbon content is increased, which implies that a higher hardness can be conducive to better wear resistance under low impact abrasive condition.     

IMPROVEMENT OF CARBIDE MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cr12MoV STEELS

1. IntroductionCr12MoV steel is used widely as an important high wear resistallt cold die steel aroundthe world[1]. It is well known that Cr12MoV steel has networked carbide in the solidification structure, which leads to the intergranular brittleness. Moreover. The networkcarbide is too stable to be changed during heat treatment even at high temperaturely]. Inthe conventional process, forging is needed to break etwork carbide into a granular form.However, partly owing to Cr12MoV steel hav…     

Mn18Cr13NbN无磁不锈钢的形变强化

研究了Mn18Cr13NbN无磁不锈钢的形变强化工艺及所获得的力学性能.结果表明,冷变形和温变形均能使钢强化,且温变形较冷变形更容易控制.在强度相同的情况下,温变形的钢具有更好的塑韧性.经冷变形的钢回火可提高其塑韧性.     

Impact Toughness of Heat-Affected Zones of 11Cr Heat-Resistant Steels

Aiming at the requirements of structural steel in Gen-IV nuclear reactor, the high-chromium martensitic heat-resistant steels containing 10–12% chromium were developed. The toughness of heat-affected zones(HAZs) is one of the important factors for evaluating the weldability of steels. In this paper, the simulated HAZs were fabricated using tempered SIMP steels. The effects of microstructures on the impact toughness of materials were analyzed using Vickers hardness tester, optical microscope, transmission electron microscope. Experimental results demonstrated that the HAZs of weldment were poor in toughness, much lower than that of the base metal. However, after experiencing post-weld heat treatment, the toughness of the HAZs increased greatly. The toughness became better in terms of CG-HAZ, FG-HAZ and IC-HAZ for the two steels, regardless of as-welded or after PWHT. Compared with SIMP7 steel, chemical compositions, such as C, Si, Mn and Cr, were adjusted to a lower content; the toughness of base metal and simulated HAZs was better in the case of SIMP11. The conjunct roles of dislocation density and carbon contents retained in the martensite led to poor impact toughness of the aswelded HAZs, because dislocations and carbon atoms affected the inner stresses within lattices.     

等温温度对低合金复相钢力学性能的影响

研究了质量分数为0．4％C、1．5％Si、1．5％Mn、0．95％Cr、添加微量稀土的试验钢的力学性能，试验钢由真空感应炉熔炼，经扩散退火、等温淬火处理后，利用扫描电子显微镜进行组织观察分析和XRD定量分析。结果表明，试验铸钢经适当的等温淬火处理后，可获得无碳化物析出的奥氏体-贝氏体复相组织，该复相钢残余奥氏体含量约为8％，具有良好力学性能，硬度值为46．5HRC，冲击韧度值αk=162．843J／cm^2。     

降碳增氮对马氏体不锈钢淬火组织和性能的影响

采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜、硬度计、X射线衍射仪和盐雾试验机,研究了不同温度(950、1000、1050、1100℃)下30Cr13和30Cr14N钢在马弗炉中空淬后,氮含量对30Cr13钢显微组织、碳化物、硬度和耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,淬火温度相同,30Cr14N钢比30Cr13钢硬度高、碳化物少和耐蚀性能好。氮不仅影响马氏体不锈钢的显微组织及硬度,还能通过降碳增氮,避免因碳化物过多的析出而引起的晶间腐蚀,而FeNiN的析出不会像Cr₂₃C₆析出造成显著的晶间腐蚀。因此,降碳增氮是改善马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的一种有效途径。     

冷作模具钢D2的显微组织和冶金质量分析

测定了Ｄ２钢和ＳＤＫ１１钢的硬度、冲击韧工和气体含量,观察测定了其夹杂物的类型、数量、尺寸和分布,观察分析了碳化物的形貌和分布特征,测定了其平均尺寸、间距和面积百分数结果表明,Ｄ２电渣钢冲击韧工和硬度明显优于Ｄ２电炉钢。其主要原因是氧含量较低,碳化物分布状态较好。ＳＫＤ１１钢硬度明显估于Ｄ２电炉钢的原因是除氧含量特别低外,马氏体中的碳含量可能较高。     

乘用车用新型冷作模具钢Cr8真空气淬后的组织与性能

采用硬度计、光学显微镜和扫描电镜等对比分析了国产HNC53和日本KD11max两种Cr8型冷作模具钢真空气淬处理后的组织和性能,并分析了两种钢热处理前后的碳化物演变规律对性能的影响。结果表明,由于HNC53钢降低了P、S含量,控制在标准范围内,与KD11max钢相比原始组织中大块状共晶碳化物尺寸变小,且均匀分布在基体中;两种钢在1030 ℃真空气淬+520 ℃高温回火之后组织为马氏体和大颗粒状共晶碳化物及细小二次析出碳化物,与热处理前相比大块状共晶碳化物颗粒尺寸减小,数量减少;520 ℃回火后HNC53钢中析出较多的二次碳化物颗粒,均匀分布在马氏体基体上。HNC53钢与KD11max钢的硬度和韧性相差不大。     

碳含量对低合金耐磨钢组织及耐磨性的影响

研究了碳含量分别为0.31%、0.38%和0.50%的低合金耐磨铸钢热处理后的组织、强韧性及不同磨损条件下的磨损性能。结果表明,试验钢经950℃淬火及250℃回火,显微组织均以板条马氏体为主,随含碳量的增加,组织有所粗化,并且有片状马氏体出现。试验钢的硬度随碳含量的增加而增加,但韧性下降。磨损试验结果表明,冲击磨料磨损条件下,主要表现为凿削磨损,碳含量为0.38%的试验钢具有较好的耐磨性;静磨料磨损条件下,主要表现为切削磨损,耐磨性主要受硬度的影响,碳含量为0.50%试验钢具有较好的耐磨性。     

Co对4Cr5Mo2V钢组织和强韧性的影响

采用OM、SEM、EDS、硬度测试、室温冲击及高温拉伸等方法研究了Co对4Cr5Mo2V钢的组织和强韧性的影响。结果表明:经1010 ℃淬火30 min,4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢未溶碳化物数量更多,马氏体板条更细;510~600 ℃回火时,4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢的回火硬度较4Cr5Mo2V钢高出1~2 HRC,但二者冲击性能相当;相同初始硬度条件下,4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢具有更高的高温强度,这是因为Co元素的添加促进了4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢二次硬化碳化物的形核速率,并能降低碳化物的粗化速率,从而提高了4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢的强度。     

木材加工旋切刀和刨切刀材料及其热处理

木材加工旋切刀和刨切刀用7CrWMoVSi和5Cr8WMo2VSi钢是通用性刃钢,8Cr2W2MoVSi和6Cr6W3MoV2Si钢是新研制的超细碳化物刃钢。新钢种克服了碳化物粗化,可使刀具有高的锋利度和耐磨性。研究表明,8Cr2W2MoVSi钢淬火后剩余碳化物平均尺寸为0.33μm,回火后硬度为61.5～63.5 HRC;6Cr6W3MoV2Si钢淬火后剩余碳化物平均尺寸为0.5μm,回火后硬度为62～64 HRC。旋切刀和刨切刀的锋利度、耐磨性、抗冲击性及热硬性是主要的使用性能,既与刃钢的综合力学性能有关,也与碳化物细化相关。     

淬火冷却速度对L80-13Cr厚壁钢管组织性能的影响

对厚壁L80-13Cr钢管进行调质处理,研究不同淬火冷却速度对其金相组织、硬度、强度和韧性的影响。试验结果表明:与空气中风冷相比,用水作为L80-13Cr厚壁钢管的淬火介质,钢管的淬透性较好,不存在游离的铁素体,组织均匀,强度较高;在相同回火工艺处理后,水冷淬火试样的0℃横向冲击功平均值为47 J,较空气中风冷试样的0℃横向冲击功平均值26 J高出80%。     

焊后热处理对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

通过钨极氩弧焊方法,对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢实施焊接,并对焊接接头整体进行焊后热处理。采用OM、SEM对2Cr13与1Cr18Ni9Ti钢热处理前后的焊接接头组织进行分析,利用显微硬度计、电子万能拉伸机测量了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti和2Cr13钢焊接接头热处理前焊缝组织为典型的柱状晶,组织为板条马氏体+残留奥氏体+碳化物;热处理后焊缝组织为回火索氏体,而且碳化物析出量也明显增多。拉伸时,热处理前后焊接接头断裂的部位都发生在奥氏体不锈钢热影响区一侧,热处理前后焊接接头的抗拉强度分别约为635.56、649.44 MPa;焊缝区的显微硬度分别约为276、222 HV0.5,热处理后焊接接头的整体显微硬度比热处理前的明显降低。     

Analysis of alloying systems of clad stamping tools for cold deformation of metal (review)

Two alloying systems of stamping tools (with intermetallic and carbide hardening) are analysed. Analysis shows the high characteristics of the metal with different alloying systems. The heat resistance of the 100Kh4M5F2(Zr) alloy is not inferior to the R18 high-speed tool steel, and the hardness equals 58–62 HRC as a result of carbide hardening. The relative wear resistance of the 8Kh4GSV2M5F2T alloy was (ε = 2.65), impact toughness (0.28 MJ/m²) and hardness (55 HRC). The highest wear resistance was recorded for the K15M15N5Kh3B2 alloy with the following properties after heat treatment: impact toughness (0.1 MJ/m²) and hardness (39 HRC). The wear resistance is 2–2.5 times higher than that of the R18 high-speed tool steel and 6–6.5 times higher than that of Cr12 and Cr12Mo steels.     

合金元素Mn、Cr对SWRCH45K钢组织和性能的影响

研究了Mn、Cr含量对SWRCH45K钢组织和性能的影响。试验钢的淬火温度为860 ℃,分别进行油冷和水冷,同时利用模拟软件对淬火后硬度进行模拟计算。试验结果表明,Mn、Cr含量提高导致试验钢的抗拉强度有所增加;油冷试验钢组织均为铁素体+屈氏体,心部组织中铁素体比例略高;水冷试验钢近表面处组织为马氏体+少量的屈氏体,心部组织中屈氏体随Mn、Cr含量增加而减少。油冷试验钢硬度沿直径方向上的变化较小,0.70%Mn-0.04%Cr试验钢硬度在22~24 HRC之间,且明显低于其它试验钢;水冷试验钢近表面处硬度差异较小,心部硬度下降明显。试验结果与模拟结果对比表明,试验钢近表面处硬度值与模拟结果具有较好相符性。     

回火温度对25Cr2Ni4MOV钢组织和性能的影响

采用冲击、拉伸、硬度以及微观分析等实验方法,研究了回火温度对25Cr2Ni4MoV钢微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：在不同温度下回火时,回火组织均为回火索氏体＋碳化物,但碳化物在基体中分布状态的不同导致了力学性能的较大差异。为使回火后材料的强度、硬度和塑韧性达到良好匹配,最佳的回火工艺应为880℃淬火后在610℃加热保温4h空冷。     

稀土La对45Cr2NiMoVSi热作模具钢力学性能的影响

研究了稀土La对45Cr2NiMoVSi钢的强度、硬度、塑性和冲击韧度的影响。在相同的热处理工艺条件下,分别加入3种不同含量的稀土La,与不添加稀土La的45Cr2NiMoVSi钢的力学性能进行对比。结果表明：稀土La加入量在适当的范围内可显著提高45Cr2NiMoVSi的力学性能,稀土La加入量为0.20%（质量分数）时,45Cr2NiMoVSi钢可获得最好的综合力学性能。     

Cr8Mo2SiV钢二次硬化机理的研究

采用硬度计SEM,EDS,TEM和XRD研究了经深冷处理和未经深冷处理Cr8Mo2SiV钢的回火硬度、残余奥氏体含量和碳化物析出行为.结果表明,Cr8Mo2SiV钢经1030℃淬火后,二次硬化峰值硬度出现在回火温度为520℃.深冷处理能够显著减少残余奥氏体含量,进而提高二次硬化峰温度之前的回火硬度,并使二次硬化峰向低温区移动20℃.在520℃回火处理,Cr8Mo2SiV钢的回火硬度随保温时间的延长而线性降低.Cr8Mo2SiV钢的二次硬化是残余奥氏体的转变和Mo_2C的析出前期共同作用的结果,残余奥氏体的作用更大.Mo_2C的析出前期合金元素Mo和C形成[Mo-C]偏聚团的G.P.区,随回火时间延长,Mo_2C析出并长大,均匀弥散分布于基体中.     

N含量对高氮CrMnMo奥氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

以18Cr14Mn3Mo钢为基本成分,设计并冶炼了氮含量为0.008%~0.77%的高氮CrMnMo奥氏体不锈钢。通过力学性能测试、组织观察、扫描电镜观察等方法,研究了N含量对其硬度、耐刻划性、塑性、强度等的影响。结果表明,N含量为0.42%及以下时,组织为双相,存在着一定量的铁素体,铁素体的存在使材料的塑性和韧性都较差。N含量0.77%试验钢的硬度最高,为273 HV0.5;耐刻划性能也最佳。0.59%N试验钢的塑性和韧性最好,断面收缩率和冲击吸收能量分别为79%和422 J。综合认为高氮CrMnMo奥氏体不锈钢的最佳N含量为0.77%。     

热作模具用H13和Dievar钢的热疲劳性能

对比研究了回火温度对热作模具用H13和Dievar钢热疲劳性能的影响。H13和Dievar钢经过520、580和640 ℃回火处理后,采用自主搭建的Uddeholm自约束疲劳试验装置分别对试样进行1000次热疲劳试验,并用热疲劳损伤因子对热疲劳损伤过程进行定量描述。结果表明,在相同回火温度下,Dievar钢具有较低的硬度和较高的冲击性能,抗疲劳性能优于H13钢。H13和Dievar钢在580 ℃ 回火处理后,碳化物尺寸分别约为10.1 μm和6.3 μm,H13钢碳化物含量高且尺寸大,导致韧性和抗热疲劳性能降低。